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1.
Mud crab larvae, Rhithropanopeus harrisii were exposed to tributyltin oxide, (TBTO) (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, or 25 μg l?1) or tributyltin sulfide (TBTS) (0.5, 1, 5, 20, 30, or 50 μg l?1). Differential survival was observed in TBTO concentrations equal to or greater than 10 gg l?1 and in TBTS concentrations equal to or greater than 20 μg l?1 Growth and development rate were assessed as sublethal indices of stress. Of the two, development rate was more sensitive. All groups exposed to either compound had slower development rates than controls. Growth of the larvae, as shown by weight gain, was slightly increased in low exposures (a hormetic response) and decreased significantly in higher concentrations. The mean weight of the 50 μg l?1 TBTS group showed the largest decrease, to 57% of the control. The hormesis response was further examined by measuring daily growth of the zoeae. All groups exposed to tributyltin compounds showed an initial growth lag. The hormesis response occurred in the fourth zoeal stage or megalops. While R. harrisii is relatively tolerant to the acute toxicity of tributyltin compounds compared to other marine crustaceans tested, sublethal responses occur in very low concentrations. This points to the need for analyses to characterize tributyltin environmental concentrations. 相似文献
2.
Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effects of methoxychlor on the larval development of the mud-crab, Rhithropanopeus harrisii, and the commercial blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, from the time of hatching until the 1st crab stage was reached. The effect of a range of concentrations of methoxychlor on survival of larvae of C. sapidus and R. harrisii was determined, as well as the concentrations which were sublethal and lethal. Since concentrations as low as 1.3, 1.6 and 1.9 ppb (μg l?1) methoxychlor were acutely toxic to C. sapidus larvae, and it took a concentration as high as 7.0 ppb to be acutely toxic to R. harrisii larvae, it was concluded that C. sapidus larvae were much more sensitive to methoxychlor than R. harrisii larvae. Zoeal and total development to the 1st crab stage of R. harrisii and C. sapidus were prolonged in relation to increased concentrations of methoxychlor. The developmental stages in which larvae were particularly sensitive varied in the two species. Methoxychlor residues of R. harrisii and C. sapidus larvae reared in concentrations of methoxychlor were determined. 相似文献
3.
R. B. Laughlin Jr. J. M. Neff Y. C. Hrung T. C. Goodwin C. S. Giam 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1978,9(3):323-336
The effects of three phthalic acid esters, dimethyl phthalate (DMP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) on survival and development rate of larvae of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio were investigated. Only 100 ppm DMP and 10 to 50 ppm DBP were acutely toxic to the larvae. DMP at a concentration of 100 ppm significantly increased the duration of larval development to the first postlarval stage. DEHP concentrations up to 1 ppm (the solubility limit of this ester) were without effect on either survival or development rate of the larvae. Phthalate esters were not detectable at or above the 2 ppm level in the tissues of larvae chronically exposed to phthalates for the duration of larval development, suggesting active metabolism of phthalates by this species. 相似文献
4.
Glenn W. Stratton 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1990,51(3-4):373-383
The herbicide glyphosate, supplied as Roundup (Monsanto Canada Inc.), was tested for effects on nitrification in four soils from Atlantic Canada. These included a sandy loam (pH 6.8), two silt loam (pH 6.4 and 5.8) agricultural soils and a clay loam forest soil (pH 3.5). Glyphosate was tested at normal field exposure rates (FR) and levels up to 200 times higher. FR values ranged from 19.83 to 29.26 ppm (jig glyphosate g?1 soil). Glyphosate had no deleterious effects on nitrification in any soil when tested at FR concentrations. In the sandy loam soil nitrification was significantly stimulated at a glyphosate level 50 times higher than FR. With this soil and one of the silt loam soils (pH 6.4) glyphosate levels of 100 times FR and higher were required for a significant inhibition of nitrification. With the other silt loam soil (pH 5.8) glyphosate significantly inhibited nitrification at concentrations 10 times FR and higher. Nitrification in the acidic forest soil was very low and accurate toxicity data could not be obtained. The EC50 of glyphosate towards nitrification in soil ranged from 1435 to 2920 ppm, which corresponds to exposure levels from 67 to 150 times higher than recommended field application rates. The use of glyphosate in agriculture and forestry should have no toxic effects on nitrification in soil. 相似文献
5.
Sediment cores were taken from the remote Sagamore and Woods Lakes in New York State's Adirondack acid lake region and analyzed for 3 to 7 ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Ag, Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Ph, Se, Sn, TI, V, and Zn. With the exception of perylene, all of the parental PAHs, e.g. those without sidechains, and several of the metals, Pb, As, and Cd, were found to be significantly increased in the sediments of both lakes compared to their natural integrated deposits (ng cm?2) and their background concentrations (μg g?1 or ng g?1 dry wt). Although the concentrations were generally much higher in Woods Lake, the total anthropogenic integrated depositions were about the same in both lakes for most of the metals and the 3 to 4 ring PAHs. The prime source of most of the 3 to 7 ring PAHs and trace elements measured is ascribed to anthropogenic combustion. Anthropogenically derived materials decreased in concentration with depth to baseline levels in sediment layers estimated by137Cs analyses to be ～30 yr old, while biogenic or crustal derived species remained constant or fluctuated with core depth. 相似文献
6.
Total Hg and McHg concentrations have been determined in sediments and suspended particulate matter from one of the most Hg-polluted rivers of the world, the Elbe river in Northern Germany. Results of total Hg and McHg are presented. Total Hg concentrations in suspended particulate matter (SPM) are 30 mg kg?1 in the average and up to 150 mg kg?1 as the maximum value. Total Hg-fluxes ?1 calculated from measurements of an automatically operating station upstream Hamburg as about 17 ta?1 in suspended particles. A new McHg determination by HPLC chromatography and photometric detection was developed and verified. Methylmercury concentrations were up to 10% of the total Hg, i. e. 2.7 mg kg?1 (dw). 相似文献
7.
The short term acute toxicity of potassium chromate, potassium dichromate and chromium sulphate has been compared in a simple microbial bioassay. The test parameters were, decrease in viability, genotoxicity and metal uptake. The LC50 values of Cr(III), dichromate Cr(VI) and chromate Cr(VI) for Escherichia coli were 16, 10 and 1.2 μg mL?1, respectively. Among the test substances potassium chromate was most toxic and showed no bioaccumulation while potassium dichromate was less toxic but resulted in significant bioaccumulation. Chromium sulphate was least toxic. As evident from loss of plasmid, genotoxicity was exhibited only by Cr (VI). 相似文献
8.
A flow injection system for the determination of phosphate in natural water samples is reported. Phosphate is reacted with molybdate ion and Rhodamine B in an acid medium to yield a complex whose absorbance is monitored at 586 nm. The method thus developed is applicable to the determination of phosphate ion at the ppb level at a sampling rate of 55 samples hr?1. 相似文献
9.
Nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) were compared for their ability to solubilize Pb from a highly-contaminated (PbT 21%) soil collected from a battery recycling facility. For chelant concentrations below 0.04 M (representing a 1:1 chelant-to-PbT molar ratio), EDTA released 10 to 30% more Pb than NTA. NTA-to-Pb T ratios greater than 1:1 reduced Pb recovery because of readsorption of Pb(NTA)2 4? onto positively-charged oxide soil components at pH < 8.5. For the EDTA system, however, complexation completely bound all coordination sites of Pb and EDTA, leaving no functional groups available for surface adsorption. Thus, Pb recovery progressively increased with higher EDTA concentrations, although the additional Pb release with each EDTA increment became smaller. For pH < 5 and EDTA/Pb of 2:1, Pb recovery exceeded 90%. The addition of 0.5 M NaC1O4 enhanced Pb recovery by EDTA for pH 5 to 12, but substantially suppressed recovery by NTA for pH < 11. Because Pb release by NTA was diminished by high ionic strength and chelant-to-metal ratios, NTA may be limited as a soil washing reagent. Stronger complexation and consistent Pb desorption behavior by EDTA favors its use. 相似文献
10.
This paper discusses the results of the air quality monitoring activities, especially for three of the Ontario Ministry of the Environment's criteria pollutants (SO2, O3, and total suspended particulates). In the early 1960's Nanticoke Hamlet, located on the northern shore of Lake Erie, was selected for a large industrial development program. The first phase saw the commissioning of a 4000 MW Ontario Hydrothermal generating station, a 100 000 bbl day?1 Texaco refinery and a Stelco steel plant with an initial annual capacity of 1.7 × 106 tonnes. Favorable climatological data was one of the criteria used for selecting this site. Extensive monitoring of ambient air and water quality was carried out prior to the construction phase of the program. Post operation monitoring has also been done on a continuous basis. The data collected to date indicate that the impact of the industrial activity on air quality in the Haldimand-Norfolk region has been very small, with less than 20 exceedances per year of the hourly air quality criterion for SO2 (250 ppb) being observed across the network, and total suspended particulates being similar to other rural locations in Ontario. Only 03 has a substantial number of exceedances of the criterion (80 ppb hourly average) during the summer months, primarily due to long-range transport into the area from across Lake Erie. 相似文献
11.
R. C. Dalela S. K. Bansal A. K. Gupta S. R. Verma 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1979,11(2):201-205
This paper deals with the effect of solvents on the pesticide inhibition of ATPase in the gills and brains of a freshwater teleost Labeo rohita after in vitro treatment with chlordane (an organochlorine pesticide) and MetasystoxR (an organophosphate) pesticide after dissolving in different organic solvents viz. benzene, cyclohexane, cyclopentane, dimethylacetamide (DMA), dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMS), and acetone/ethanol (1:1) mixture. The inhibitory effect of chlordane was greatly reduced by cyclohexane, cyclopentane and benzene, to a less extent by DMA, DMF, and DMS and to a lesser extent by acetone/ethanol (1:1) mixture. ATPase inhibition by MetasystoxR showed less effect on the inhibition of ATPase activities. Effect on the inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase was observed to be greater than on Mg++ ATPase in both tissues, but the activity of both the ATPase in gill homogenate was decreased compared to brain homogenate. Choice of solvents can have profound effects on the response of ATPase to chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. 相似文献
12.
Tetrahymena pyriformis, a common freshwater ciliate concentrated the four common HCH (Hexachlorocyclohexane) isomers viz., α, β, δ, and γ to varied extent. Bioconcentration factor [as expressed by the ratio of cellular insecticide in ng mg?1 (dry weight) to supernatant in ng μL?1 ranged from 342 to 2260 for α-HCH, 37 to 831 for β-HCH, 326 to 2806 for δ-HCH and from 106 to 1214 ppm for γ-HCH. 相似文献
13.
Agustín Gómez-Alvarez Diana Meza-Figueroa Jesús L. Valenzuela-García Arturo I. Villalba-Atondo Jorge Ramírez-Hernández 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2014,225(10):1-13
Spatial and seasonal mobilization trends of metals in surface water were evaluated in the US–Mexico San Pedro River (SPR). Water samples were collected at five sampling stations for the analysis of dissolved oxygen, pH, electric conductivity, sulfates, and metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn). Quality of the water was characterized through Ecological Criteria of Water Quality (ECWQ) established in Mexico and Water Quality Criteria (Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)). High total metal concentrations were detected as follows: Fe?>?Cu?>?Mn?>?Zn?>?Pb?>?Cd. Metal concentrations were slightly higher in dry season than in rainy season: Cd (below detection limit (BDL)–0.21 mg L?1), Cu (BDL–13 mg L?1), Fe (0.16–345 mg L?1), Mn (0.12–52 mg L?1), Pb (BDL–0.48 mg L?1), and Zn (0.03–17.8 mg L?1). Low pH and dissolved oxygen values as well as high sulfate content were detected in both seasons. High values of metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, Zn) were detected at station E1 representing pollution source, as well as at stations E2 (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn), E3 (Fe, Mn, Pb), and E4 and E5 (Fe, Mn). Detected concentrations exceeded maximum permissible established in ECWQ and Water Quality Criteria (EPA). Efflorescence salts on sediments in the dry season could increase levels of metals in water column. This study provides valuable information on the potential mobility of metals in surface water of SPR located in an arid environment where transport processes are strongly linked to climate. The information derived from this study should help the regional and national authorities to address present environmental regulations. 相似文献
14.
The study was carried out on 3 groups of 10 fish, each fed on a different natural labelled food. The preys selected were a crustacean (Gammarus pulex), a midge larvae (Chironomus sp.) and the soft tissues from a snail (Lymnaea stagnalis), which are usually consumed by carp in the natural environment. The contaminated food consumption by the fish resulted in a 60Co maximum transfer factor ranging from 1.2 × 10?2 to 5.1 × 10?2 depending on the food type. These values, and the contamination kinetics indicate that the biomagnification of the radionuclides cannot occur, even over the long term. 60Co depuration from fish was also influenced by the contaminated food type, previously ingested. The lower elimination rate correspond to the higher value of the transfer factor (Gammarus pulex) and inversely (Lymnaea stagnalis). 相似文献
15.
Clarias anguillaris and Oreochromis niloticus were each exposed to solutions of Analar grade Cu sulphate in static bioassays at a temperature range of 20 to 23.5°C and CaCO3 hardness of 30 to 44 mg L?1. Copper accumulation was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. The Cu residues in Clarias anguillaris exposed to 0.027, 0.055, and 0.11 mg Cu L?1. for 8 weeks were 15.7, 21.8, and 31.17 mg g?1 dry weight, respectively. Oreochromis niloticus exposed to 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg Cu L?1. accumulated 34.69, 36.09, and 81.03 mg g?1 dry weight, respectively, over the 8-week period of exposure. The lowest and highest bioconcentration factors (BCF) were 117 and 581 for Clarias anguillaris and, 176 and 694 for Oreochromis niloticus. Copper concentrations in tissues of both species were directly related to the exposure concentrations and the duration of exposure. Increased accumulation towards the last 2 weeks of exposure may be due to impaired capacity of elimination or poor nutritional status. 相似文献
16.
C. G. Bookhout R. J. Monroe R. B. Forward Jr. J. D. Costlow Jr. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1984,21(1-4):199-216
Survival of Rhithropanopeus harrisii larvae from hatching to first crab stage occurred in Na2CrO4 concentrations from 1.1 to 29.1 ppm. Estimated LC50 for complete zoeal development was 17.8 ppm Na2CrO4 and it was 13.7 ppm for development to first crab stage. A concentration of 1.1 ppm Na2CrO4 was nontoxic, while Na2CrO4 concentrations of 7.2 and 14.5 ppm were sublethal and concentrations of 29.1 to 58.1 ppm were acutely toxic. Low concentrations of Na2Cr04 caused an increase in swimming speed and high concentrations caused a decline. Survival of Callinectes sapidus larvae occurred in Na2CrO4 concentrations from 1.1 to 4.7 ppm. The LC50 for complete zoeal development was estimated to be 2.9 ppm Na2CrO4 and the LC50 for development to first crab stage was estimated to be 1.0 ppm Na2CrO4 The total Cr in sodium chromate is 32% by weight (Tacey,1981), hence, the total Cr concentrations tested were 32% of the Cr salts given above. Statistical analyses of the data on survival, duration and mortality of larvae are presented. 相似文献
17.
C. G. Bookhout A. J. Wilson Jr. T. W. Duke J. I. Lowe 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1972,1(2):165-180
The effects of mirex, a chlorinated hydrocarbon used to kill the imported red ant, Solenopsis saevissima richteri, on the complete larval development of two crabs, Rhithropanopeus harrisii and Menippe mercenaria are described. The duration of developmental stages of Rhithropanopeus and the total time of development is generally lengthened with an increase in concentration of mirex from 0.01 to 10.0 ppb. There are highly significant differences between survival of larvae in the control and in each concentration of mirex. In Menippe, there were no pronounced differences in duration of developmental stages with increased concentrations of mirex, but the percentage of extra 6th zoeae was greater as concentrations were increased. There was differential survival of the developmental stages in relation to concentration of mirex, and Menippe larvae were much more sensitive to mirex than Rhithropanopeus larvae, especially in the megalopal stage. Residue analysis revealed that Menippe concentrates mirex more efficiently during development to crab stages than does Rhithropanopeus. 相似文献
18.
C. G. Bookhout R. J. Monroe R. B. Forward Jr. J. D. Costlow Jr. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1984,21(1-4):183-197
The mud aqueous fraction (MAF) and suspended particulate phase (SPP) of low-density lignosulfonate type mud with úerrochrome added were nontoxic to larvae during the complete larval development of Rhithropanopeus harrisii. Five percent (5000 ppm, 0.5 % v/v mud in water) MAF and SPP were not toxic to Callinectes sapidus. Survival of C. sapidus larvae decreased as concentrations of MAF and SPP increased from 5 % (5000 ppm, 0.5 v/v mud in water) to 50% (50000 ppm, 5 % v/v mud in water). No larvae reached the 1st crab stage in 100% (100000 ppm, 10% v/v mud in water) MAF and SPP. Statistical analysis of the data on survival, mortality, and behavior are presented. Blue crab larval behavior is affected by exposure to MAF and SPP with the general effect being a decline in swimming speed. A significant reduction was only observed in 100% MAF but was noticed in 5, 25, 50, and 100% SPP. 相似文献
19.
Anita Hessler 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1974,3(3):371-385
The effects of lethal and sublethal concentrations of PbCl2 on reproduction , viability, and motility of a marine unicellular green flagellate alga, Platymonas subcordiformis, were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The severity of the effects depended primarily upon the concentration of Pb++ and the duration of treatment. Log phase cells were more sensitive than stationary phase cells. Sublethal amounts of Pb (2.5 and 10 mg l?1 Pb++) tended to retard population growth by delaying cell division and daughter cell separation. A lethal amount of Pb (60 mg I?1 Pb+) caused inhibition of growth and cell death. Various intracellular abnormalities resulted from Pb treatment. The flagella were shed or altered in a variety of ways, depending on Pb concentration; motility was least affected by low Pb and completely impaired by high Pb. Normal wild-type cells appeared to be more sensitive to Pb than mechanically sheared (flagella-less) cells and cells of a non-flagellate mutant of Platymonas. Exposure of cells to Pb in non-growth conditions of dark and cold (2°C) had little negative effect. 相似文献
20.
Iris Hindersmann Jörg Hippler Alfred V. Hirner Tim Mansfeldt 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2014,14(9):1549-1558