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1.
The aim of this study was to describe the changes in the resistance index (RI) and systolic/diastolic ratio ( S / D ) of the uterine arteries during mid-pregnancy abortion induction in the dog. Sixteen 30–35 day pregnant bitches were randomly assigned to either a pharmacological protocol to interrupt gestation (n = 8) or were used as untreated control group (n = 8). Doppler assessments of uterine arteries blood flow were carried out before the initiation of the protocol and then every other day up to abortion (treated group) or parturition (control group). All treated bitches aborted 6 ± 1.2 days after initiation of the treatment (while none of the non-treated bitches aborted). Pre-treatment RI and S / D did not differ between groups (p > 0.2) while average post-treatment indexes were (mean ± SD): 0.62 ± 0.1 vs 0.53 ± 0.1 (p < 0.01) and 2.96 ± 0.9 vs 2.23 ± 0.3 (p = 0.01), for the treated and non-treated group respectively. Correlations between days to abortion and RI or S / D were 0.75 (p < 0.01) and 0.79 (p < 0.01) and, −0.78 (p < 0.01) and −0.73 (p < 0.01) for the treated and non-treated groups respectively. In the treated group, correlations between serum progesterone (P4) concentrations and RI and S / D were −0.76 (p < 0.01) and −0.59 (p < 0.01) respectively. It is concluded that, during induction of abortion, RI and S / D of uterine arteries progressively increased while P4 decreased.  相似文献   

2.
Contents The objective of this research was to use a model of unilateral and bilateral occlusion of the ductus deferens in the dog to study the use of alkaline phosphatase (AP) as an indicator of tubular patency. Seven healthy cross bred dogs weighing 10–15 kg BW with normal spermiogram and AP concentrations in semen were used. From each dog, three semen samples were obtained before (intact) and after right (unilateral) and left (bilateral) vasectomy. The AP concentrations were measured in duplicates by a colorimetric method in each of the three fractions (first, second (sperm-rich), third) of each ejaculate. In addition, a macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of each ejaculate was carried out to assure its quality. Data were analysed by least squares analysis of variance using SAS®. In intact and unilateral vasectomized dogs, 96.6% of AP measured in semen corresponded to the second sperm-rich fraction whereas 1.53 and 1.83% corresponded to the first and third fractions respectively. Total AP concentrations (first and second and third fraction) in vasectomized dogs were lower than in intact animals (19.857 vs 2284.431 ± 4.347 UAL; p < 0.001). AP concentrations were much lower in bilateral than in unilateral vasectomized dogs (142 vs 39.572 ± 4.347 UL, p < 0.001). In summary, AP concentrations in semen can be used as an early indicator of unilateral or bilateral lack of patency of the epididymal and deferent ducts in the dog.  相似文献   

3.
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists are particularly useful when a rapid inhibitory effect on the gonadal axis is required. The aim of this study was to test the efficacy and clinical safety of a low and high dose of the third generation GnRH antagonist, acyline, on pregnancy termination in female dogs. The effect of the antagonist on the progesterone (P4) serum concentration was also described. Twenty-one mid-pregnant bitches were randomly assigned to a single subcutaneous (SC) dose of a placebo (PLACE; n = 7), a low (ACY-L; 110 μg/kg; n = 6) or high (ACY-H; 330 μg/kg; n = 8) dose of acyline. The animals were followed up for 15 days. All ACY treated but no placebo-treated animals terminated their pregnancy by abortion (p < 0.01). The ACY-L and ACY-H groups interrupted their pregnancy 7 ± 1.9 and 6.4 ± 1.3   days after treatment, respectively (p = 0.7). A significant interaction between treatment and day was found (p < 0.01) for P4 serum concentrations when PLACE was compared with both ACY groups. No difference was found for this hormone between both ACY groups (p > 0.05) where P4 diminished throughout the study. The decreasing rate varied among animals and was closely related to the time of abortion when P4 reached basal concentrations. In PLACE animals, gestation progressed normally and P4 did not change throughout the study (p > 0.05). None of the bitches presented side effects. It was concluded that acyline safely terminated mid-pregnancy by permanently decreasing P4 serum concentrations.  相似文献   

4.
This study was performed to analyse the effects of low-protein diet (7%) on bone mass and mineral metabolism in rat pups whose mothers were submitted to protein-restricted diet during late pregnancy and early post-natal periods. For this purpose, 12 pregnant Wistar rats were divided into two groups of six animals each: a control group with free access to standard diet (20% protein) and protein-restricted group (PR) fed with low-protein diet (7% protein) from the 14th day of pregnancy until day 14 after delivery. Body weight, femur bone mass, plasma thyroid hormones (FT4 and FT3), biochemical bone marker levels [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (ACP)] and bone DNA content were recorded. In undernourished pups, a decrease in body weight (−47%, p < 0.001) in skeletal growth (−11%, p < 0.001) and in bone DNA content (−48%, p < 0.001) were observed. Plasma protein and albumin levels and thyroid status were also decreased in undernourished rat pups compared with those of control group. The circulating amino acid levels were decreased in pups. While in their mothers, some of them were increased and the others were decreased. A positive correlation was observed between bone mass and plasma thyroid hormone levels and ALP activity and plasma protein levels, and a negative correlation with ACP activity. Plasma ALP levels were decreased by 19%, whereas plasma tartrate-resistant ACP levels were increased by 33% indicating a hyperactivity of bone remodelling. These results showed that protein-restricted diet given to mothers during late pregnancy and early post-natal periods induced changes in body weight, skeletal growth and bone metabolism in their offspring.  相似文献   

5.
Obesity is becoming a major health concern in horses because of its associations with insulin resistance, oxidative stress/inflammation, and laminitis. However, there is limited information on the prevalence of obesity in horses. The USDA National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) 1998 Equine study estimated that approximately 1.4% of the U.S. horse population is overweight or obese. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in a subpopulation of horses in Virginia. A random sample of 300 mature, Light Breed horses (140 mares, 151 geldings, and 9 stallions) was selected from the VMRCVM Equine Field Service practice. Horses were evaluated during summer 2006. Body Condition Score (BCS) was assigned using a scale of 1 (emaciated) to 9 (obese) by two independent scorers. Neck circumference (cm) was measured at three locations and averaged (ANC). Girth, body length, and height at the withers were measured and used to calculate body weight (BW) and Body Mass Index (BMI). ANC and height at the withers were used to calculate Neck Circumference to Height Ratio (NCHR). Horses were categorized based on BCS as under condition (BCS <4), optimal condition (BCS 4–6), over condition (BCS 6.5–7), and obese condition (BCS 7.5–9). Six horses (2%) were under condition, 141 horses (47%) were in optimal condition, 96 horses (32%) were over condition, and 57 (19%) were obese. BW (p = 0.047), ANC, BMI and NCHR (all p < 0.001) increased with BCS. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in these horses was much higher than previously reported.  相似文献   

6.
The aim of this study was to asses the variation in the morphology of the seminal epithelium in relation to natural photoperiod in male cats. Tom cats (n = 240) were castrated every other week throughout the year. Each testis was fixed in Bouin's solution and cut into sections. The percentage of tubules with round spermatids (RS), elongated spermatids (ES), tailed spermatids (TS), mature spermatids (MS) and the number of Sertoli cells (SC) and Leydig cells (LC) were recorded in each sample. Testicles from males during short days (SHD) had a higher percentage of tubules with RS and ES compared to testicles from males during long days (LHD, 31.3 ± 0.6 vs 2.1 ± 0.6%, p < 0.001; 30.9 ± 0.7 vs 11.0 ± 0.7%, p < 0.001). Conversely, testicles from males during SHD had a lower percentage of tubules with TS and MS compared to testicles from males during LHD (24.5 ± 0.8 vs 29.7 ± 0.8%, p < 0.01; 13.1 ± 1.2 vs 57.0 ± 1.2%, p < 0.01). Furthermore, testicles from males during SHD had a higher number of SC and lower number of LC compared to testicles from males during LHD (11.4 ± 0.1 vs 8.0 ± 0.1%, p < 0.01; 19.2 ± 1.0 vs 38.0 ± 1.0%, p < 0.01). In conclusion, there are seasonal changes in testis cell morphology in the tom which may be related to seasonal sperm production.  相似文献   

7.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of aglepristone 15 mg kg−1 for induction of parturition in bitches, 22 pregnant beagle bitches were injected subcutaneously on day 60 post-estimated LH surge, and again 24 h later with aglepristone and subsequently were given 0.15 IU kg−1 oxytocin at hourly intervals until delivery of the last puppy. Six pregnant beagle bitches were used as a non-treated control group. In the control group, parturition occurred at 63.2 ± 0.5 days, 29 pups were born and the average expulsion time per puppy was 1.0 ± 0.6 h. In the treated group, parturition was obtained on average 29.7 ± 5.6 h after aglepristone administration, 121 pups were born and average expulsion time per pup was 1.1 ± 0.4 h. The percentage of live puppies, 7 weeks after birth, was 86.1% (25/29) and 86.8% (105/121) for the control and treated groups, respectively. No significant difference was observed between the control and treated groups for the average expulsion time per live puppy and for the percentage of live puppies at birth, 48 h, 7 days or 7 weeks after birth (p > 0.05). This study confirms previous results and demonstrates that the combination of aglépristone and oxytocin can be safely and reliably used to induce parturition in beagle bitches, at 60 days post-estimated LH surge.  相似文献   

8.
Intravenous (IV) levetiracetam (LEV) is available for humans for bridge therapy when the oral route is unavailable. We investigated the safety and pharmacokinetics of LEV administered intramuscularly (IM), IV, and orally to dogs.
Six Hound dogs received 19.5–22.6 mg/kg of LEV IM, IV and orally with a wash-out period in between. All dogs received 500 mg LEV orally and 5 mL of 100 mg/mL LEV IM. Three dogs received 500 mg of LEV IV and three dogs received 250 mg LEV IV with 250 mg given perivascularly to approximate extravasation. Safety was assessed using a pain scale at time of IM administration and histopathological examination 24 h to 5 days after injection.
Intravenous LEV half-life was 180 ± 18 min. Bioavailability of IM LEV was 100%. Mean time to Tmax after IM was 40 ± 16 min. The mean Cmax IM was 30.3 ± 3 μg/mL compared to the C0 of 37 ± 5 μg/mL for IV. Mean inflammation score (0–4 scale) for IM LEV was 0.28 and for saline 0.62. Extravasation did not cause tissue damage.
Parenteral LEV is well tolerated and appears safe following IM and IV injections in dogs. Parenteral LEV should be evaluated for use in dogs with epilepsy.  相似文献   

9.
Concentrations of prolactin (PRL), LH, testosterone (T), TSH and thyroxine (T4) were determined before and at 20, 120 and 180 min after a single iv injection of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) in eight Beagles, eight Fox Terriers, six Labrador Retrievers and five Great Danes that were normospermic. Mean basal PRL concentrations were lower in the Fox Terriers compared with the Great Danes (p < 0.05). Mean LH concentrations were higher in the Fox Terriers than in the Beagles, and T was lower in the Fox Terriers at some times but not others (p < 0.05). Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) concentrations did not differ among breeds, while mean basal T4 values were lower in Fox Terriers compared with Labrador Retrievers and Great Danes (p < 0.05). Stimulation of T4 secretion 120 and 180 min after iv TRH injection was most pronounced in the Beagles and less in the Fox Terriers (p < 0.05). The results of the present study indicate that potential breed differences in circulating concentrations of PRL, LH, T, TSH and T4 in male dogs with apparently normal fertility can be encountered, but further studies are needed to determine whether the observed differences are typical features of these breeds, reflect subsets of dogs within breeds, or are in part because of possible uncontrolled parameters such as sample timing, ambient photoperiod, housing conditions or diet.  相似文献   

10.
Microsatellite analysis of genetic diversity in the Catalonian donkey breed   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
A total of 111 individuals (79 females and 32 males) of the endangered Catalonian donkey breed were analysed by using a commercial equine paternity polymerase chain reaction typing kit. Eleven of the 12 horse microsatellites were amplified when using donkey's DNA. One locus, ASB2, did not amplify in any sample. The allele range for HTG4 overlapped with HMS7 and their results could not be interpreted. The mean number of alleles detected per locus was 7.7 (±1.0), being the average of genetic diversity detected in the population, and measured as the unbiased average expected heterozygosity ( H e), of 0.712 ± 0.038. All the analysed loci showed disagreement with Hardy–Weinberg proportions except HTG7 (from permutation tests). The within-population-inbreeding estimate was highly significant (p < 0.001) and equal to 15.4% (as measured by F IS-statistic). The cumulative exclusion probability was 0.999. The deficit of heterozygotes can be partly explained by a population subdivision effect ( F ST=3.5%), although the main factor that has provoked this lack of heterozygotes can be attributed to consanguinity.  相似文献   

11.
Background: Boxers are predisposed to subaortic and pulmonic stenosis (SAS, PS). Screening of puppies may be useful in estimating the risk of their developing a defect that potentially compromises life expectancy or exercise tolerance.
Hypothesis: Presence of SAS or PS in adult Boxers can be predicted by auscultation and Doppler echocardiography at 9–10 weeks of age.
Animals: Eighty-five Boxer puppies examined at 9–10 weeks of age and at 12 months of age.
Methods: Prospective, longitudinal observational study. Auscultation by stethoscope and continuous wave-Doppler echocardiography for peak velocities ( V max) in the aorta (Ao) and pulmonary artery (PA).
Results: Intensity of heart murmurs in puppies correlated with V maxAo and V maxPA in adults. V maxAo and V maxPA in puppies correlated with V maxAo and V maxPA in adults, respectively. From puppy to adult, V maxAo increased and V maxPA remained unchanged. The negative predictive value for absent or only a soft (≤II/VI) murmur in puppies being associated with V maxAo and PA ≤ 2.4 m/s as an adult was 90% and ≤3.5 m/s 100%. The negative predictive value of a V max≤ 2.4 m/s as a puppy still being ≤2.4 m/s as an adult was 94% for Ao and 96% for PA, and of a V max≤ 3.5 m/s, 99% for Ao and 100% for PA.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Even though V maxAo increases during growth in Boxer puppies, indicating relative narrowing of the aorta, puppies with V maxAo ≤ 2.4 m/s do not usually progress to clinically have relevant SAS at 12 months of age.  相似文献   

12.
The objective of this study was to optimize recovery and cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from plains bison, as a model for wood bison. In Phase 1, cauda epididymides were recovered from bison (n = 14) immediately after slaughter, minced and incubated in Sp-TALPH buffer for 3 h at 36°C. The resulting sperm suspensions were cryopreserved in Triladyl®, using a protocol for bovine semen. In Phase 2, epididymal sperm were cryopreserved in either Triladyl® or Andromed®. The mean (±SD) estimated number of sperm recovered was 468 ± 207 × 106. There was an increase (p < 0.05) in the proportion of sperm with normal morphology between initial recovery and after extension (52.4 ± 4.6 vs 69.7 ± 2.4%), with a concurrent decrease (p < 0.05) in the proportion of sperm with distal droplets. Median values for progressively motile sperm in post-thaw samples (60%) were lower (p < 0.05) than that after extension or after chilling (70% for both). The mean percentages of viable sperm and of sperm with an intact acrosome were lower (p < 0.05) for frozen-thawed samples (38.7 ± 2.8 and 85.2 ± 1.1) compared with extended (66.2 ± 2.2 and 92.4 ± 0.9) or chilled (63.7 ± 2.5 and 90.0 ± 1.0) samples. Rates of cleavage, morulae and blastocyst production were not significantly different for chilled (70.9, 38.7 and 8.0%) vs post-thaw sperm (73.0, 46.0 and 6.3%). There was no significant difference between extenders for most sperm characteristics. In conclusion, we developed a functional protocol for the recovery and cryopreservation of epididymal sperm from plains bison, which may have implications for the genetic preservation of wood bison.  相似文献   

13.
This study was carried out to determine the reproductive efficiency indices of one of the largest dairy co-operatives of northern Portugal, using data from 1980 to 1998. Records were made available by the computerized National Recording System. Age at first calving was 32.0 ± 6.0 months. Mean calving to first AI interval was 95.4 ± 30.0 days, and calving to conception intervals decreased (p < 0.05) from 176.9 ± 4.5 to 148.1 ± 5.6 days from the first to the fourth/fifth parturitions, respectively. Calving intervals decreased (p < 0.05) from 418.1 ± 3.4 to 392.5 ± 7.0 days from the first to fourth/fifth parturitions, respectively. Mean non-return rates at 90 days for first inseminations was 71.7 ± 6.5% and mean calving rates at first insemination was 51.4 ± 8.1%. There were significant differences (p < 0.001) in the inseminators' efficiency, measured by both non-return and calving rates at first AI, with differences between the best and worst results of 13.3 and 16.1% for non-return and calving rates, respectively. The ranking of the inseminators did not coincide when their efficiency was measured by either non-return or calving rates. The mean number of inseminations per pregnancy (pregnant cows only) was 1.4 ± 0.7 with significant (p < 0.001) differences among herds. The mean heat detection rate was 38.1 ± 16.9%, with highly significant (p < 0.001) differences among farms (ranging from 14.2 to 60.8%). Negative (p < 0.001) correlations were found between heat detection rate and calving to first AI, calving to conception and calving intervals. The meaning of these indexes for assessment of reproductive efficiency in the studied system, is discussed.  相似文献   

14.
The aim of study was to correlate tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF) infused doses used with the TNF concentrations achieved and with the secretory function of both the ovary and the uterus in cows. We evaluated the concentrations of progesterone (P4), prostaglandin (PG)F2α, PGE2 nitric oxide (NO) and TNF in the jugular vein and vena cava caudalis as parameters of exogenous TNF action on the female reproductive tract. Aortae abdominalis of cows (n = 18) were infused with saline or two doses of TNF (luteolytic – 1 μg or luteotrophic – 10 μg). In the peripheral blood, 1 μg TNF concentrations achieved within the range of 30–45 pg/ml, and 10 μg TNF provoked a sharp increase in achieved concentrations at a range of 250–450 pg/mL). The TNF concentrations achieved in vena cava caudalis were five to six times higher than that in peripheral blood (p < 0.001). One microgram TNF increased PGF2α and NO (p < 0.001) and decreased P4 (p < 0.05). The higher TNF dose stimulated P4 and PGE2 (p < 0.01). TNF infusion at luteolytic dose achieved its concentrations at the physiological range previously observed in cows. Luteotrophic TNF dose achieved the concentrations in vena cava caudalis that are much higher than physiological level and were previously noted in pathological circumstances (i.e. mastitis , metritis ).  相似文献   

15.
High dilution rates have been documented as detrimental for boar spermatozoa, shortening their lifespan (Centurion et al. 2003, Biol Reprod 69: 640–646). Addition of seminal plasma (SP) to semen extenders, or selenium (Se) and vitamin E (VE) in diet of boars could increase motility of highly diluted spermatozoa (HDS). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of seminal plasma on sperm motility of HDS from boars feed with Se and VE. Sixteen 12 month-old boars were designed to one of four dietary treatments: (i) control, Se 0 ppm–VE 0 IU/kg; (ii) Se 0–VE 250; (iii) Se 0.5–VE 250 and (iv) Se 0.5–VE 0. Boars were treated for 8 weeks before semen collection. Sperm rich fractions from each boar were diluted to 5 × 106 sperm/ml in PBS medium and incubated at 37°C with or without 10% SP. The measurements were done at 0, 2 or 5 h. Data were analyzed as a mixed model for a factorial design [2 (Se) × 2 (VE) × 2 (SP) × 3 (h)]. Percentage of sperm motility (PSM) increases significantly (p < 0.001) with addition of Se (81.3 ± 1.52), VE (81.0 ± 1.62) and SP (81.5 ± 1.57) vs control (73.4 ± 1.61). There was significant interaction Se × VE (p < 0.001) and Se × VE × SP (p < 0.05) in PSM. However, PSM was affected significantly by time (0 h 83.4 ± 1.92; 2 h 80.7 ± 1.92 and 5 h 67.9 ± 1.92; p < 0.001). There was significant interaction SP × Time (p < 0.05) in PSM. These results indicate that Se, VE and SP improve seminal viability. Addition of 10% of SP maintains PSM at least during 5 hours.  相似文献   

16.
The objective of this study was to determine the kinetic parameters of a new formulation that contained 2.25% ivermectin combined with 1.25% abamectin in bovine plasma. The results for 2.25% ivermectin: C max (37.11 ng/mL ± 7.42), T max (16 days ± 5.29), T 1/2 (44.62 days ± 53.89), AUC (928.2 ng·day/mL ± 153.83) and MRT (36.73 days ± 33.64), and for 1.25% abamectin: C max (28.70 ng/mL ± 9.54), T max (14 days ± 4.04), T 1/2 (15.40 days ± 11.43), AUC (618.05 ng·day/mL ± 80.27) and MRT (20.79 days ± 8.43) suggest that this combination of 2.25% ivermectin + 1.25% abamectin possesses properties that give this pharmaceutical formula a longer activity time than two of the commercial products tested (1% ivermectin and 1% abamectin), and showed similarity to 3.15% ivermectin.  相似文献   

17.
Age at first calving (AFC) measures the entry of heifers into the beef cattle production system. This trait can be used as a selection criterion for earlier reproductive performance. Using data from Nelore cattle participating in the 'Program for Genetic Improvement of the Nelore Breed' (PMGRN-Nelore Brazil), bi-trait analyses were performed using the restricted maximum likelihood method, based on an AFC animal model and the following traits: female body weight adjusted to 365 (BW365) and 450 (BW450) days of age, and male scrotal circumference adjusted to 365 (SC365), 450 (SC450), 550 (SC550) and 730 (SC730) days of age. The heritability estimates for AFC ranged from 0.02 ± 0.02 to 0.04 ± 0.02. The estimates of additive direct heritabilities (with standard error) for BW365, BW450, SC365, SC450, SC550 and SC730 were 0.36 ± 0.07, 0.38 ± 0.07, 0.48 ± 0.07, 0.65 ± 0.07, 0.64 ± 0.07 and 0.42 ± 0.07, respectively, and the genetic correlations with AFC were −0.38, −0.33, 0.10, −0.13, −0.13 and 0.06, respectively. In the herds studied, selection for SC365, SC450, SC550 or SC730 should not cause genetic changes in AFC. Selection based on BW365 or BW450 would favor smaller AFC breeding values. However, the low magnitude of direct heritability estimates for AFC in these farms indicates that changes in phenotypical expression depend mostly on non-genetic factors.  相似文献   

18.
This study compared the efficiency of the aromatase inhibitor, anastrazole, with the antioestrogenic receptor blocker, tamoxifen, on normal (NRL) and hyperplastic prostate glands. Forty healthy dogs were classified as NRL (n = 18) or abnormal (ABN) with benign prostate hyperplasia (n = 22). The dogs were randomly assigned to one of the following six groups, treated for 60 days; oral placebo for normal (NRL-PLC; n = 6) and abnormal (ABN-PLC; n = 6), oral anastrazole 0.25–1 mg/day, for normal (NRL-ANZ, n = 6) and abnormal (ABN-ANZ, n = 8) and oral tamoxifen citrate 2.5–10 mg/day for normal (NRL-TMX; n = 6) and abnormal (ABN-TMX; n = 8) dogs. The dogs were evaluated before treatment and then monthly for 4 months. At the end of the treatment, the prostatic volume decreased by 28.5 ± 4.3%, 21.6 ± 6.3% and 0.7 ± 1.0% in the ABN-TMX, ABN-ANZ and ABN-PLC (p < 0.01), respectively. From then on, prostatic volume began to increase without reaching pre-treatment values at the end of the study. In the ABN animals, there were no differences for this parameter between ANZ and TMX treatment (p > 0.1), whereas in the NRL animals ANZ produced a less pronounced decrease (p < 0.05), libido, testicular consistency and scrotal diameter decreased during treatment in the TMX group (p > 0.05). These parameters and sperm volume, count, motility and morphological abnormalities remained unaltered throughout the study in the ANZ and PLC groups (p > 0.05). There were no haematological nor biochemical side effects. Anastrazole might offer a safe and effective alternative for the medical management of dogs with benign prostatic hyperplasia.  相似文献   

19.
Objective  To evaluate the effect of acepromazine or xylazine on Schirmer tear test 1 results in clinically normal cats.
Animals  Sixteen healthy cross-breed cats.
Procedure  The animals were randomly divided into two groups of eight cats each. The first group was sedated with acepromazine alone (0.2 mg/kg) and the second group received only xylazine (2 mg/kg). All cats had Schirmer tear test (STT) readings taken prior to sedation and at 15 and 25 min postsedation.
Results  Sedation with acepromazine or xylazine in cats with normal pre-sedation STT 1 values caused a statistically significant decrease in mean values of tear production in both groups. In acepromazine group the mean ± SEM STT at T15 and T25 were 4.31 ± 0.98 ( P  < 0.001) and 5.18 ± 1.07 ( P  = 0.002). The post-treatment mean ± SEM values in xylazine group were 2.18 ± 0.97 ( P  < 0.001) and 2.62 ± 1.17 ( P  = 0.001) at 15 and 25 min respectively. Comparison between T15 and T25 in acepromazine group ( P  = 0.49) and xylazine group ( P  = 0.56) revealed no significant differences.
Conclusion  These observations indicate that both acepromazine or xylazine significantly reduced tear production in clinically normal cats. In cats, clinicians should measure STT values prior to utilizing acepromazine or xylazine as sedatives in order to accurately assess the results. Moreover, sterile ocular lubricant or tear replacement should be used as a corneal protectant during sedation with these drugs.  相似文献   

20.
The correct assumption of metabolisable energy (ME) requirement is essential for the nutrition consultation and diet formulation. In young dogs, too high energy supply can accelerate growth and thus lead to developmental orthopaedic diseases. The aim of the present study was to collect the data on ME intake and body weight (BW) development in privately owned growing dogs in order to compare these data with the current recommendations. Our hypothesis was that the actual ME intake of healthy young dogs would be lower than the actual recommendation. The data of 493 privately owned puppies (median age at first consultation 21 weeks, the median expected mature BW 30 kg) on ME intake, actual and expected mature BW were collected and compared with recommendations of the Society of Nutrition Physiology (GfE, Meyer and Zentek and NRC). In 243 dogs, there was a follow‐up. The actual BW did not deviate systematically from the calculated expected BW (R2 = .929). The ME intake significantly decreased with age (p < .05) and significantly increased with expected mature BW (p < .05). There was no significant interaction between these two parameters (p > .05). Sex had no effect on the ME intake (p > .05). The ME intake of young dogs with a history of skeletal problems or of food allergy did not differ systematically from healthy dogs of similar age and expected mature BW. The ME intake was considerably below NRC recommendations, especially in younger puppies (>8–17 weeks: 78%, >17–26 weeks: 83% of NRC recommendation). A predictive linear equation for ME intake was developed: ME intake (MJ) = (1.063 ? 0.565 × [actual BW/expected mature BW]) × actual BW0.75.  相似文献   

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