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1.
选用砂土和盐碱土并添加斥水剂,采用0、1、3和6g/L的CaCl2溶液进行室内土柱入渗试验,对比灌水水质对土壤水盐及斥水性分布的影响。结果表明:咸水灌溉后,砂土1和亲水盐碱土的累积入渗量、湿润锋和入渗率曲线均较光滑;而砂土2和斥水盐碱土的入渗特征曲线不如砂土1的光滑,入渗过程比前者慢得多。灌水矿化度增加对盐碱土的入渗过程影响更明显。Philip模型与Kostiakov公式拟合亲水土壤入渗率过程都较好。砂土1和砂土2在咸水灌溉后剖面的滴水穿透时间都比初始值有所增加,但最大增加值仅3.6 s。盐碱土灌后剖面的滴水穿透时间增加明显,最大增加值为19 s。灌水矿化度增加对电导率、Ca2+质量浓度和Cl-质量浓度分布均有影响。研究表明咸水灌溉不仅影响水盐分布,而且对斥水性也有不同程度的影响。 相似文献
2.
为研究不同土壤容重下红壤土与黄土中水分与硝态氮垂直一维入渗运移特性差异,提高红壤与黄土地区水肥利用效率,以江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土为研究对象,采用垂直一维入渗方式模拟土壤容重对2种土壤中水分及硝态氮垂直运动规律的影响.结果表明:江西壤黏土与西安粉壤土的湿润锋运移距离及入渗速率均与土壤容重呈负相关;灌水结束时与再分布1 d后,2种土壤的含水率均与土壤容重呈负相关,西安粉壤土的含水率略大于江西壤黏土;土壤容重越大,硝态氮越集中于深层土壤中且其峰值越高,再分布过程中峰值下降,其中容重为1.25,1.35,1.40 g/cm3的峰值下降较大.灌水结束时土壤容重对40~50 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比在0.05水平下均具有统计学意义;再分布1 d后,2种土壤在0~30 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比相差甚小,在30~60 cm土层内的硝态氮质量比均较高,但西安粉壤土的硝态氮质量比更高.故江西壤黏土中硝态氮更容易淋溶,而西安粉壤土的持水持肥性较好. 相似文献
3.
Summary Efficiency of sodic soil reclamation is thought to vary with types of chemicals used. This study examined the effects of five inorganic (H2SO4, CaCl2 · 2H2O, CaSO4 · 2H2O, FeSO4, Al2(SO4)3) and two organic compounds (polyacrylamide, and trihydroxy glutaric acid) on the rate and the extent of salt and Na leaching in moderately Na-affected saline soils: Saneli silty clay loam (Vertic Torrifluvents, ESP=17.5%) and Glendale silty clay (Typic Torrifluvents, ESP=13.5%). Air-dry soil samples (<2mm) were packed in columns, and chemicals, except H2SO4, were incorporated into the surface 5 cm of the soils, and in selected cases, to 30 cm. H2SO4 was surface-applied. Application rates of the inorganic chemicals were 3.57 and 10.7 mmol(+) kg-1 (2.5 and 7.5 Mg ha-1 in gypsum equivalent weight) in the silty clay loam, and 8 and 24 mmol(+) kg-1 in the silty clay, and the organic compounds were applied at rates of less than 620 kg ha-1. The soils were then leached with simulated Rio Grande water (EC = 1.1 dS m-1, SAR = 3.5) under continuous ponding. The tested inorganic compounds removed approximately equivalent amounts of exchangeable Na after approximately 35 cm of water application. However, the rate of water percolation (consequently the rate of salt leaching) from CaCl2 treated columns, became progressively slow after about 20 cm of water intake. The combined effect of rapid electrolyte leaching and insufficient replacement of Na in the surface layer seemed to be responsible for the flow reduction. Gypsum and H2SO4 treatments provided lower ratios of sodicity to salinity in percolating solutions and relatively uniform hydraulic gradients throughout the soil depth. Incorporation of chemicals to the surface 30 cm did not alter performance, except in CaCl2 treatments where water intake rates became even slower. The tested organic amendments improved initial water infiltration, but neither increased subsequent percolation rates nor improved salt and Na leaching. The fastest reclamation may be attained when chemicals are chosen and applied to yield an electrolyte concentration that is high enough to overcome Na effects at any depth of soil profiles throughout the leaching period.Contribution from Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Texas A & M University System. This project was supported in part by the Binational Agricultural Research and Development (BARD) Fund and the Expanded Research Area Fund of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. 相似文献
4.
采用室内土柱积液入渗试验,进行了不同斥水程度的2种土质的酒精溶液和蒸馏水的对比入渗试验研究,对比了不同斥水程度的土壤累积入渗量和入渗率随时间的变化,验证了Kostiakov公式在斥水土壤酒精溶液入渗的适应性,探索了i与t-1/2的拟合关系,以及全盐量和氯离子的剖面分布。结果表明,酒精入渗条件下,斥水性的存在明显影响土壤的入渗性能,而不同程度斥水性的斥水土壤的入渗能力变化不明显,但明显小于亲水土壤;湿润土层内的全盐量和Cl-的淋洗在不斥水条件下效果不明显,而在斥水土壤中较为明显,且在湿润锋处达到最大值;对土壤入渗率与入渗历时的关系,Kostiakov公式的适应性较好;i与t-1/2呈良好的指数关系。斥水性的存在影响酒精溶液入渗,但不同斥水程度的斥水土壤入渗不受酒精溶液的影响。与蒸馏水入渗相比,酒精溶液入渗极大地加速了土壤的入渗过程。 相似文献
5.
滴灌两点源交汇入渗的斥水土壤水分运动规律 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于室内滴灌两点源交汇的水分入渗试验,对比研究了滴头间距为30 cm、滴头流量为041 mL／min条件下,斥水和亲水土壤的湿润锋变化和含水率分布规律．试验结果表明:在湿润体交汇前和交汇后,亲水土壤湿润锋都较光滑,形状呈1／4椭圆形,水平湿润锋比垂直的长,亲水性塿土和盐碱土交汇时间分别为1 270和2 79 min．斥水土壤的湿润锋明显不如亲水土壤光滑,部分位置出现优先流,斥水塿土和盐碱土交汇时间分别为40和210 min．不同条件下湿润锋的定量关系可采用对数和幂函数,拟合的决定系数均达到0.86以上．入渗的交汇面上,水平和垂向湿润锋与时间关系均可用对数关系描述,拟合的决定系数均达到098以上．塿土滴头下方垂向剖面上的土壤水分分布最均匀,湿润面近似圆形;塿土交汇面的次之,但仍比盐碱土的含水率等值线图规则．2种斥水土壤在不同深度上的水分分布都有很大的随机性和空间不均匀性．总体上,亲水性塿土的水分运动比亲水性盐碱土更具规律性,斥水土壤水分运动由于出现非稳定流,因此比亲水土壤的更不规律．相关成果可为在斥水土壤中应用节水灌溉技术提供技术参考． 相似文献
6.
不同质地和夹层位置对层状土入渗规律的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为了对比夹层位置和土壤质地变化对层状土入渗特征的影响,选用2种土壤、设置3个夹层位置进行了积水入渗试验.结果表明：在夹层位置为距土表5～10,10～15和20～25 cm这3种情况下,湿润锋到达土层界面的时间和相应的累积入渗量随夹层位置和夹层土壤质地的差异而有所不同.夹层的层位越靠上,湿润锋到达夹层分界线所需要的时间越短,相应的累积入渗量越小.距土表10～15 cm的夹层位置减渗效果最好;夹砂层位置越深,其对入渗率的改变程度越明显,入渗率曲线整体抬高.累积入渗量及湿润锋在水分进入夹层界面前随时间延长而非线性递增,而在水分进入层界面之后趋于线性变化,两者之间具有概化的线性关系,且其线性关系随夹层位置的变化而不同.层状土的土壤含水率分布具有不连续性,同时还受夹层土壤质地的影响.总体上,夹层位置变化对不同质地层状土的入渗有明显影响. 相似文献
7.
压砂条件下水分一维垂直入渗试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研究压砂对土壤水分垂直入渗规律的影响,选取沙土和壤土这2种土壤作为研究对象,采用土柱试验模拟压砂条件下沙土和壤土的水分入渗垂直运动的影响规律,并分别设置2种土壤无压砂处理的对照试验,分析压砂对2种土壤的水分入渗垂直运动的影响规律.结果表明:压砂提高了包含砂层在内的土壤入渗能力,但抑制了砂层下土壤的入渗性能;通过函数拟合得到了累积入渗量随入渗时间变化的经验方程式,拟合程度较高;压砂条件对土壤初渗速率有较大影响,压砂条件下的沙土的初渗速率为不压砂的1.67倍,壤土为2.37倍,压砂对壤土初渗速率影响更为明显;稳渗速率均较小,且压砂对2种土壤的稳渗速率无明显影响;压砂对2种土壤的湿润深度随累积入渗量的变化均起到抑制作用,且对壤土抑制作用更强,2种土壤去除砂层影响后土层的湿润锋深度与累积入渗量的关系均近似呈线性规律. 相似文献
8.
针对土壤空间变异性问题,研究了分维数和土壤空间变异性的关系。应用Green-Ampt入渗模型模拟出十种土壤的下渗湿峰深度值,它们的大小依次是:壤质砂土、沙壤土、沙质黏壤土、壤土、粉砂壤土、砂质壤土、黏质壤土、粉砂黏壤土、黏土、粉砂黏土,然后计算出十种土壤随机组合构成的100种土壤剖面的湿峰形状分维数,用这些分维数来描述土壤空间变异性。同时用反距离加权法和相邻两参数平方均值法算出土壤区域属性值,并与分维数进行比较,再通过对土壤空间变异性(用土壤饱和水力传导度来表示)的统计分析和分维数关系的分析,得出湿峰的分形维数与KS具有较明显的分带关系,而且这种关系在实际流域中会更明显。总的来说,土壤空间变异性越大,分形维数df越大。因此可以看出,用分形来评价土壤空间变异性是可行的,并取得了不错的效果。 相似文献
9.
掌握土壤水分入渗规律对于合理制定灌溉方案、设置灌溉参数和改进灌溉技术有重要意义。为探究微润灌溉条件下土壤水分入渗规律,利用HYDRUS-3D有限元模型对微润灌溉下土壤水分入渗进行了数值模拟,讨论了初始压力水头和土壤质地对土壤水分入渗的影响。数值模拟结果显示：在土壤水分入渗的垂直剖面上湿润体以微润管为中心呈同心圆状向外扩散,扩散速率与初始压力水头呈正相关。模拟试验周期为36h,分3个时间段进行土壤水分扩散速率的计算,0~5h内土壤水分平均入渗速率为1.85cm/h,6~15h内的平均入渗速率为0.79cm/h,16~36h内的平均水分入渗速率为0.59cm/h。土壤含水率最大值出现在微润管周围,向外围呈减小趋势。相同时间内土壤湿润峰运移距离随初始压力水头的增大而增大,微润灌溉下水分入渗速率在3种质地的土壤（砂壤土、壤土、粘壤土）中依次增大,并测得在压力水头为-180cm时整个模拟周期中3种质地土壤的平均水分扩散速率分别为：0.69、0.53、0.46cm/h。研究表明,土壤含水率和水分扩散速率随压力水头的增大而增大,随土壤黏粒含量的增大而减小。 相似文献
10.
Dripper Discharge Rates and the Hydraulic Properties of the Soil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The hydraulic properties of soils areneeded in predicting runoff and erosion,irrigation design and general transportphenomena in the soil. Theoretical toolshave been developed to estimate them frommeasurements of water distribution near apoint source assuming stable homogeneousand isotropic soils. Soil wetting rate andits interaction with soil texture was notconsidered in these analyses even thoughreports indicated that a high wetting ratedisintegrates soil's aggregates and isassociated with deterioration of soilstructure and reduction of the hydraulicconductivity (HC) and infiltration rates(IR) especially in clay soils. Objectiveswere to: (i) show how IR of a soil, wettedfrom a point source, are affected by thedischarge rate of the dripper. (ii)identify the mechanisms responsible forthis reduction and (iii) investigate theeffect of emitter's discharge on theresultant HC of sand,loam and clay. Werelated the reduction of IR under highemitter discharge to the breakdown of soilaggregates by fast wetting anddeterioration of the hydraulic propertiesof soils, (the pedological mechanism,).Results show that relative to the idealstable soil the steady IR decreased withan increase in the discharge rate of thedripper. The resultant saturated HC(Ks) was, erroneously, negative forclay and loamy soils but not for sand.When determining hydraulic properties ofsoils with a point source, low dischargesshould produce better results especiallyin soils with medium to high clay content. 相似文献
11.
地下水浅埋下层状土壤波涌畦灌间歇入渗模型研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为进一步揭示地下水浅埋下的层状土波涌畦灌间歇入渗机制,通过试验资料分析与理论研究,建立了波涌灌间歇入渗条件下的层状土Brook-Corey和Green-Ampt（BC-GA）改进入渗模型,推导出层状土间歇入渗湿润锋面水吸力与湿润锋运移深度的函数关系,确定了含砂层内部土壤饱和导水率、进气吸力是层状土间歇入渗运移距离变化的主要影响参数。周期数增大,上层土壤饱和导水率减小,饱和含水率减小,进气吸力增大,夹砂层内部仅进气吸力随周期数增加而增大。根据BC-GA模型计算不同埋深的含砂层土壤间歇入渗特性及湿润锋运移特性,对比分析指出,周期数增加,相同含砂层埋深下的累积入渗量减小,湿润锋运移距离增大;含砂层埋深增加,相同供水周期的累积入渗量增大,湿润锋增大;供水周期达到最大时,含砂层埋深对累积入渗量和湿润锋运移距离影响减小。 相似文献
12.
Simulation of soil water dynamics under subsurface drip irrigation from line sources 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A mathematical model which describes water flow under subsurface drip lines taking into account root water uptake, evaporation of soil water from the soil surface and hysteresis in the soil water characteristic curve θ(H) is presented. The model performance in simulating soil water dynamics was evaluated by comparing the predicted soil water content values with both those of Hydrus 2D model and those of an analytical solution for a buried single strip source. Soil water distribution patterns for three soils (loamy sand, silt, silty clay loam) and two discharge rates (2 and 4 l m−1 h−1) at four different times are presented. The numerical results showed that the soil wetting pattern mainly depends on soil hydraulic properties; that at a time equal to irrigation duration decreasing the discharge rate of the line sources but maintaining the applied irrigation depth, the vertical and horizontal components of the wetting front were increased; that at a time equal to the total simulation time the discharge rate has no effect on the actual transpiration and actual soil evaporation and a small effect on deep percolation. Also the numerical results showed that when the soil evaporation is neglected the soil water is more easily taken up by the plant roots. 相似文献
13.
Effects of irrigation strategies and soils on field grown potatoes: Yield and water productivity 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Seyed Hamid Ahmadi Mathias N. Andersen Rolf T. Poulsen Ali Reza Sepaskhah 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(11):1923-1290
Yield and water productivity of potatoes grown in 4.32 m2 lysimeters were measured in coarse sand, loamy sand, and sandy loam and imposed to full (FI), deficit (DI), and partial root-zone drying (PRD) irrigation strategies. PRD and DI as water-saving irrigation treatments received 65% of FI after tuber bulking and lasted for 6 weeks until final harvest. Analysis across the soil textures showed that fresh yields were not significant between the irrigation treatments. However, the same analysis across the irrigation treatments revealed that the effect of soil texture was significant on the fresh yield and loamy sand produced significantly higher fresh yield than the other two soils, probably because of higher leaf area index, higher photosynthesis rates, and “stay-green” effect late in the growing season. More analysis showed that there was a significant interaction between the irrigation treatments and soil textures that the highest fresh yield was obtained under FI in loamy sand. Furthermore, analysis across the soil textures showed that water productivities, WP (kg ha−1 fresh tuber yield mm−1 ET) were not significantly different between the irrigation treatments. However, across the irrigation treatments, the soil textures were significantly different. This showed that the interaction between irrigation treatments and soil textures was significant that the highest significant WP was obtained under DI in sandy loam. While PRD and DI treatments increased WP by, respectively, 11 and 5% in coarse sand and 28 and 36% in sandy loam relative to FI, they decreased WP in loamy sand by 15 and 13%. The reduced WP in loamy sand was due to nearly 28% fresh tuber yield loss in PRD and DI relative to FI even though ET was reduced by 9 and 11% in these irrigation treatments. This study showed that different soils will affect water-saving irrigation strategies that are worth knowing for suitable agricultural water management. So, under non-limited water resources conditions, loamy sand produces the highest yield under full irrigation but water-saving irrigations (PRD and DI) are not recommended due to considerable loss (28%) in yield. However, under restricted water resources, it is recommended to apply water-saving irrigations in sandy loam and coarse sand to achieve the highest water productivity. 相似文献
14.
Irrigation and tillage effects on root development,water use and yield of wheat on coarse textured soils 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Summary Rapid drying of surface layers of coarse-textured soils early in the growth season increases soil strength and restricts root growth. This constraint on root growth may be countered by deep tillage and/or early irrigation. We investigated tillage and irrigation effects on root growth, water use, dry matter and grain yield of wheat on loamy sand and sandy loam soils for three years. Treatments included all combinations of two tillage systems i) conventional tillage (CT) — stirring the soil to 10 cm depth, ii) deep tillage (DT) — subsoiling with a single-tine chisel down to 35–40 cm, 40 cm apart followed by CT; and four irrigation regimes, i) I0 — no post-seeding irrigation, ii) I1 — 50 mm irrigation 30 days after seeding (DAS), iii) I2 — 50 mm irrigation 30 DAS and subsequent irrigations of 75 mm each when net evaporation from USWB class A open pan (PAN-E) since previous irrigation accumulated to 82 mm, and iv) I3 — same as in I2 but irrigation applied when PAN-E accumulated to 62 mm. The crop of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. HD 2329) was fertilized with 20kg P, 10kg K and 5kg Zn ha–1 at seeding. The rate of nitrogen fertilization was 60 kg ha–1 in the unirrigated and 120 kg ha–1 in the irrigated treatments. Tillage decreased soil strength and so did the early post-seeding irrigation. Both deep tillage and early irrigation shortened the time needed for the root system to reach a specified depth. Subsequent wetting through rain/irrigation reduced the rate of root penetration down the profile and also negated deep tillage effects on rooting depth. However, tillage/irrigation increased root length density in the rooted profile even in a wet year. Better rooting resulted in greater profile water depletion, more favourable plant water status and higher dry matter and grain yields. In a dry year, the wheat in the DT plots used 46 mm more water, remained 3.3 °C cooler at grain-fill and yielded 68% more grain than in CT when unirrigated and grown in the loamy sand. Early irrigation also increased profile water depletion, more so in CT than DT. Averaged over three years, grain yield in DT was 12 and 9% higher than in CT on loamy sand and sandy loam, respectively. Benefits of DT decreased with increase in rainfall and irrigation. Irrigation significantly increased grain yield on both soils, but the response was greatly influenced by soil type, tillage system and year. The study shows that soil related constraints on root growth may be alleviated through deep tillage and/or early irrigation. 相似文献
15.
16.
《Agricultural Water Management》1997,34(2):149-160
For sustainable sunflower production in semi-arid sub-tropical regions, it is essential to increase its water use efficiency. Field studies were conducted for three years on deep alluvial loamy sand (Typic Ustipsamment) and sandy loam (Typic Ustochrept) soils at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, to evaluate the interactive effects of three irrigation regimes (irrigation water to net open pan evaporation ratios, I1, I2, I3) on sunflower yield in relation to tillage (conventional tillage, CT, and deep-tillage, DT) and mulching (no mulch, M0, and residue mulch, M1).Both deep tillage and mulch significantly increased crop yield irrespective of soil type and year. Increase in mean achene yield across soils during three years with DT over CT varied between 10 and 16% and that with mulch over no mulch by 8 to 17%.Deep tillage and/or mulching helped the crop in efficient utilization of water by increasing leaf area index (LAI) and the depth and density of rooting. Irrigation and tillage interacted for their effects on yield on loamy sand, as the crop responded to higher level of irrigation with CT than with DT. On loamy sand, mean achene yield increased with increase in water supply up to IW/PE = 1.5 in a dry year and upto IW/PE = 1.2 in relatively wetter years. On sandy loam, mean yield response to irrigations was observed upto IW/PE = 1.0 in all the three years.Regression analysis of relative yield against water supply during the three years on both the soils, showed that for 80% relative yield the crop required 105 cm water in CTM0, 90 cm in CTM or DTM0 and only 80 cm in DTM. The study suggests that deep tillage or straw mulch may be used to achieve higher water use efficiency in sunflower on coarse textured soils in semi-arid, sub-tropical regions. 相似文献
17.
Summary Irrigation at 35 and 70 mm of pan evaporation applied during the pre and/or post early podfilling stages increased pod yield of Spanish peanuts (100 day maturity) three fold compared to a dryland crop. There was no difference in pod yield in crops receiving 12 compared to 6 irrigations. Soil water sampling immediately after irrigations on selected treatments revealed that infiltration of irrigation water was probably restricted to less than ca. 20 cm, a response which resulted in poor soil water replenishment and low irrigation efficiency (Fig. 3). Even though roots extracted soil water below the compaction layer which was at 20 cm severe crop water deficits had developed by the end of irrigation cycles during later but not early stages of growth. The dryland crop, which received no rainfall during the season, presumably extracted significant amounts of soil water at depths to and below 1.2 m (Fig. 3). Despite producing ca. 2.9 t ha-1 of total dry matter yield, pod yield was extremely low (0.5 t ha-1) arising from low pod numbers and high percentage of empty pods.This research was funded by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR-Project 8419) in collaboration with the Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (AARD). 相似文献
18.
线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性的影响因素试验研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
线源滴灌设计中,滴灌管出流均匀性与土壤湿润均匀性有本质不同,前者仅仅是后者必要的基础,但是要保证线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性,还需要考虑滴头间距、滴头流量、滴水量和土壤质地的差别。对影响线源滴灌土壤湿润均匀性的主要因素进行了试验研究。试验中所用土壤为沙土和沙壤土;滴头间距为30 cm和50 cm;滴头流量为0.3~4 L/h;滴水量为10~25 L不等。试验表明,沿滴灌管方向的土壤湿润均匀度取决于湿润区的交汇程度,而湿润区的交汇程度又取决于土壤湿润区水平运移宽度和滴头间距。沙土沿滴灌管方向的土壤湿润均匀度随滴水量的增大而显著增大,沙壤土的相应指标则随滴头流量的增大而增大。土壤湿润均匀度随滴头间距的增大而减小。线源滴灌设计时,粘粒含量较少的土壤应该有一定的设计湿润深度和较小的滴头间距才能保证其湿润均匀度满足设计要求。研究结论对完善滴灌技术设计理论有帮助。 相似文献
19.
为解决现有渗灌系统在深根系植物应用中存在的问题,该文设计了一种垂直线源灌水器,并通过室内土箱试验研究了不同初始含水率条件下砂黄土和塿土的垂直线源入渗特征。结果表明：Philip入渗公式的形式能够较好地描述2种土壤的三维入渗过程;入渗时间一定时,砂黄土和塿土的累积入渗量均与初始含水率之间呈二次函数递减关系;2种土壤入渗的最大径向距离、最大垂向距离、宽深比均与初始含水率之间呈二次函数抛物线关系;2种土壤相比,偏砂性的砂黄土累积入渗量在低初始含水率下较塿土大,但随着初始含水率的增加其减小速度较塿土快,偏黏重的塿土入渗临界初始含水率较砂黄土大,但其入渗范围较砂黄土小。这些结果可为不同土壤条件下的垂直线源灌水技术发展提供参考。 相似文献
20.
Water conservation strategies are being developed in regions of the world expected to experience decreases in water resources due to changing climates. Strategies advocated for improving water-use efficiency may increase the incidence of soil water repellency in sandy-textured soils. We evaluated the effect of soil wetting agent formulation, and application frequency, on water repellency in sandy soil with two contrasting organic matter (OM) contents under kikuyugrass [Pennisetum clandestinum (Holst. Ex Chiov)], and irrigated at 60% replacement of net evaporation in a climate subject to hot, dry summers. The randomized plot design included two turfgrass ages [established from 20 week (7.7% OM) or 20 year old (30% OM) turfgrass in 2005, the latter included a 50 mm ‘mat’ layer], two soil wetting agent formulations (granular or liquid); two application frequencies (one or two applications per irrigation season); and plots of both turfgrass ages that did not receive any wetting agent (nil control). Both wetting agent formulations contained the same active ingredient (propylene oxide-ethylene oxide block polymer), and all wetting agent treatments received the same rate (69 L active ingredient ha−1). Water repellency in the surface soil (0-5 mm), measured using the molarity of ethanol droplet test (MED), ranged from 1.09 M to 4.32 M during the irrigation season, and was more severe in the soil with high OM (average MED, 3.3 M) than low OM content (average MED, 2.7 M). Applying one application of either granular or liquid soil wetting agent at the commencement of the irrigation season decreased the severity of soil water repellency by up to 30% in the high OM soil and by up to 60% in the low OM soil during the summer, and without the need for a second application. The decline in soil water repellency in response to soil wetting agent application was not matched by an increase in soil VWC in summer, and turfgrass quality was considered acceptable throughout the study. The soil wetting agents were less effective at treating water repellent sand containing a significant amount of OM than sand with low OM content. 相似文献