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1.
The effects of integrated nitrogen management (INM) on saffron yield, corm production, nutrient concentration, crocin content, and soil health were studied in field experiments at the Dryland (Karewa) Agriculture Research Station, Budgam District of Kashmir Himalayas, India, during 2006–2010. The levels of fertilizers applied were 0, 45, and 90 kg ha?1 of nitrogen; 0, 30, and 60 t ha?1 of farm yard manure (FYM), and 0 and 5 kg ha ?1 of Azotobacter in solid form. The greatest yields of 3.64 and 3.51 kg ha?1 were observed when nitrogen was applied at 90 kg ha?1 and FYM was applied at 60 t ha?1. The increases over the controls (2.31 and 2.45 kg ha?1) were 57.57% and 43.26%, respectively. The maximum corm productions (10.26 and 13.10 t ha?1) were observed with the application of nitrogen at 90 kg ha?1 and FYM at 60 t ha?1 respectively, with the corresponding increases of 79.62% and 260.97% over their respective controls. Biofertilizer application in the form of viable strain of Azotobacter significantly increased the corm production only. The influence of INM on nutrient and crocin content of saffron and soil health was also found to be sustainable over nonapplication of organic and inorganic fertilizers.  相似文献   

2.
Key players in photosynthesis, iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg), in nano and common forms were considered for foliar application of black-eyed pea. Factorial experiments in three replicates were designed based on completely randomized blocks containing Fe (0, 0.25, and 0.5 g L?1; in two forms: nano and common) and Mg (0, 0.5 g L?1 nano, and 0.5 g L?1 common). The elements were applied 56 and 72 days after sowing over the leaves, and data were collected after day 85. Iron had significant effect on yield, leaf Fe content, stem Mg content, plasma membrane stability, and chlorophyll content. The greatest effect was obtained by two treatment combinations of 0.5 g L?1 common Fe + 0.5% nano-Mg and 0.5 g L?1 common Fe + 0.5 g L?1 common Mg. In general, almost all analyzed traits were improved by foliar application of these two elements, probably as a result of more efficient photosynthesis.  相似文献   

3.
Foliar application of fertilizers can guarantee the availability of nutrients to rice for obtaining higher yield. Rice responds favorably to macro- and micronutrients and the tolerance to salinity hazards improves by decreasing the N/S ratio. In this study, results showed that nutrient concentrations (g L?1) for rice are: nitrogen (N) 108.0, phosphorous (P2O5) 6, potassium (K2O) 81.0, calcium (CaO) 15.0, and magnesium (MgO) 6 g L?1; and for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cupper (Cu), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo) and silicon (Si) the recommended concentrations are 0.6, 0.45, 0.21, 0.06, 0.09, 0.0002 and 0.004 g L?1, respectively. A significant increase was recorded in number of panicles m?2, 1000 grain weight, biological yield and grain yield with foliar application of nutrients. Five foliar applications of nutrients resulted in maximum number of panicles m?2, grains panicle?1, 1000 grain weight and biological yield. It is concluded that five foliar applications of balanced amounts of fertilizers at the seedling stage (two sprays), tillering (single spray) and at panicle initiation and panicle differentiation (two sprays) helped in enhancing yield and yield components of rice. In this research, five foliar applications produced the smallest damaging effects of blast (Pyricularia oryzae) in rice.  相似文献   

4.
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different zinc (Zn) application methods (soil and foliar application) and concentrations (1 and 2 mg kg?1 in soil application and 1 and 3 g L?1 in foliar application) on the growth, some biochemical characteristics, and nutrient concentrations of costmary (Chrysanthemum balsamita L.). Growth parameters were increased by zinc application regardless of its concentration and application method. Protein and total phenol content, antioxidant capacity, and chlorophyll index were increased by zinc supply. In contrast, proline and soluble sugars content showed a decreasing pattern with zinc application. Zinc application, either through soil or foliar application, increased the zinc content of shoots. Manganese uptake potential of plants was increased by foliar zinc application method but not by soil application of zinc. Zinc application had no significant effect on potassium content of plants.  相似文献   

5.
Foliar application effects of two commercial organic fertilizers: Drin and Algaren on growth and flowering of two cultivars (‘Mahallati’ and ‘Dezfuli’) of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) were examined. This research was carried out in a complete randomized design with factorial arrangements including two factors (cultivars and organic fertilizers), each treatment with three replications. Drin and Algaren improved vegetative growth in tuberose and concentration of 0.4–0.6 mL L?1 Drin and concentration of 0.6 and 0.8 mL L?1 of Algaren could be recommended for foliar application on tuberose. This is the first report on using new types of organic fertilizers on ornamental bulbous plants. Further experiments are needed to clarify more the effects of these organic fertilizers on bulbous plants.  相似文献   

6.
To evaluate the impact of nano-iron oxide and zinc sulfate fertilizers on peppermint in field conditions, a factorial split experiment with two micro-nutrient fertilizers [Zinc (Zn) and Iron (Fe)] in RCBD with three replicates was conducted at University of Tehran, during 2014 and 2015. Fe at four levels (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 g L-1) and Zn at three levels (0, 2.5, and 5 g L-1) were applied. Fe and Zn fertilizer application significantly improved photosynthetic pigments, mineral nutrient content, essential oil concentration, and dry matter yield in peppermint. The highest iron content (1578.00 mg kg?1) was achieved when 5 g L?1 of Zn was applied along with 0.75 g L?1 Fe. According to our results, the application of 2.5 g L?1 of Zn plus 0.5 g L?1 Fe fertilizers could be recommended to achieve the highest plant dry matter and essential oil yield.  相似文献   

7.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of boron (B) by foliar spraying for the yield of beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) crops. An experiment for each crop was done in a greenhouse at the São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal campus, in Brazil. The experiments evaluated the B concentrations of 0, 0.085, 0.170, 0.255, and 0.340 g L?1; applied in the 20, 35, and 50 days after the transplant (DAT) of beet cv. ‘Tall Top Early Wonder’, and in the 20, 40, and 60 DAT for the tomato cv. ‘Raisa N’. The plants were cultivated in pots with washed sand with 5 dm3 for the beet crop and 10 dm3 for the tomato crop. The beet and tomato crops were harvested 58 and 154 DAT, respectively. The leaves and fruits numbers; the foliar area; the dry matter of leaves, bark and roots; the fresh and dry matter of the fruits and the tuberous root; the dry matter of the total plant and the B foliar content were evaluated. The total dry matter of beet and tomato the plant were influenced by the concentration of the foliar B spray. The highest yield of the tuberous root and the total plant dry matter of beet occurred with B foliar concentration of 0.065 g L?1 and it was associated with the B foliar content of 26 mg kg?1. The highest yield of fruit and total plant dry matter of tomato occurred with the B foliar spraying of 0.340 g L?1 and it was associated with the B foliar content of 72 mg kg?1.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

Utilizing the proper techniques of plant residue composting can play a significant role in reducing the adverse environmental impacts of chemical fertilizers. Herein the effects of commercial poultry manure (CPM) and composted pistachio residues (CPR) on nutrient availability and saffron daughter corms behavior in a calcareous soil were evaluated as a greenhouse experiment based on completely randomized design arranged in factorial with three replicates. In this study, CPM rates (0, 3, 6, and 9 t ha?1) and CPR levels (0, 20, 40, and 60 t ha?1) were assigned as the first and the second experimental factors, respectively. From the results, CPM or CPR application caused a significant increase in small (≤5 g), mid (5.1–10 g) and large-sized (10.1–15 g) daughter corms number. The highest N (P) concentration in small, mid and large-sized daughter corms was recorded when 9 t ha?1 CPM was applied along with 60 t ha?1 CPR. Soil organic carbon content increased with increasing CPM or CPR levels. The same trend was also observed for soil available N, P, K, and electrical conductivity. By contrast, CPM or CPR levels caused a significant reduction in soil pH. According to the results, pistachio compost can be considered as an eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers to improve soil fertility in saffron farms.  相似文献   

9.
In this study, interactions of nickel sulfate and urea sprays on vegetative growth, yield and leaf mineral contents in strawberry were investigated. Rooted Pajaro strawberry plants were potted in 3 liter pots filled with soil, leaf mold and sand (1:1:1, v/v/v). Established plants were foliar sprayed with nickel sulfate at 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg L?1 and urea 0 and 2 g L?1 concentrations. Results indicated that nickel (Ni; 300 mg L?1) plus urea (2 g L?1) significantly increased the yield and runner numbers. Nickel sulfate at the rate of 300 and 150 mg L?1and urea (2 g L?1) significantly increased the crown numbers. The greatest root fresh and dry weights were obtained from untreated plants. Urea at 2 g L?1 without nickel significantly increased shoot fresh and dry weights. Nickel at 450 mg L?1 without urea significantly increased Ni concentration in leaves. Overall, nickel sulfate at 150 and 300 mg L?1 along with urea at 2 g L?1 were the best treatments.  相似文献   

10.
Application of organic fertilizers in sustainable agriculture systems improves yield sustainability of field crop production. The current research has been formed to investigate the effects of various levels of vermicompost (zero, 3, 6 and 9 t ha?1) in combination with foliar spraying of potassium humate (0, 1, 2 and 3 mL L?1) on spring safflower, in Iran during 2012–2013. In addition, inorganic fertilization has been considered as conventional agriculture (CA). In the current experiment, growth indices, seed yield, yield components and flower yield were evaluated. The results showed that the maximum leaf area index, total dry weight and crop growth rate have been determined at 9 t ha?1 vermicompost and 3 mL L?1 K-humate while the maximum netto assimilation rate has existed in CA at the emergence of flower buds. Likewise, the results indicated that vermicompost leads to a significant increase in seed yield, flower yield and yield components except 1000 seed weight. Flower yield, head number per plant and seed number per head were affected by K-humate concentrations and increased significantly from 1 to 3 mL L?1. It should be mentioned that 9 t ha?1 vermicompost and 3 mL L?1 K-humate produced the highest seed and flower yield.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

The foliar application of silicon (Si) and salicylic acid (SA) can be beneficial to plants. However, there are doubts about the interaction of Si and SA in the physiology and yield of legume crop. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of foliar application of Si and SA on the photosynthetic variables and yield of soybean and bean grains. The experiments were composed by four treatments: potassium silicate and stabilized sodium at a concentration of 3.6?g?L?1 Si in the absence and presence of SA (210?mg?L?1), only SA, and without Si or SA. The interaction of Si with foliar SA enhanced photosynthesis only in soybean; it did not affect the physiological variables of bean and did not alter the yield of the two crops. The results indicated that foliar Si application at high concentrations, independently of SA application, increased the physiological variables of the soybean without affecting the yield; however, the combined application of Si and SA had an adverse effect on the physiology and yield of bean.  相似文献   

12.
ABSTRACT

Three field experiments at three sites in east Zhejiang Province were conducted to determine the influence of applications of boron (B) on growth, yield, and quality of the red bayberry trees (Myrica rubra Sieb. et Zuca) with a manure species of “Buqizhong” in Linhai city. Ground B application or foliar B spraying significantly improved length and incidence rates of spring and summer shoots and increased fruit set rates, which resulted in the increases in fruit yield (13.7–17.5% for ground B application or 13.2–27.3% for foliar B spraying) and in improvement of fruit quality. The optimum yields were recorded with the treatments of ground B application of 40 g tree?1 of borax or foliar B spraying of 2.0 g L?1 of borax. Spring shoot incidents for the treatment of ground application of 50 g borax tree?1 every year during the experiment (4B50) were significantly higher than that for the treatment of ground application of 50 g borax tree?1 only in the first year of the experiment (B50), but the yield difference between them was not significant at P = 0.05. The increased yield effect of ground B application could last for 3 years. Boron application of red bayberry trees can be carried out by foliar-spraying 2.0 g borax L?1 every year or ground application of 50 g borax tree?1 every 3 years. The results of this study showed that application B could significantly improve the growth and increased fruit yield and quality of the red bayberry trees not exhibiting any vegetative symptoms of B deficiency.  相似文献   

13.
ABSTRACT

Previous research has shown that supplying adequate sulfur (S) continuously in combination with reduced amounts of nitrogen (N) will produce a quality plant. However, not all commercially available fertilizers use the same source of S, contain the same or optimal concentration of it, or contain any S at all. Additionally, nutrient incompatibility can occur if all the macronutrients are combined in one solution or one dry fertilizer. Thus, the objective of this research was to determine the effect of different methods of application and different types of S fertilizers on chrysanthemum growth. Two experiments were conducted in which three S sources (H2SO4, MgSO4, and K2SO4) were applied in combination with three N concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg L?1) as fertilizer treatments. Sulfur was applied at 10 mg L?1, either continuously—by slightly acidulating the fertilizer solution with H2SO4—or in one, two, or three single, discrete applications as either K2SO4 or MgSO4. Leaf N concentration was greatest when 100 or 150 mg N L?1 was applied. As expected, S applied continuously by slightly acidulating the fertilizer solution with sulfuric acid resulted in higher leaf S concentration and larger flower diameter than under any of the other treatments. Together, plants fertilized with S continuously at 10 mg S L?1 and N at 100 mg L?1 were the largest, had the largest flower diameter, and contained the greatest leaf N and S concentrations. Sulfur concentration in the mix was highest and N concentration lowest when S was supplied continuously. Thus, if growers need to supply S and acidulate their water, sulfuric acid would be the best choice. If there are concerns about possible S contamination in landfills or in mix recycling, either potassium or magnesium S, applied multiple times as single applications in combination with 100 or 150 mg N L?1, may be a better choice.  相似文献   

14.
Iron (Fe) nanoparticles (NPs), with 30–40 nm diameter, were stabilized on sand. The resulting synthesized Fe/SiO2 NPs, with different Fe contents (0–25 mg kg?1) were employed as fertilizers in probing the mean germination time (MGT), growth and dry matter of barley and maize and their comparison with common Fe/SiO2 in a completely randomized design (CRD) experiment. The results showed that our fertilizers had significant effects on MGT, with the lowest of 0.58 day for barley and 0.79 day for maize; at 15 and 5 mg kg?1 nano Fe/SiO2, respectively. Application of 15 mg kg?1 of nano Fe/SiO2 increased the shoot length: 8.25% and 20.8% for barley and maize, respectively. However, the concentration of 25 mg kg?1 had a negative impact on shoot length in barley. Increasing the concentrations of both nano and common Fe/SiO2 particles, increased the root lengths in both plants, however this increase was higher with the application of nano Fe/SiO2. Likewise, seedling length enlarged with the concentration increase of both Fe/SiO2 particles and was more pronounced with nano Fe/SiO2. The application of nano Fe/SiO2 was more effective compared with the common Fe/SiO2 in encouraging barley and maize growth. The positive impact was higher in maize than barley.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract

In this research the effect of foliar application of selenium (Se) at four levels (Na2OSe4; 0, 5, 10 and 20?mg L?1) was evaluated on some phytochemical characteristics of Sultana grapevine under different salinity levels (NaCl; 0 or 75?mM). The vines were fed twice a week with Hoagland nutrient solution and Se was foliar applied twice with 24 intervals. During growing period, plant height, leaf number and leaf area were recorded. Moreover, at the end of experiment, mature leaves from middle nods of canes were used for measurement of some phytochemical indices. According to results, Se application had a positive effect on plant height, leaf numbers, leaf area and photosynthetic pigments content especially at 5?mg L?1 and to some extent 10?mg L?1 Se levels. Under salinity stress, foliar application of Se at 5?mg L?1 considerably decreased vines leaves electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation values compared to non se-treated plants under salinity stress condition. Selenium had an additive effect on salinity stress (75?mM NaCl) induced accumulation of total phenol, total flavonoid, soluble sugars and proline content in leave of vines. Moreover, the interaction of salinity and Se at 5 and 10?mg L?1 improved leaves antioxidant enzymes activities in Sultana grapevine. Likewise, foliar application of Se improved leaf mineral content in 75?mM NaCl -treated vines. Totally, foliar application of selenium (Se at 5 or 10?mg L?1) increased salt tolerance through improvement in nutritional balance and by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in grapevine leaves.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran. There were eight treatments 1) control (no fertilizer), 2) soil applied N, 3) soil applied Zn, 4) soil applied N+Zn, 5) foliar applied N, 6) foliar applied Zn, 7) foliar applied N+Zn and 8) combined soil and foliar applied N+Zn. The N source was urea [CO(NH2)2, 46% N] applied at 276 N tree? 1 yr?1 and the Zn source was zinc sulfate (ZnSO4,7H20, 23% Zn) applied at 110 g Zn tree? 1 yr? 1. The soil treatments of N and Zn, were applied every two weeks during June through August (total of 6 times/year) in a 1 m radius around the tree trunk (drip line of trees). The foliar solutions of N (10 g l? 1 urea) and Zn [8 g l? 1 zinc sulfate (ZnSO4)] were sprayed at the rate of 10 L tree? 1 every two weeks at the same times as described for soil applications. The highest yield (49 kg tree? 1), and the heaviest fruits (202 g) were obtained in the soil and foliar combination of N+Zn treatment. The lowest yield (35 kg tree? 1), and the smallest fruits (175 g) were recorded in the control. Nitrogen, and to a lesser extent Zn, foliar application resulted in decreasing fruit quality (caused russeting, and lower soluble solid), but increasing N leaf and fruit concentrations (2.4% DW and 563 mg kg? 1, respectively). There were significant differences among yield and leaf mineral nutrient concentration in different treatments. But there was no significant difference between fruit mineral nutrient concentration (except N). Ratio of N/calcium (Ca), potassium (K)/Ca, and [magnesium (Mg)+K]/Ca in fruits were found suitable for fruit quality prediction. Combining the zinc sulfate with urea in the foliar applications increased the concentration of Zn from 0.7 to 1.5 mg per kg of apple tissue. Leaf N concentration varied during growth season. Foliar applied nutrient can be more efficient than soil applied, but a combination of soil and foliar applications is recommended for apple tree nutrient management.  相似文献   

17.
Soil fertility problems resulting in low maize yields in smallholder farms are common in the West African moist savanna. The effectiveness of commercial foliar fertilizers in improving maize growth and yield was evaluated in three savanna agro‐ecological zones of Nigeria in two steps. In step one, eight commercial foliar fertilizers were assessed in a greenhouse study with two soil types using maize (Zea mays L. cv. 2004 TZE‐Y POPDT STR C4). The treatments included a control and a reference that received the optimum concentrations of nutrients. In step 2, three promising products from the greenhouse study (Turbotop, Agroleaf General, and Agroleaf high‐P) were evaluated under field conditions to validate the efficacy of products to enhance crop growth and yield. The foliar products were applied at the rate of 5 kg ha?1. The treatments also included three rates of P application (0, 30, and 60 kg P ha?1) as triple super phosphate (TSP) with or without foliar fertilizers. In the greenhouse study, differences in maize shoot dry matter yield and N and P concentrations, attributable to the spraying of the commercial foliar fertilizers, were observed for both soils. Spraying Turbotop, Agroleaf General, and Agroleaf high‐P gave the highest shoot dry biomass and N and P uptake compared to other products. Under field conditions, foliar spraying of Agroleaf high‐P significantly increased the shoot dry biomass of maize compared with the 0 P treatment in all locations. The grain yield of maize ranged from 1 to 4 t ha?1 with significant differences across sites. Products with high concentrations of P and N in their formulation improved maize yield suggesting that appropriate management of P and N resources is a prerequisite for a sustainable maize intensification in the savanna agro‐ecologies.  相似文献   

18.
Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar spray of soluble silicic acid on growth and yield parameters of wetland rice. The results revealed a significant effect on achieving higher grain and straw yield with foliar silicic acid over control. Foliar spray of silicic acid at 2 and 4 ml L?1 increased the grain and straw yield and application of 8 ml L?1 decreased the yield. Foliar spray of silicic acid at 4 ml L?1 along with half dose of recommended pesticide effectively increased the yields over all other treatments. The content and uptake of silicon in grain and straw was recorded higher with the foliar spray of silicic acid over control. This investigation concludes that application of silicic acid at 4 ml L?1 along with half dose of recommended pesticide as foliar spray increased the grain and straw yield, besides Si content and its uptake over control.  相似文献   

19.
ABSTRACT

Effect of calcium (Ca) foliar application on blueberry fruit characteristics during storage was investigated. Calcium applications began 28 d after flowering, two levels (3.9 g Ca2 + and 39 g Ca2 +) and a control without calcium were used (0.0; 3.0, and 30 mL L?1). The fruits were harvested on day 103 and were stored for 56 d at 2 ± 1°C. At harvest time the fruits had a significant statistical different concentration, which were maintained until the last day of storage. The fruit from the 30 mL L?1 treatment was the highest. The lowest texture levels are found with the treatment without calcium, which shows a statistically significant change from storage day 29. The LMP percentage did not varied in the fruit from the treatment with 30 mL L?1, but did in the fruit without calcium. Hunter L, b, and the index chromes were influenced by the applied calcium levels, significantly greater at 30 mL L?1; and by the time of storage in the fruits with treatment of 30 mL L?1.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

Humic (HA) and fulvic (FA) acids improve the nutrient availability and uptake by plants but some aspects of their agronomic use still need to be clarified. The effects of HA soil application and FA foliar application on the growth, Zn and B uptake by coffee seedlings were evaluated. HA was added to an Oxisol at concentrations 0, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg kg?1 (C-HA), in both limed (pH 6.2) and overlimed (pH 7.2) conditions. FA (0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 g L?1 C-FA) was applied to coffee leaves in three different application modes (M): with 0.3% Zn and 0.6% B supplied via foliar (M1), 0.6% B and 1.2% Zn supplied via foliar (M2) and 1.2 mg kg?1 B and 6 mg kg?1 Zn supplied via soil (M3). HA addition in soil significantly (p < 0.05) reduced leaf B and Zn accumulation and coffee growth in both pH conditions. In the M1 and M2, FA application significantly (p < 0.05) increased the shoot growth at 0.59 and 0.45 g L?1 and B accumulation at 0.96 and 0.45 g L?1 C-FA. Foliar application of C-FA, instead soil application of C-HA, is a suitable practice to improve coffee seedlings growth and nutrition on Oxisol.  相似文献   

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