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1.
Streptococcosis causes economic losses due to mass mortality at all culturing stages in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, and red tilapia, Oreochromis sp., farming throughout Thailand. Diseased tilapia collected from outbreak areas during 2003–2012 were examined using histopathological, biochemical, and molecular tools. Infected fish showed clinical signs of septicemia, and bacteria were found in visceral organs. All gram‐positive cocci isolates were negative to catalase and oxidase, and exhibited β‐hemolysis; however, they possessed various biochemical profiles. PCR amplification of the 16S rRNA gene was used for 165 samples, and resulted in identification of 143 (86.67%) with Streptococcus agalactiae and 14 (8.48%) with Streptococcus iniae, and 8 (4.85%) with mixed infection. High similarity (≥98%) of 16S rRNA gene sequences to the reference strain S. agalactiae (accession no. EF092913) and S. iniae ATCC29178 type strain was observed in the typing of S. agalactiae and S. iniae from Thai farmed tilapia. This investigation documented that at least two species of streptococcal bacteria, S. agalactiae and S. iniae, were involved in tilapia streptococcal infection in Thailand. The molecular recognition of the etiologic agents showed that S. agalactiae was the dominant species that cause disease in all culture areas, whereas S. iniae were discovered only in cases from the northeastern and central regions.  相似文献   

2.
Streptococcus spp. are major pathogenic bacteria associated with massive mortality in tilapia. This study investigated the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS) and Streptococcus iniae (S. iniae) isolated from tilapia in river-based floating cage and earthen pond farms in northern Thailand. Isolates were identified by biochemical and molecular analyses. Capsular typing, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus polymerase chain reaction and multilocus sequence typing were performed to investigate the genetic relatedness. Six and one isolates were confirmed as GBS and S. iniae, respectively. All Streptococcus spp. isolates were obtained from 4 river-based cage farms (4/33), while samples collected from earthen pond farms (N = 28) were negative for streptococcosis. All GBS with serotype Ⅲ and sequence type (ST) 283 was observed. The β-haemolytic GBS isolates were resistant to five antimicrobials, while the S. iniae was susceptible to all antimicrobials. This study indicates both GBS and S. iniae are the major bacterial pathogens responsible for streptococcosis infection in farmed tilapia of northern Thailand with GBS as dominant species. This survey highlights that the river-based cage farms seriously impact on the healthy development of the tilapia industry.  相似文献   

3.
刘灵  徐俊  马盼  李安兴 《水产学报》2019,43(5):1308-1316
实验采用BALB/c小鼠作为实验动物,旨在建立尼罗罗非鱼无乳链球菌毒力测定的BALB/c小鼠模型。BALB/c小鼠经腹腔注射尼罗罗非鱼源无乳链球菌建立感染模型,比较了尼罗罗非鱼源无乳链球菌分别感染尼罗罗非鱼和小鼠的LD_(50)差异,分别测定了不同毒力尼罗罗非鱼无乳链球菌对尼罗罗非鱼和小鼠的毒力。结果显示,小鼠经腹腔注射无乳链球菌,在24 h内出现死亡现象,且对小鼠脑、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏等组织造成损伤。3次测定尼罗罗非鱼无乳链球菌TFJ0901对尼罗罗非鱼和小鼠LD_(50)分别为7.7×10~7、2.2×10~8、3.5×10~9 CFU/mL和405、361、419 CFU/只。将无乳链球菌TFJ0901和THN0901感染尼罗罗非鱼(1.0×10~7 CFU/mL)和小鼠(100 CFU/只),尼罗罗非鱼和小鼠存活率分别为100%、6.7%±5.8%和100%、0,其存活率都具有显著性差异。将无乳链球菌TFJ0901和TFJ-F感染尼罗罗非鱼(3.0×10~8 CFU/mL)和小鼠(2 500 CFU/只),尼罗罗非鱼的存活率分别为73.3%±11.5%和80.0%±10.0%,存活率差异不显著,小鼠存活率分别为13.3%±11.5%和100.0%,存活率具有显著性差异。研究表明,本实验成功建立了BALB/c小鼠作为尼罗罗非鱼源无乳链球菌毒力测定的稳定模型,测定不同毒力的尼罗罗非鱼源无乳链球菌对小鼠毒力与对尼罗罗非鱼毒力一致,且该模型能够区分尼罗罗非鱼模型难以区分的毒力相近的无乳链球菌。  相似文献   

4.
为分析2007—2015年中国罗非鱼主养区无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)的分子特征和流行情况,分离并收集了248株罗非鱼源无乳链球菌。通过分子血清型、MLST、毒力基因和前噬菌体等分型方法对248株无乳链球菌进行了分子遗传特征分析。结果表明,229株无乳链球菌(92.3%)的分子血清型是Ⅰa型,其余19株均是Ⅰb型(7.7%)。MLST分析结果表明,所有Ⅰa型无乳链球菌都是ST7型,所有Ⅰb型无乳链球菌都是ST261型。毒力基因检测结果发现,229株Ⅰa-ST7型无乳链球菌的毒力基因型相同,即V1型;19株Ⅰb-ST261型无乳链球菌的毒力基因型相同,即V2型。前噬菌体检测结果表明,Ⅰa-ST7型无乳链球菌可分为两种前噬菌体基因型,分别是P1型(36株)和P2型(193株);Ⅰb-ST261型无乳链球菌的10个前噬菌体基因都是阴性,即P3型。根据以上4种分子分型方法可将248株无乳链球菌分为3种基因型,即Ⅰa-ST7-V1-P1型、Ⅰa-ST7-V1-P2型和Ⅰb-ST261-V2-P3型。2010—2011年主要流行菌株由Ⅰa-ST7-V1-P1型转变为Ⅰa-ST7-V1-P2型,其中Ⅰa-ST7-V1-P1型是2011年之前的主要流行菌株,Ⅰa-ST7-V1-P2型在2011年及之后成为主要流行菌株。研究表明,近年来我国罗非鱼源无乳链球菌发生了明显的遗传变异,同时,根据我国罗非鱼主养区无乳链球菌的流行特点,推测我国罗非鱼源无乳链球菌是通过苗种或水体等介质进行传播的,属于输入性传播方式。  相似文献   

5.
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is associated with diverse diseases in aquatic animals. The capsule polysaccharide (CPS) encoded by the cps gene cluster is the major virulence factor of S. agalactiae; however, limited information is available regarding the pathogenic role of the CPS of serotype Ia piscine GBS strains in fish. Here, a non‐encapsulated mutant (Δcps) was constructed by insertional mutagenesis of the cps gene cluster. Mutant pathogenicity was evaluated in vitro based on the killing of whole blood from tilapia, in vivo infections, measuring mutant survival in tilapia spleen tissues and pathological analysis. Compared to wild‐type (WT) GBS strain, the Δcps mutant had lower resistance to fresh tilapia whole blood in vitro (p < 0.01), and more easily cleared in tilapia spleen tissue, and was highly attenuated in tilapia and zebrafish. Additionally, compared to the Δcps mutant, numerous GBS strains and severe tissue necrosis were observed in the tilapia spleen tissue infected with WT strains. These results indicated that the CPS is essential for GBS pathogenicity and may serve as a target for attenuation in vaccine development. Gaining a better understanding of the role, the GBS pathogenicity in fish will provide insight into related pathogenesis and host–pathogen interactions.  相似文献   

6.
Streptococcus agalactiae is an important pathogen in fish, causing great losses of intensive tilapia farming. To develop a potential live attenuated vaccine, a re‐attenuated S. agalactiae (named TFJ‐ery) was developed from a natural low‐virulence S. agalactiae strain TFJ0901 through selection of resistance to erythromycin. The biological characteristics, virulence, stability and the immunization protective efficacy to tilapia of TFJ‐ery were determined. The results indicated that TFJ‐ery grew at a slower rate than TFJ0901. The capsule thickness of TFJ‐ery was significantly less (p < 0.05) than TFJ0901. When Nile tilapia were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with TFJ‐ery, the mortality of fish was decreased than that injected with TFJ0901. The RPS of fish immunized with TFJ‐ery at a dose of 5.0 × 107 CFU was 95.00%, 93.02% and 100.00% at 4, 8 and 16 weeks post‐vaccination, respectively. ELISA results showed that the vaccinated fish produced significantly higher (p < 0.05) antibody titres compared to those of control at 2 or 4 weeks post‐vaccination. Taken together, our results suggest that erythromycin could be used to attenuate S. agalactiae, and TFJ‐ery is a potent attenuated vaccine candidate to protect tilapia against S. agalactiae infections.  相似文献   

7.
Bacteria strains with strong virulence were isolated from pond-cultured tilapia in China. They were identified as Streptococcus agalactiae by biochemical assays, and confirmed by 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and group B Streptococcus (GBS)-specific gene cfb analyses. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay of the alpha C protein (ACP) gene and capsular polysaccharide antigen (cps) gene was employed to identify their molecular serotype (MS). Amplification of the ACP gene produced a 400-bp C alpha protein gene (bca) fragment, suggesting that these isolates belong to MS Ia, Ib or II; amplification of cps produced a 790-bp amplicon, indicating that they belong to MS Ia/III-3. An additional PCR based on nucleotide difference in the cps H–I region of MS Ia and III further suggested that the isolates belong to serotype MS Ia. Moreover, multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) indicated that these strains were of sequence type 7 (ST-7). These results showed that isolates from different regions of China shared the same MS and ST. However, none of the isolated ST-7 GBS corresponded to the capsular serotype, suggesting that these fish GBS possessed specific molecular characteristics not present in human or other animals. Data from this study will facilitate the understanding of epidemiology and nosogenesis of tilapia GBS and the establishment of effective disease prevention methods.  相似文献   

8.
This study examined the antimicrobial susceptibility and mutation(s) in quinolone resistance‐determining regions (QRDRs) in streptococcal pathogens isolated from farmed Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus in Thailand. Surveillance of antimicrobial susceptibility in tilapia streptococcal pathogens reveals that Streptococcus agalactiae (n = 97) and Streptococcus iniae (n = 3) from diseased tilapia were susceptible to amoxicillin, florfenicol, sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprim, however, only 78 isolates were susceptible to enrofloxacin. Twenty‐two enrofloxacin‐resistant S. agalactiae isolates were further examined for mutations in the QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes. Twenty isolates had single base pair changed in the gyrA sequence, C‐242‐T. Point mutations in gyrB, GC‐1135, 1136‐AA and T‐1466‐G, were identified in one isolate. All resistant isolates harboured a mutation in the parC gene, C‐236‐A, while no mutations were observed in the parE gene. The study represented mutations of gyrA and parC genes as marked modification of the enrofloxacin‐resistant S. agalactiae from farmed tilapia. This study is a primary report of the QRDRs mutations associated with fluoroquinolone resistance from streptococcal pathogen in the cultured fish. The phenotypic and genotypic characterization of enrofloxacin resistance S. agalactiae evident in this study has led to an improved regulation of antimicrobial use in Thai aquaculture.  相似文献   

9.
Streptococcosis in tilapia Oreochromis sp. is possibly the most important bacterial disease for fish production worldwide. In Colombia, streptococcosis is caused by Streptococcus agalactiae (GBS), but in other countries, Streptococcus iniae is also involved. Prevention of streptococcosis is required and must be addressed for economic, social, international trade and public health reasons. This research used an in vitro culture of tilapia intestine to detail the intestinal mucosal response once the pathogen contacts the epithelium. We show that S. agalactiae sheds off its capsule to adhere to the epithelium. The bacterium adheres as a single individuum, in groups or in chains and is able to divide on the apical border of enterocytes. GBS adheres at and invades exclusively through the apical portion of the intestinal folds, using the transepithelial route. Once within the cytoplasm of enterocytes, the bacteria continue to divide. On the basolateral side of the epithelium, the microorganisms leave the cells to reach the propria and travel through the microcirculation. No evidence of an immuno‐inflammatory reaction or goblet cell response in the epithelium or the lamina propria was seen during the process of adherence and invasion of the pathogen.  相似文献   

10.
Ninety‐three giant Queensland grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus (Bloch), were found dead in Queensland, Australia, from 2007 to 2011. Most dead fish occurred in northern Queensland, with a peak of mortalities in Cairns in June 2008. In 2009, sick wild fish including giant sea catfish, Arius thalassinus (Rüppell), and javelin grunter, Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier), also occurred in Cairns. In 2009 and 2010, two disease epizootics involving wild stingrays occurred at Sea World marine aquarium. Necropsy, histopathology, bacteriology and PCR determined that the cause of deaths of 12 giant Queensland grouper, three wild fish, six estuary rays, Dasyatis fluviorum (Ogilby), one mangrove whipray, Himantura granulata (Macleay), and one eastern shovelnose ray, Aptychotrema rostrata (Shaw), was Streptococcus agalactiae septicaemia. Biochemical testing of 34 S. agalactiae isolates from giant Queensland grouper, wild fish and stingrays showed all had identical biochemical profiles. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of isolates confirmed all isolates were S. agalactiae; genotyping of selected S. agalactiae isolates showed the isolates from giant Queensland grouper were serotype Ib, whereas isolates from wild fish and stingrays closely resembled serotype II. This is the first report of S. agalactiae from wild giant Queensland grouper and other wild tropical fish and stingray species in Queensland, Australia.  相似文献   

11.
罗非鱼无乳链球菌纤维二糖-磷酸转移酶系统（cel-PTS）的EIIB蛋白对强毒株毒力影响有限，但对弱毒株毒力似乎存在潜在的影响，但具体机制仍不清晰，有必要弄清该蛋白调控强、弱毒株的毒力相关基因表达模式。在前期研究中，通过同源重组技术，构建了无乳链球菌强毒株cel-EIIB基因缺失株，本研究通过类似的方法，获得弱毒株该基因的缺失株。用无乳链球菌强毒、弱毒株及它们的cel-EIIB缺失株分别感染斑马鱼，结果显示，cel-EIIB缺失后，导致弱毒株毒力明显返强，而强毒株毒力则轻微减弱。qPCR检测发现，cel-EIIB缺失可致cel-PTS系统的cel-EIIA、双组分信号转导系统（TCS）的DltR和CiaH以及毒力基因sodA、cpsD和cpsG在强、弱毒株中呈现相反的表达模式；此外，TCS系统的RgfC、DltS和CsrR以及毒力基因cspA和pavA在强毒突变株中表达未受影响，但在弱毒突变株中的表达却显著上调。研究揭示，EIIB蛋白可能通过调控上述毒力相关基因表达而负调控弱毒菌株的毒力。  相似文献   

12.
Dietary application of dried Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaves as a treatment for streptococcal infection was studied in tilapia, Oreochromis sp. Feeding with dried rosemary leaves significantly reduced mortality following infection with Streptococcus iniae: 44% mortality in the group fed 8% rosemary, similar to oxytetracycline treatment (43% mortality), and significantly lower than the control (65%). Dietary administration of 16% rosemary significantly reduced mortality because of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in 44 g fish (62% and 76% in 16% rosemary and control, respectively), but not in a similar experiment conducted with 5.5 g fish. The antibacterial effect of rosemary on S. iniae was studied. Activity of rosemary cultivar Israel was reduced during the winter, but there was no significant change in cultivars Oranit and Star. Storage of powdered rosemary leaves at 50 °C resulted in fourfold and eightfold higher MIC24 h values after 3 and 4.5 months, respectively. Storage at ?20 °C, 4 °C and 25 °C and autoclaving (120 °C) each resulted in a twofold increase in MIC24 h. Repeated exposures of S. iniae to rosemary did not affect minimal inhibitory concentration, suggesting no development of resistance to rosemary.  相似文献   

13.
This study determined the growth performance and acquired resistance of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.) that survived Streptococcus iniae infection. Tilapia were challenged with three doses of S. iniae (8.8 × 103, 8.8 × 104 and 8.8 × 105 CFU fish?1 for low, medium and high challenges respectively). Groups of non‐injected and tryptic soy broth‐injected fish were maintained as controls. Significantly (P<0.05) higher mortality (45.0%) occurred in the high challenge treatment than in the low challenge treatment group (29.6%). The medium challenge group had mortality (36.3%) that did not differ significantly from the high or low treatment. Few fish died in the non‐injected and broth‐injected treatments (3.4% and 0.8% respectively). The tilapia that survived S. iniae infection used to assess growth performance were selected from survivors without gross clinical signs of disease. These fish were randomly stocked at a rate of 30 fish into each 57 L aquarium in triplicate and fed to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. No significant differences were detected in weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency ratio or survival between S. iniae‐survived tilapia and the control treatments following the 8‐week growth performance trial. Following the 8‐week feeding study, tilapia were challenged with 1 × 106 CFU fish?1 of S. iniae to assess acquired immunity. Mean cumulative mortality was significantly higher (P<0.05) in the control treatments (41.7% for the non‐injected and 43.3% for the broth‐injected fish) than in the low, medium and high challenge treatments (7.4%, 3.3% and 8.3% respectively). Serum protein was significantly (P<0.05) elevated in the S. iniae‐survived tilapia that were subsequently challenged when compared with controls challenged for the first time. Agglutinating antibody titre was significantly higher in the fish in the medium and high challenge treatments, compared with the control fish challenged for the first time. The results suggest tilapia that survive S. iniae challenge without showing overt disease signs performed as well as non‐infected tilapia. Further, the S. iniae‐survived tilapia challenged following the 8‐week growth performance trial gained acquired resistance to homologous S. iniae challenge.  相似文献   

14.
Several outbreaks of Streptococcus agalactiae infection of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) were observed in China. The molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity of S. agalactiae in bighead carp and tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) is poorly understood. In the present study, we identified S. agalactiae strains isolated from diseased bighead carp using the API 20 Strep kit and 16S rDNA sequencing and determined whether these strains came from tilapia. Of the 46 identified S. agalactiae strains, 24 strains were successfully isolated from diseased bighead carps, 20 S. agalactiae strains were isolated from tilapia, and two S. agalactiae strains were isolated from tiger frog (Hoplobatrachus chinensis). The results of molecular typing, including multilocus sequence typing, molecular serotyping, surface protein gene detection, and virulence-related gene detection showed that the 44 strains from bighead carp and tilapia were highly similar, whereas different from tiger frog GBS strains. Remarkably, the bighead carp strain Hn1404 showed high virulence in bighead carp and zebrafish. Moreover, this strain was pathogenic to Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). In addition, comparative genomic analysis showed that isolate Hn1404 had a close relationship with the bighead carp and tilapia S. agalactiae strains. All the analyses of the genetic characteristics of bighead carp and tilapia strains showed that tilapia S. agalactiae strains could be transmitted to other fish species such as bighead carp.  相似文献   

15.
Two different colours (red and green) of visible implant elastomer (VIE) were used in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The visibility, location and retention of the VIE tags was investigated and any adverse effects on fish survival and growth determined. The use of VIE tags for monitoring individual fish during a bacterial challenge with either Streptococcus agalactiae or S. iniae was also studied. The results showed that VIE treated fish were lighter but not shorter than the non‐tagged control fish and that tagging caused no mortality. The retention of tags was better at the base of pectoral fin followed by the nasal area, lower abdomen, upper abdomen and branchiostegal rays inside the operculum. During the bacterial challenge experiment individual animals could be easily identified using the VIE tags. In this preliminary study, VIE tagging appears suitable for Nile tilapia research, as with other fish species, and could be a novel method to identify individual animals during microbial pathogenesis studies.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

β-hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine catabolite, has been shown to cause increased disease resistance and growth in animal production. A vaccine produced from formalin killed bacteria and concentrated extracellular products of the ARS-98-60 Streptococcus iniae isolate has been used for the prevention of streptococcal disease in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. In the present study, the effects of feeding HMB were determined in tilapia vaccinated by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of the S. iniaevaccine or unvaccinated (controls). Nile tilapia were fed diets containing either 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg HMB/kg diet for 14 days. The mean daily growth rate and feed efficiency showed no significant (P> 0.05) differences between the treatment groups. Dietary HMB supplementation did not enhance antibody production in unvacci-nated Nile tilapia following challenge. Dietary HMB supplementation did not enhance the survival of vaccinated Nile tilapia following challenge injection with 1 X108 CFU of S. iniae.  相似文献   

17.
The prevalence of two serotypes of Streptococcus parauberis isolated from the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, was evaluated in a total of 29 isolates between 2003 and 2010 in Korea. Streptococcus parauberis isolates were divided into two serologically distinct types (serotype 1 and serotype 2), except for one strain (S1091), using an agglutination assay with rabbit antiserum, and serotype 1 was identified as the dominant type (24 of 29 isolates) in this study. To identify the characteristics of the two serotypes of S. parauberis, we conducted a biochemical test using the API 20 Strep kit, a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) assay, sequence analysis of 16S‐23S rRNA intergenic spacer region (ISR) and a pathogenicity test. In TEM, both serotypes possessed polysaccharide capsule layers around the cell surface when bacterial cells were treated with a homologous serotype of rabbit antiserum. However, we were unable to discriminate serotype‐specific biochemical characteristics and genetic characteristics of 16S‐23S rRNA ISR between the two serotypes. In the pathogenicity test, the serotype 1 strains induced significantly higher mortality than the serotype 2 strains in olive flounder when experimentally inoculated via the intraperitoneal route.  相似文献   

18.
Streptococcus agalactiae secrete virulence factors believed to be able of killing host tissues, especially under elevated water temperature. A direct effect of S. agalactiae secretory products on tilapia cells was tested on the tilapia kidney (TK-1) cell culture. The bacteria were cultured under four different temperature levels: 22, 29, 32 and 37°C; the cell-free portion was processed through SDS-PAGE; and distinct bands were identified by LC-MS/MS. At least, three virulence factors were identified, Bsp, PcsB and CAMP factor, with increasing levels as the cultured temperature rose. Expressions of bsp, pcsB and cfb were also up-regulated with the rising of the temperature in S. agalactiae culture. The supernatant from the bacteria cultured under specified temperatures was added into TK-1 cell-cultured wells. Morphological damage and mortality of the cultured cells, as determined by MTT method, were increased progressively from the supernatant treatment according to the rise of temperature in S. agalactiae culture. This study suggests that the production of the three virulence factors of S. agalactiae reported herein is temperature-dependent, and it is likely that CAMP factor directly kills the TK-1 cells since the other two types of protein are involved in S. agalactiae cell division and the bacterial adherence to host tissues.  相似文献   

19.
朱佳杰  沈夏霜  付强  陈明  周宇  谭芸  甘西 《水产学报》2013,37(12):1821-1828
为研究罗非鱼感染无乳链球菌前后肝脏组织蛋白质的表达变化。本研究以吉富罗非鱼为材料,采用双向电泳技术分析其在无乳链球菌感染胁迫下24 h、48-144 h、12 d与对照组（未感染）肝脏组织蛋白质组的变化,对差异表达蛋白进行质谱分析鉴定。结果显示：吉富罗非鱼在无乳链球菌胁迫下,3个实验组的蛋白质图谱与对照组相比存在显著差异,共有30个蛋白点发生显著改变,其中13个表达上调,17个下调,2个下调蛋白点在感染12 d组消失。通过MALDI-TOF-MS MS/MS质谱分析和数据库检索对这些蛋白质进行了功能分类,发现它们涉及到能量代谢、细胞防御与应激、消化免疫、抗氧化与排毒等许多方面。推测这些蛋白可能在吉富罗非鱼对无乳链球菌胁迫的抗性反应中发挥了重要作用。研究结果为无乳链球菌疫苗的研制及吉富罗非鱼抗病品种选育奠定了基础。  相似文献   

20.
Streptococcus agalactiae infections in fish are predominantly caused by beta‐haemolytic strains of clonal complex (CC) 7, notably its namesake sequence type (ST) 7, or by non‐haemolytic strains of CC552, including the globally distributed ST260. In contrast, CC23, including its namesake ST23, has been associated with a wide homeothermic and poikilothermic host range, but never with fish. The aim of this study was to determine whether ST23 is virulent in fish and to identify genomic markers of fish adaptation of S. agalactiae. Intraperitoneal challenge of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), showed that ST260 is lethal at doses down to 102 cfu per fish, whereas ST23 does not cause disease at 107 cfu per fish. Comparison of the genome sequence of ST260 and ST23 with those of strains derived from fish, cattle and humans revealed the presence of genomic elements that are unique to subpopulations of S. agalactiae that have the ability to infect fish (CC7 and CC552). These loci occurred in clusters exhibiting typical signatures of mobile genetic elements. PCR‐based screening of a collection of isolates from multiple host species confirmed the association of selected genes with fish‐derived strains. Several fish‐associated genes encode proteins that potentially provide fitness in the aquatic environment.  相似文献   

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