2. Growth rate, food intake, food utilisation and proportion of dietary nitrogen retained were much poorer in chicks receiving salseed meal.

3. The chicks receiving salseed meal developed pathological lesions in liver and kidney.

4. The red blood cell count, white blood cell count, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume of the chicks receiving salseed meal were lower than those of chicks receiving maize.

5. The apparent metabolisable energy value of salseed meal was determined as 6.83 MJ/kg.  相似文献   

2. Time of day of injection did not modify the response to corticosterone of 3‐week‐old chicks kept under natural daylight nor of 7‐week‐old broilers receiving additional illumination.

3. Pure White Rock chicks and Cornish x White Rock crossbred chicks responded similarly to corticosterone injections at 3 weeks of age.

4. Seven‐week‐old female birds treated with corticosterone had significantly larger abdominal fat pads than similarly treated males.

5. Corticosterone injection was more effective in increasing the proportion of liver fat in 7‐week‐old birds than in 3‐week‐old ?hicks.

6. The increased amount of abdominal and liver fat due to corticosterone injections administered at 3 weeks of age disappeared after 3 weeks, but growth depression was still evident.  相似文献   

2. Both ICV and IP injection of poly I:C significantly decreased food intake.

3. IP but not ICV injection of poly I:C significantly suppressed voluntary activity, whereas ICV injection decreased time spent sitting. Both ICV and IP injection of poly I:C significantly increased plasma CORT and glucose concentration. Neither ICV nor IP injection of poly I:C significantly affected cloacal temperature.

4. In addition, ICV injection of poly I:C significantly reduced crop emptying rate, whereas IP injection had no effect.

5. These results suggested that central TLR3 is related to anorexia, stress response and retardation of crop emptying while peripheral TLR3 is related to anorexia, change in behaviour and stress responses during viral infection in chicks.  相似文献   

2. Food intake and body weight were not affected, while rectal temperature was significantly increased by short-term HT exposure.

3. Several free amino acid concentrations increased in the blood, brain and muscle even with short-term HT, whereas levels of a few amino acids declined significantly. As well as the nonessential amino acids, essential amino acids also significantly increased with exposure to HT.

4. 3-Methylhistidine, a marker of proteolysis, significantly declined in the muscle of HT chicks, implying a reduction of protein breakdown under HT.

5. These results indicate that alteration of protein metabolism may occur in chicks even with short-term heat exposure.  相似文献   

2. A total of 36 ducks (12 males and 24 females) were obtained from local farmers and tissue samples of gut tissues (duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum), lymphoid organs (spleen and bursa) and lungs were collected in RNAlater solution followed by RNA extraction.

3. After normalisation to β-actin (endogenous control) qPCR analysis identified a significant effect of age, sex and rearing system on TLR7 expression in the ducks.

4. A significant up-regulation of TLR7 expression was observed in lungs, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum of sexually mature (45 wk) compared with that of immature ducks (16 wk). Among sexes, male ducks had significantly higher TLR7 expression than female ducks.

5. Age and sex interactions were significant in lungs, duodenum, jejunum and caecum. Ducks reared in an extensive housing system showed significantly higher TLR7 expression in bursa, lungs, duodenum, ileum and caecum compared to intensively reared ducks. There were no effects of age, sex and rearing systems on TLR7 expression in the spleen.

6. The heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and serum corticosterone were higher in ducks reared on an intensive system compared with ducks from an extensive rearing system.  相似文献   

2. Salmonellae were not isolated from the empty, cleaned and fumigated houses and only on one occasion from the foodstuffs.

3. Salmonellae were isolated from the environment of the chicks and spasmodically from the litter, water troughs and dust.

4. The incidence of infection of the chicks did not influence the number of isolations of salmonellae from the environment of the birds during rearing.

5. Water in the water troughs rather than foodstuffs appeared to be the major oral route of infection or re‐infection of birds during rearing.  相似文献   

2. Plasma concentrations of glucose were reduced by fasting with reductions of 24.9% (19-d-old), 22.6% (33-d-old) and 17.9% (47-d-old) in broiler chickens fasted for 12 h.

3. Plasma concentrations of insulin decreased with fasting. For instance, circulating concentrations of insulin declined after 6 h of fasting by 45.7%, 54.7% and 50.0%, respectively, in 19-d-old, 33-d-old and 47-d-old broiler chickens.

4. Plasma concentrations of glucagon were increased by fasting. Plasma concentrations of glucagon were elevated by 3.79% (19-d-old), 3.51% (33-d-old) and 3.79% (47-d-old) with 6 h of fasting and remained elevated with 12 h, 18 h and 24 h of fasting.  相似文献   

2. No differences were detected between the gains in weight of the control and experimental groups of birds.

3. A marked negative linear relationship was observed between the dry weight of the amount of caecal tissue removed when the birds were 22 d old and the weight of the left caecum at the end of the experiment.

4. The average growth rate of the left caecum (g dry tissue/week) was found to be dependent on the estimated weight of caecal tissue remaining after surgery.

5. No evidence was obtained to indicate that the growth of the right caecum responded to the removal of the left caecal tissue.

6. The morphology and histology of the operated caeca were found to be similar to the equivalent regions of the unoperated caeca. Surgical interference was not followed by any major changes in mucosal architecture.

7. In birds which had experienced unilateral caecectomy, the discharge of caecal faeces usually stopped for about 2 d. When caecal defaecation was resumed, the pattern of defaecation appeared to be the same as that observed in sham‐operated birds with both caeca intact.  相似文献   

2. Intra-abdominal (IA) injection of LPS significantly suppressed feeding behaviour and significantly increased mRNA expression of IL1β and IL8 in the diencephalon when compared to the control group, while IL6 tended to be increased.

3. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of 200 ng IL1β significantly decreased food intake at 60 min after the injection while IL6 and IL8 had no effect.

4. IA injection of these ILs (200 ng) had no effect on food intake in chicks.

5. ICV injection of 200 ng IL1β did not affect water intake and plasma corticosterone concentration, suggesting that central IL1β might not be related to the regulation of drinking behaviour and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis.

6. The present study demonstrated that central IL1β but not IL6 and IL8 might be related to the inhibition of feeding in chicks.  相似文献   

2. Addition of 10 g ascorbic acid/kg to the control diet (without excess tyrosine) produced no beneficial effects on performance. Excess dietary tyrosine caused depressions in all measures of performance.

3. Adding 0.1, 1, 10 or 20 g ascorbic acid/kg to the diet containing excess tyrosine tended to improve performance.

4. Subcutaneous injection of 50 mg ascorbic acid/bird d to chicks receiving excess tyrosine brought about a significant improvement in body‐weight gain.

5. The elevation of plasma free tyrosine caused by excess dietary tyrosine decreased as dietary ascorbic acid increased.

6. Ascorbic acid can alleviate, though not completely counteract, the adverse effect of excess dietary tyrosine.  相似文献   

2. Data were analysed for species differences in food consumption, body weight, food utilisation, mortality and liver pathology.

3. There were no significant effects of aflatoxin in broiler and Leghorn chicks. Aflatoxin at 0.7 mg/kg decreased the body weight of turkey poults but tended to increase the growth rate of goslings. At 1 ‐4 mg aflatoxin/kg food consumption, body weight and weight gain of goslings were adversely affected.

4. Liver damage occurred in goslings and quail chicks at all inclusions of aflatoxin and was extensive at 2.1 mg/kg.

5. Poults and goslings appeared to be the most sensitive, quail were intermediate and domestic chicks were most resistant.  相似文献   

2. Growth was significantly enhanced by regular handling in broilers and the females of the layer strains and gain : food ratios were generally greater in the handled birds.

3. There were no significant treatment effects on growth or gain : food ratios in males of the layer strains.

4. Males had higher relative weight gains and gain : food ratios than females.  相似文献   

2. Chicks given 2 000, 4 000 or 6 000 mg zinc/kg diet from 2 to 6 weeks of age grew poorly, many showing gizzard erosion and lesions of the exo‐crine pancreas. Dissecting aneurysms occurred in a few birds receiving 6 000 mg zinc/kg.

3. Pancreatic lesions were found in chicks maintained on 1 000, 2 000 or 4 000 mg zinc/kg from 0 to 4 weeks and the two higher concentrations reduced body weight and increased the incidence of gizzard erosion.

4. Histologically, gizzard lesions varied from excessive desquamation of epithelial cells, heterophils and erythrocytes into an abnormally spongi‐form koilin, to erosion of koilin, glands and pits. Pancreatic lesions could be detected only microscopically and consisted of dilation of the acinar lumina, cytoplasmic vacuolation, cytoplasmic globule formation and necrosis of the exocrine cells with interparenchymal fibrosis.

5. Similar lesions of the gizzard and pancreas were found in hens after they had received 10 000 or 20 000 mg zinc/kg diet for only 4 d.

6. Hens given 10 000 mg zinc/kg for 4 d followed by a normal zinc intake for 28 d had normal gizzards and pancreata.  相似文献   

2. TEX-OE^® is a patented total extract of the fruit of Opuntia ficus indica, which has been demonstrated to accelerate the development of HSPs in several animal species.

3. One-day-old commercial broiler chicks were treated with TEX-OE^®; HSP was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and a large commercial field trial investigated key performance indicators (KPIs) in treated versus untreated controls chicks.

4. TEX-OE^® significantly increased HSP concentrations in treated chicks versus controls. Final cumulative mortality, liveweight and percentage factory-rejects were better than in controls.

5. The accelerated HSP response may enable chicks to cope with early stressors, which is reflected in improved KPIs.  相似文献   

2. Taurine contents of thigh and breast muscle increased linearly with increasing dietary taurine.

3. Taurine supplementation for 1, 2 and 3 weeks significantly increased the taurine content of breast muscle. The taurine contents of liver and thigh meat were significantly increased by taurine supplementation for 3 weeks. The taurine contents of thigh and breast meat from broilers given a diet supplemented with 4 g/kg taurine for 3 weeks increased to 1.89 times the concentrations of the control group.

4. There were no detrimental effects on growth performance, breast or thigh muscle yield, pH value or drip-water loss, and taurine supplementation did not affect the serum carbonyl content.

5. Serum malondialdehyde concentration was significantly decreased by taurine supplementation for 1, 2 or 3 weeks.  相似文献   

2. In Experiment 1, chicks were subjected to chronic oral administration of either the medium (containing live bacteria and 2.46 μmol D-Asp) or water from 7 to 14 d of age. Plasma-free amino acids as well as mitochondrial biogenic gene expression in the breast muscle were analysed. In Experiment 2, 7-d-old chicks were subjected to acute oral administration of the above medium or of an equimolar amount of D-Asp to examine their effect on changes in rectal temperature. In Experiment 3, after 1 week of chronic oral administration of the medium, 14-d-old chicks were exposed to either high ambient temperature (HT; 40 ± 1°C, 3 h) or control thermoneutral temperature (CT; 30 ± 1°C, 3 h) to monitor the changes in rectal temperature.

3. Chronic, but not acute, oral administration of the medium significantly reduced rectal temperature in chicks, and a chronic effect also appeared under HT conditions.

4. Chronic oral administration of the medium significantly reduced the mRNA abundance of the avian uncoupling protein (avUCP) in the breast muscle, but led to a significant increase in avian adenine nucleotide translocator (avANT) mRNA in the same muscle.

5. (a) These results indicate that the medium can reduce body temperature through the decline in avUCP mRNA expression in the breast muscle that may be involved in reduced mitochondrial proton leaks and heat production. (b) The increase in avANT further suggests a possible enhancement of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis.  相似文献   

2. A total of 20 one-day-old Leghorn chicks (slow-growing) and 20 broiler (Ross 508) chicks (fast-growing) were reared to 100 and 45 d, respectively.

3. A small percentage of GF was seen in pre rigor muscle samples even at 3 min post mortem in both genotypes and in all muscle types studied.

4. From 3 min to 24 h post mortem GF increased both in Leghorn and broiler chickens but to a different extent according to muscle type and genotype.

5. The highest GF 24 h post mortem value was found in the PM muscles belonging to the fast-growing broiler line.

6. It was concluded that every type of muscle can develop GF, but this phenomenon is more evident in the PM especially in animals selected for increased growth rate.  相似文献   

2. Although the protein content of all tissues varied with age, the only statistically significant effect was on the level of protein in the gizzard.

3. The moisture content of the gizzard was significantly affected by age and blood by age and sex.

4. The fat content of the gizzard was significantly affected by age, as was the effect of sex on the fat content of blood.

5. The ash contents of heart and gizzard were significantly affected by age.

6. The phosphorus contents of the gizzard, heart and liver were significantly affected by age, as were the chloride content of heart and the calcium content of the liver. Blood potassium was significantly affected by sex. Fluctuations in the contents of other elements are discussed.

7. The variability in organ composition is discussed with respect to the degree of trimming and preparation of the samples.  相似文献   

2. The tendency was for the proteolytic activity to be increased and the amylase activity to be decreased in conventional chicks. These differences were statistically significant in the caecum.

3. All of the additional proteolytic activity detectable in the caecum of conventional chicks was inhibited by soyabean trypsin inhibitor. However, the increased activity was not detectable in the small intestine and was, therefore, not due to pancreatic trypsin.

4. Attempts to demonstrate in vitro bacterial production of a trypsin‐like enzyme were unsuccessful.  相似文献   

2. Protein and energy metabolism were studied in males from these selected lines fed on a diet of intermediate protein content.

3. All selected birds retained more nitrogen than those studied 10 years previously.

4. There was no difference in nitrogen retention between groups, although relative growth rate of group B birds was higher.

5. Heat productions relative to gross energy intake were 0.38 (group B) and 045 (group A). Energy retentions relative to gross energy intake were 0.39 (group B) and 0.35 (group A); the difference being primarily due to higher fat retention in group B.

6. Using a common maintenance requirement for metabolisable energy, group B utilised metabolisable energy for growth (0.78) better than did group A (0.71).

7. At 53 d of age plasma glucose (10%) and insulin (50%) were higher in group B than in group A.  相似文献