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1.
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2.
The key to saving police dogs that have been exposed to large quantities of illicit substances is rapid action. Removal from the gastrointestinal tract, adsorption, and catharsis are the first steps. Some of these measures can be instituted on site by the attending officer. In case of accidental drug exposures of a dog during a search, police officers should have on hand apomorphine, syringes for administration of the drug and rinsing of the conjunctival sac, activated charcoal, a saline cathartic such as sodium sulfate (not needed if the activated charcoal product contains sorbitol), a resuscitator bag, and a well-fitting canine face mask. If bags of drugs are ingested intact, immediate surgery by a veterinarian may be required to remove the bag and prevent an obstruction or rapid absorption of a lethal dose. Injectible medications to antagonize the effects of the drugs should be reserved for administration by a readily available veterinarian upon arrival of the dog at the veterinary hospital. Pharmacologic antagonistic agents may have adverse side effects, especially if used in the treatment of a drug exposure against which they are not specifically indicated. Proper dosage and route of administration are additional important factors with such treatment. The veterinarian must instruct the police officers on the proper use, dosages, and methods of administration of the detoxifying agents as well as the proper procedures for using the face mask and resuscitator bag before an emergency arises. The officer should also be aware of the clinical signs likely to be produced following exposure to the agents for which these dogs search.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

3.
OBJECTIVE: To assess the risk of bladder cancer in dogs from exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products and determine whether dogs could serve as sentinels for human bladder cancer associated with such exposures. DESIGN: Case-control study. ANIMALS: 100 dogs with cancer of the urinary bladder and 100 control dogs. PROCEDURES: Case and control dogs were frequency-matched by age (within 2 years) and sex. Owners of dogs enrolled provided verbal informed consent and were interviewed by telephone. The telephone questionnaire included a complete residence history for each dog. Each dog's total exposure history to trihalomethanes was reconstructed from its residence history and corresponding drinking water utility company data. RESULTS: No association was detected between increasing years of exposure to chlorinated drinking water and risk of bladder cancer. Dogs with bladder cancer were exposed to higher total trihalomethanes concentrations than control dogs; however, the difference was not significant. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although humans and their dogs live in the same household, the activity patterns of dogs may lead to lower exposures to household tap water. Thus, although exposure to disinfection by-products in tap water may be a risk factor for human bladder cancer, this may not be true for canine bladder cancer at the concentrations at which dogs are exposed.  相似文献   

4.
Cattle were treated either on the neck and withers or on the backline with limited volumes of methoxychlor aqueous emulsion at concentrations up to 2.0% to simulate field control measures against the buffalo fly (Haematobia exigua). The persistence and the potential for accumulation of residual methoxychlor in the fat of treated animals and its excretion in milk were examined following different methods of pesticide application. Methoxychlor residues persisted in fatty tissues for at least 21 days after a single spray application while levels of the order of 1.0–1.5 ppm methoxychlor occurred 15 days after exposure. Where animals were exposed to multiple treatments, at intervals of 21 days, accumulation was of a low order and cumulative residues did not exceed the concentration of 3.0 ppm permitted in the United States of America. The application of pesticide by painting resulted in a higher concentration of methoxychlor in fat than that obtained from spray application of similar volumes. No excessive localised accumulation of methoxychlor occurred immediately below the treated areas. A maximum concentration of 0.46 ppm methoxychlor was found in milk taken 2 days after exposure. More than four-fifths of the total excretion of methoxychlor in milk occurred within six days following treatment. At the end of a 30-day post treatment period, levels of methoxychlor were in excess of 0.01 ppm.  相似文献   

5.
Increasing daily light exposure from 8 to 16 h increases average daily body weight gains of sheep and Holstein cattle but reduces gains of white-tailed doe fawns. Some of these effects on average daily gain in sheep are the result of increased gut fill and pelt weight. Increasing daily exposure to light increases feed intake when sheep or cattle are fed ad libitum. However, increased feed intake is not a prerequisite for the anabolic effects of long duration exposures to light because increased growth occurs in the animals given 16 h light:8 h dark (16L:8D) even when feed intake is restricted. The anabolic effects of increased duration photoperiods in sheep are independent of the gonads, whereas in cattle they are dependent on the gonads. Consistent increases in average daily gains of cattle in response to longer duration photoperiods have not always been achieved. The lack of consistency may be associated with sexual maturity or rate of fattening of the animal. For example, the stimulatory effects of 16L:8D photoperiods on live weight gain are not readily manifested in immature prepubertal heifers, but occur primarily during the peripubertal period. Short days are conducive to deposition of fat, which may account for the stimulatory effects of short days on live weight gain of white-tailed doe fawns and excessively fattened Holsteins. In contrast, long duration photoperiods stimulate protein accretion in cattle. The hormonal signals that mediate the anabolic effects of increasing exposure to light are not associated with change in insulin, thyroxine or growth hormone concentrations in the blood. Glucocorticoid concentrations in serum decrease with longer duration photoperiods which is consistent with an anabolic effect. Increasing daily light exposure to 16 h/d hastens the increase in concentrations of progesterone and testosterone in sera of peripubertal heifers and prepubertal bulls, respectively. Thus, change in secretion of reproductive hormones in the peripubertal period of cattle may be associated with the anabolic effects previously described and is consistent with gonad dependency. Prolactin concentrations in serum increase in sheep and cattle as duration of light exposure increases. But, there is no irrefutable proof that prolactin is responsible for the increased rates of gain or change in carcass composition associated with longer exposures to light. Thus, the hormonal mechanisms involved in photoperiod-induced alterations in growth remain to be established.  相似文献   

6.
Male experimental rats (100 gm liveweight) were distributed into 10 groups of 8 animals each and received balanced diets, with the exception of lysine which was added to the diets in graded amounts in such a way that the lysine content of the diets ranged from 2.44 to 5.92 gm/16 gm N. After a feeding period of 7 days the animals received 3H- and 14C lysine injected intraperitoneally, 4 animals of each group were investigated for the total CO2 excretion and 14CO2 excretion during the first 2 hrs after the injection and for the urinary excretion of radioactivity (48 hours). The remaining animals in each group were used for determining the plasma amino acids and for establishing the specific radioactivity of free lysine in the liver and muscles after an 1-hour incorporation period. Total CO2 excretion was not found to be influenced by the lysine contents while the level of excretion of 14C activity through CO2 and that of specific 14C activity of CO2 increased with increasing lysine concentrations. This produced a broken curve pattern, showing an increased release of 14CO2 (under maintenance conditions) if the diet contained 4 gm lysine/16 gm N and more. Investigations for the specific 14C activity of free lysine in the liver, the main site of lysine oxidation, showed that the increase in 14CO2 release was due to an enhanced rate of lysine catabolism and was not brought about by changes in the pool volume or in specific radioactivity. The levels of urinary 14C excretion were not found to be related to the lysine content of the diets, whereas the curve pattern of 3H excretion observed 5 to 8 hrs after injection was similar to that of 14CO2 excretion. The lysine content of blood plasma and the content of free lysine in the liver increased continuously with increasing levels of dietary lysine. The methodological studies made in the present paper showed that in scientific research a determination of amino acid requirements on the basis of CO2 oxidation data may be a very exact and sensitive method. It will also yield values for maintenance requirements.  相似文献   

7.
Female Swiss mice were exposed to methylmercury in the drinking water for 15 weeks. The mice were administered concentrations of methylmercury ranging from 0 to 2.0 micrograms/mL mercury. After three weeks of the 15 week exposure period, the mice were administered urethan (1.5 mg/g) intraperitoneally. Pulmonary adenoma formation was evaluated 12 weeks later. Methylmercury exposures of 0.2 and 0.5 micrograms/mL did not affect the number of adenomas, but 2.0 micrograms/mL mercury caused a significant increase in adenoma production. A dose-dependent increase in the mean tumor diameter was seen at methylmercury exposures up to 0.5 micrograms/mL. No further increase in diameter was seen at higher exposures (2.0 micrograms/mL). The changes in adenoma production were seen at exposure levels of methylmercury which did not cause any clinical manifestations. Animal weight gains and water consumption were not affected. In addition, urethan-induced sleeping times which reflect the rate of urethan metabolism or excretion remained unchanged.  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum or synovial fluid concentrations of chondroitin sulfate epitope 846 and carboxy propeptides of type II collagen (CPII) can be used to diagnose osteochondral fragmentation (OC) in horses. ANIMALS: 38 horses with unilateral OC of the radiocarpal (n = 31) or intercarpal (33) joints and 8 clinically and radiographically normal horses. Procedures-For horses with OC, serum and synovial fluid concentrations of epitope 846, CPII, and keratan sulfate (KS) were determined, along with synovial fluid WBC counts and total protein concentrations. Serum epitope 846, CPII, and KS concentrations were measured in control horses. RESULTS: Synovial fluid epitope 846 and total protein concentrations were significantly higher in the joints with OC than in unaffected joints, but CPII and KS concentrations and WBC counts were not. Synovial fluid total protein and 846 epitope concentrations were linearly related to grade of OC. Serum epitope 846 and CPII concentrations were significantly higher in horses with OC than in control horses. Discriminant analysis allowed 27 of 34 (79%) horses to be correctly classified as having or not having OC on the basis of serum epitope 846 and CPII concentrations. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that serum and synovial fluid concentrations of epitope 846 and CPII are associated with OC. Increases in concentrations of epitope 846 and CPII suggest that increased synthesis of cartilage aggrecan and type II procollagen may be associated with OC. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Measurement of serum epitope 846 and CPII concentrations may be useful in the diagnosis of OC in horses.  相似文献   

9.
The issue of biological effects caused by low-level exposure to ionizing radiation (0.1Sv/yr or 10 rem) is a concern of veterinary radiologists, clinicians and radiotherapists. Cellular damge from ionizing radiation is mediated by injury to DNA, some of which can be repaired. The most important harmful effects attributed to low-level exposure are carcinogenesis and mutation. Ionizing radiation may also cause embryonic and fetal damage, life span shortening and cataractogenesis. The estimated excess risk of mortality for all human cancers is 0.8% (800 deaths per 100,000) per 0.10 Sv of acute exposure; at low dose-rates, risk is presumed to be less. Ionizing radiation increases the frequencey of spontaneous genic and chromosomal mutations in man and animals. Studies of atomic bomb survivors imply that at least 1 Sv would be needed to double the spontaneous mutation rate for acute exposure to low-LET radiation. However, the doubling dose for chronic, low-level exposure may be 4 Sv or more. The human embryo and fetus are sensitive to excessive doses of ionizing radiation, with mental retardation the main concern in the low dose range. Paradoxically, there is scientific evidence that in some instances, chronic low-level exposure to ionizing radiation causes a beneficial or hormonic effect. For veterinary workers, occupational exposures appear to be well below the maximum permissible dose limit and the risk or probability of harmful effects is low if stringent radiation safety practices are maintained.  相似文献   

10.
The health of many Florida manatees (Trichechus manatus latirostris) is adversely affected each year by exposure to cold weather or harmful algal blooms (red tide; Karenia brevis). Exposures can be sublethal, resulting in stressed animals that are rescued and taken to authorized facilities for rehabilitation, or lethal if exposures are prolonged or unusually severe. To investigate whether sublethal environmental exposures can impair immune function in manatees, rendering animals vulnerable to disease or death, mitogen-induced proliferation was assessed in lymphocytes from manatees exposed to cold temperatures (N=20) or red tide (N=19) in the wild, and compared to lymphocyte responses from healthy free-ranging manatees (N=32). All animals sampled for this study were adults. Lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with either concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and proliferation was assessed after 96 h using incorporation of the thymidine analog, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), into newly synthesized DNA. Proliferation of lymphocytes from manatees rescued from exposure to red tide or cold-stress was approximately one-third that of lymphocytes from healthy free-ranging manatees. To examine the direct effects of red tide toxins on lymphocyte function, mitogen-induced proliferation was assessed following co-culture of lymphocytes with K. brevis toxin extracts. Stimulation indices decreased with increasing toxin concentration, with a significant decrease in proliferation occurring in the presence of 400 ng red tide toxins/ml. When lymphocytes from cold-stressed manatees were co-cultured with red tide toxin extracts, proliferative responses were reduced even further, suggesting multiple stressors may have synergistic effects on immune function in manatees.  相似文献   

11.
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12.
Although alterations in biomarkers of cartilage turnover in synovial fluid (SF) have been demonstrated in horses with osteochondrosis (OC), there have been few investigations of such alterations in animals <1 year old. In this study tarsocrural SF samples from foals aged 18, 22 and 52 weeks of age were assessed for: (1) ‘turnover’ biomarkers of type II collagen (CPII and C2C) and proteoglycan (CS846 and glycosaminoglycans [GAG]); (2) matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity; (3) insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1; (4) transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1; (5) prostaglandin (PG) E2; and (6) leukotriene B4.Using a linear mixed model, the concentration of biomarkers was compared between animals that developed or did not develop radiographic evidence of OC at 24 or 48 weeks of age. The CPII:C2C ratio tended to be higher in OC-affected joints compared to controls at all ages, and this difference was statistically significant at 22 weeks of age. The concentrations of CS846 and IGF-1, and the CS846:GAG ratio were reduced in OC-affected joints relative to controls at 18 weeks of age only. At 52 weeks of age, the PGE2 concentration was lower in joints with OC. Overall, there appears to be a consistent anabolic shift in type II collagen turnover in juvenile joints affected by OC. Aberrant proteoglycan turnover is not a hallmark of the late repair of this lesion but reduced concentrations of IGF-1 in SF may be associated with early-stage lesions.  相似文献   

13.
The egg production industry is facing various problems that need to be solved. For amino acid nutrition to achieve scientific and economical feeding of laying hens, it is necessary to elucidate the content, digestibility, or availability of nutrients of feedstuffs and feeds and the requirement of amino acids for laying hens. In addition, improvement to quality of eggs and meat of spent hens, methods of management and development of new feedstuffs are essential. For sustainable animal production, decrease in excreta and animal welfare should be studied. The real‐time determination of content and digestibility of amino acids in feedstuffs are essential for formation of feeds. Recent advances in the near infrared reflectance analysis will be able to determine the content, digestibility and availability of nutrients in feedstuffs and feeds, if we have a supplemental amount of conventional analysis to define the calibration population. The amino acid requirements are affected by various factors. Therefore the method to quickly and exactly determine amino acid requirements in response to various factors is necessary. By using plasma free amino acid concentration as a criterion, it is possible to determine amino acid requirements in various conditions of laying hens within a short experimental period, repeatedly using the same animals. Because the amino acid requirements differ among individual animals, it should be expressed as grams per hen per day. Practically, it is impossible to formulate various feeds for individual hens. The various expressions have been developed and these expressions have advantages and disadvantages. The nitrogen excretion of laying hens is easily reduced by reducing dietary nitrogen levels and restricting the feed intake. The availability of amino acid may be improved by feeding management, and supplementing enzyme, but the quality of eggs and meat of spent hens and welfare of laying hens are not affected by amino acid nutrition.  相似文献   

14.
Many small animals succumb to complications of serious wounds. Sometimes infection and sepsis overwhelm the animal; sometimes the costs of intensive care overwhelm the owner. Maggot therapy, a method of wound debridement using live fly larvae, could provide effective, simple, low cost wound care. All eight US veterinarians who had been provided with medicinal maggots were surveyed to determine if this treatment was being used for small animals, and for what indications. At least two dogs, four cats and one rabbit were treated with maggot therapy between 1997 and 2003. The most common indications for using maggot therapy were to effect debridement and control infection, especially if the wound failed to respond to conventional medical and/or surgical therapy. Practitioners reported the treatments as safe and often beneficial. Amputation and euthanasia may have been avoided. It is concluded that maggot therapy may have utility for small animals, and should be evaluated further.  相似文献   

15.
Biochemical and physiological indicators of selenium status in animals   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Selenium (Se) concentrations in animal tissues vary with the tissue and with the amount and chemical form of Se in the diet. In cattle, sheep and swine, Se concentrations rank in kidney greater than liver greater than heart greater than skeletal muscle greater than adipose tissue. Selenium concentrations (wet basis) in skeletal muscle of swine (.03 to .52 ppm) reflect natural dietary Se concentrations ranging from .03 to .49 ppm. Inorganic Se additions to diets low in natural Se (.05 ppm) increase skeletal muscle Se concentrations until dietary Se levels are adequate. After a period of Se repletion, skeletal muscle Se concentrations should be at least .08 ppm on a wet basis. Selenium concentrations in plasma, serum or whole blood are also related to inorganic Se intake and rise in direct relation to each other in the deficient to adequate range. Plasma or serum Se concentrations of .08 to .12 ppm are consistent with dietary adequacy. Selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of plasma or whole blood may also be used to assess Se status in some animals since plasma or whole blood Se concentrations are positively correlated with GSH-Px activity in animals that are low to adequate in dietary inorganic Se. However, inter-laboratory variation in GSH-Px values is large, and it is doubtful that limits of normalcy developed in one laboratory are applicable in others. In certain tissues it is important to distinguish between GSH-Px and glutathione (GSH) S-transferases, which can reduce organic hydroperoxides but which are not Se-dependent. It is also important that the instability of GSH-Px be considered so that losses in activity during handling and storage may be minimized. Urinary Se excretion and Se retention as percentages of Se intake may be helpful in assessing Se status when facilities for metabolism studies are available.  相似文献   

16.
Toxicological studies are conducted on constituents of veterinary medicinal products for a number of reasons. Aside from being a requirement of legislation, they are carried out for predictive purposes in the assessment of user safety or for the determination of consumer safety, for example, in the elaboration of maximum residue limits or tolerances. Alternatively, the results of toxicology studies may be available as they have been generated for registration of the drug for human medicinal purposes. This paper examines if the results of such studies have any predictive value for adverse reactions, which might occur during clinical use in animals. A number of adverse reactions, notably the Type A (toxicology or pharmacology dependent) should be predictable from these laboratory studies. However, as with human pharmaceutical products, they have less utility in predicting Type-B reactions (idiosyncratic in nature).  相似文献   

17.
While most human Salmonella infections result from exposure to contaminated foods, an estimated 11% of all Salmonella infections are attributed to animal exposures, including both direct animal handling and indirect exposures such as cleaning cages and handling contaminated pet food. This report describes the epidemiologic, environmental and laboratory investigations conducted in the United States as part of the response to an international outbreak of tetracycline‐resistant Salmonella enterica serotype I 4,[5],12:i:‐ infections with over 500 illnesses occurring from 2008 to 2010. This investigation found that illness due to the outbreak strain was significantly associated with exposure to pet reptiles and frozen feeder rodents used as food for pet reptiles. Salmonella isolates indistinguishable from the outbreak strain were isolated from a frozen feeder mice‐fed reptile owned by a case patient, as well as from frozen feeder mice and environmental samples collected from a rodent producing facility (Company A). An international voluntary recall of all Company A produced frozen feeder animals sold between May 2009 and July 2010 occurred. Only 13% of cases in our investigation were aware of the association between Salmonella infection and mice or rats. Consumers, the pet industry, healthcare providers and veterinarians need to be aware of the potential health risk posed by feeder rodents, whether live or frozen. Frozen feeder rodent producers, suppliers and distributors should follow the animal food labelling requirements as described in 21 CFR §501.5, and all packages of frozen feeder rodents should include safe handling instructions. Persons should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling live or frozen feeder rodents, as well as reptiles or anything in the area where the animals live. Continued opportunities exist for public health officials, the pet industry, veterinarians and consumers to work together to prevent salmonellosis associated with pet food, pets and other animals.  相似文献   

18.
We surveyed Wisconsin veterinarians to assess the frequency and severity of accidental self- and other human exposure to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis bacterin (Johne's bacterin). Of 199 veterinarians administering the bacterin to cattle, 22 reported one or more exposures, including 19 needle-stick exposures, 8 skin surface exposures, and 2 oral mucosa exposures. The mean incidence of needle sticks was 5.5/100 veterinarians/year of bacterin use or 1/1,000 doses administered. The mean total doses given in the needle-stick exposure group was 276 +/- 318 vs 80 +/- 268 in the group without needle-stick exposure, and the mean number of months administering the bacterin was 21.7 and 16.1, respectively; 63% of needle-stick exposures took place during the injection process. Five adverse reactions were reported, and each resulted from needle-stick exposure. The only systemic reaction followed an exposure to the original bacterin formulation of sonically ruptured M paratuberculosis in Freund incomplete adjuvant. The remaining reactions were to the current formulation of whole killed M paratuberculosis in mineral oil and ranged from a small nodule persisting for 4 to 6 months to painful inflammation of a finger persisting for 24 months. We anticipate an increase in incidence of these minimally debilitating injuries as the use and distribution of the bacterin expands. For hand wounds, we recommend conservative management. Surgical intervention should be considered if a granuloma persists and causes the patient functional difficulty.  相似文献   

19.
Acute phase proteins (APPs) such as haptoglobin, serum amyloid A and pig major acute phase protein are plasma proteins that increase in concentration following infection, inflammation, or trauma. The circulating concentrations of these proteins in pigs and cattle can provide an objective measure of the health status of an animal and are increasingly being used as markers of animal health and welfare. Plasma concentrations of APPs are related to the severity of the underlying condition, and provide a ready means of evaluating both the presence and extent of disease. Haptoglobin, for example, has been used to identify both clinical and subclinical disease in animals, and for objectively monitoring antibiotic therapy in experimentally infected animals. Interpretative benefit can be further enhanced by the "acute phase index", derived from a mathematical formula that uses both positive- and negative-reacting APPs. Research suggests that in the future, assays for APPs will be used routinely to assess animal health, optimize production rates, monitor antibiotic therapy, detect diseases such as mastitis in dairy cows, and assess the health of animals at slaughter. These applications have considerable benefit for human food safety. Before APP assays can be applied in animal production on a worldwide basis, however, the calibration of assay methods must be harmonized to ensure that results obtained in the laboratory or on the farm are universally comparable and of consistent quality. In February 2000 the European Commission Directorate General Research Concerted Action was established to fulfill the task of international standardization of APPs. The Concerted Action Group consists of a network of 14 institutions representing 9 European countries. In this report, the background and goals of the Concerted Action Group, and scientific presentations from the group's first colloquium are described. In addition, the progress of the group to date and the standardization plan for the full 30-month duration of the Concerted Action are summarized.  相似文献   

20.
A heifer and steer that were immunologically tolerant to bluetongue (BT) virus became immunologically competent after repeated exposures by bites of BT virus-infected Culicoides variipennis. Immunologic tolerance ended in the heifer at 25 months of age, after the 2nd exposure to the virus, and in the steer at 22 months, after the 4th exposure. High hemic concentrations of BT virus were detected in both animals after they became immunologically competent, but neither developed an overt BT clinical response. The steer died suddenly and extensive pathologic changes were observed at necropsy.  相似文献   

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