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1.
滨海盐沼湿地由于其较高的初级生产力和较缓慢的有机质降解速率而成为缓解全球变暖的有效蓝色碳汇,近年来引起全球范围内的热切关注。我国滨海盐沼湿地分布较广,国内学者对滨海盐沼湿地碳循环及碳收支研究取得了一定进展,深入研究滨海盐沼湿地碳循环有助于对全球碳循环及全球变化的理解,并为利用滨海湿地进行碳的增汇减排提供科学依据。主要从我国滨海盐沼湿地碳循环主要观测方法、碳收支与碳循环过程及特点、碳库的组成与影响因素、气态碳的输入输出、潮汐作用对其碳收支的影响这5个方面出发,对国内的滨海盐沼湿地碳循环与碳收支的研究进展进行了归纳总结,并对今后的研究方向给出如下建议:(1)加强滨海盐沼湿地土壤碳库在深度上和广度上的研究;(2)标准化滨海盐沼湿地碳储量、碳通量的量化方法和观测技术;(3)在研究尺度上要宏观、微观并重,同时加强长期原位监测湿地碳通量的变化与室内模拟研究;(4)量化在潮汐影响下滨海盐沼湿地碳与邻近生态系统之间的横向交换通量。只有对我国滨海盐沼湿地碳库收支进行更准确的评估和长期的碳库动态变化监测,方可进一步认识我国盐沼湿地对全球气候变化的影响及其反馈作用,这对于预测全球变化及制定湿地碳储备功能的提升策略具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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Johnson KS Berelson WM Coale KH Coley TL Elrod VA Fairey WR Iams HD Kilgore TE Nowicki JL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1992,257(5074):1242-1245
The flux of manganese from continental margin sediments to the ocean was measured with a free-vehicle, benthic flux chamber in a transect across the continental shelf and upper slope of the California margin. The highest fluxes were observed on the shallow continental shelf. Manganese flux decreased linearly with bottom water oxygen concentration, and the lowest fluxes occurred in the oxygen minimum zone (at a depth of 600 to 1000 meters). Although the flux of manganese from continental shelf sediments can account for the elevated concentrations observed in shallow, coastal waters, the flux from sediments that intersect the oxygen minimum cannot produce the subsurface concentration maximum of dissolved manganese that is observed in the Pacific Ocean. 相似文献
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Betzer PR Byrne RH Acker JG Lewis CS Jolley RR Feely RA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,226(4678):1074-1077
Fluxes of biogenic carbonates moving out of the euphotic zone and into deeper undersaturated waters of the North Pacific were estimated with free-drifting sediment traps. Short-duration (1 to 1.5 day) sampling between 100 and 2200 meters points to a major involvement in the oceanic carbonate system by a class of organisms which had been relegated to a secondary role-aragonitic pteropods. Pteropod fluxes through the base of the euphotic zone are almost large enough to balance the alkalinity budget for the Pacific Ocean. Dissolution experiments with freshly collected materials shed considerable light on a mystery surrounding these labile organisms: although plankton collections from net tows almost always contain large numbers of pteropods, these organisms are never a major component of biogenic materials in long-duration sediment trap collections. Their low abundance in long-duration collections results from dissolution subsequent to collection. Shortduration sampling showed significant increases in the ratio of calcitic foraminifera to aragonitic pteropods in undersaturated waters, indicating the more stable mineralogic form, calcite, was preserved relative to aragonite. Approximately 90 percent of the aragonite flux is remineralized in the upper 2.2 kilometers of the water column. 相似文献
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Although the network topology of metabolism is well known, understanding the principles that govern the distribution of fluxes through metabolism lags behind. Experimentally, these fluxes can be measured by (13)C-flux analysis, and there has been a long-standing interest in understanding this functional network operation from an evolutionary perspective. On the basis of (13)C-determined fluxes from nine bacteria and multi-objective optimization theory, we show that metabolism operates close to the Pareto-optimal surface of a three-dimensional space defined by competing objectives. Consistent with flux data from evolved Escherichia coli, we propose that flux states evolve under the trade-off between two principles: optimality under one given condition and minimal adjustment between conditions. These principles form the forces by which evolution shapes metabolic fluxes in microorganisms' environmental context. 相似文献
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The University of Chicago instrumnents on board the Mariner 10 spacecraft bound for Mercury have measured energy spectra and fluxes of electrons from 0.18 to 30 million electron volts and protons from 0.5 to 68 million electron volts along the plasma wake and in the bow shock regions associated with Venus. Unusually quiet solar conditions and improved instrumentation made it possible to search for much lower fluxes of protons and electrons in similar energy regions as compared to earlier Mariner missions to Venus-that is, lower by a factor of 10(2) for protons and 10(3) for electrons. We found no evidence for electrons or protons either in the form of increases of intensity or energy spectral changes in the vicinity of the planet, nor any evidence of bursts of radiation in or near the observed bow shock where bursts of electrons might have been expected in analogy with the bow shock at the earth. The importance of these null results for determining the necessary and sufficient conditions for particle acceleration is discussed with respect to magnetometer evidence that Venus does not have a magnetosphere. 相似文献
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综述了海岸带经济管理领域的研究文献,比较了不同学科对海岸带的定义以及不同学者的观点。根据学术研究目的和管理目标,海岸带可从生物自然视角和管理视角加以定义。将我国海岸带面临的各种生态环境压力归纳为人口增长、海岸带资源开发、海岸带灾害与自然变异、生物物种入侵等,并讨论了这些压力的特点。归纳了现阶段我国海岸带经济管理领域的主要研究内容、方向和研究进展。现阶段的主要研究方向有:海岸带可持续发展指标体系和定量评价模型;海岸带海陆一体化发展战略与海岸带规划;海洋产业结构与产业竞争力;海岸带生态价值与自然灾害经济核算;海洋文化产业。 相似文献
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为了开展上海海岸带演变及生态系统服务价值（Ecosystem service value ESV）变化研究,实验基于1990、2000、2010和2020年Landsat遥感影像数据,分析上海海岸带岸线长度变化特征;结合Globe Land30的数据,利用空间分析,开展1990—2000年,2000—2010年、2010—2020年三个时期内土地变化和土地转移研究;在此基础上,构建上海海岸带ESV模型,厘清2000—2020年上海海岸带ESV时空变化特征。结果表明：1990—2020年间,受人类活动和自然因素影响,上海大陆岸线呈先增加后缓慢减小到增加的变化趋势,崇明岛岸线减少,长兴岛和横沙岛岸线长度增加。同时,由于人类活动强度和沿海工程力度加大,海岸带土地利用面积变化显著,耕地和建设用地增多。此外,由于土地扩建,研究期间上海海岸带呈ESV增加趋势,但其湿地ESV在2010—2020间下降28.59%。就空间分布而言,上海海岸带ESV从中高值区域逐渐向低和极低区域转变,到2020年,单位面积ESV极高地区已基本消失。城市进程中建设用地的开发和沿海湿地生态系统的减少是造成上海海岸带ESV变化的主要原因。本研究可为服务上海市指导海岸带环境管理以及可持续发展提供科学依据和决策支持。 相似文献
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Biological and chemical response of the equatorial pacific ocean to the 1997-98 El Nino 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Chavez FP Strutton PG Friederich GE Feely RA Feldman GC Foley DG McPhaden MJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,286(5447):2126-2131
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Hynds RJ Cowley SW Sanderson TR Wenzel KP VAN Rooijen JJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,232(4748):361-365
During the encounter with comet Giacobini-Zinner, the energetic particle anisotropy spectrometer on the International Cometary Explorer spacecraft observed large fluxes of energetic ions, believed to result principally from ionization of the cometary atmosphere followed by pickup and acceleration by the ambient flow of the solar wind. These heavy cometary ions were observed from approximately 1 day before closest approach to about 2(1/2) days afterward. Three regimes of differing ion characteristics have been identified. An outer region with a scale of approximately 10(6) kilometers contains variable fluxes of antisolar-streaming pick-up ions in the undisturbed solar wind. In the middle region, of approximately 10(5) kilometers, fluxes have less large-scale variability and broader angular and energy distributions. This region is separated from the outer zone by a sharp transition. The inner region has a scale of approximately 10(4) kilometers and is characterized by reduced fluxes and complex angular distributions. 相似文献
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Swain EB Engstrom DR Brigham ME Henning TA Brezonik PL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1992,257(5071):784-787
Mercury contamination of remote lakes has been attributed to increasing deposition of atmospheric mercury, yet historic deposition rates and inputs from terrestrial sources are essentially unknown. Sediments of seven headwater lakes in Minnesota and Wisconsin were used to reconstruct regional modern and preindustrial deposition rates of mercury. Whole-basin mercury fluxes, determined from lake-wide arrays of dated cores, indicate that the annual deposition of atmospheric mercury has increased from 3.7 to 12.5 micrograms per square meter since 1850 and that 25 percent of atmospheric mercury deposition to the terrestrial catchment is exported to the lake. The deposition increase is similar among sites, implying regional or global sources for the mercury entering these lakes. 相似文献
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The gamma and delta rings have by far the largest radial perturbations of any of the nine known Uranian rings. These two rings deviate from Keplerian orbits, having typical root-mean-square residuals of about 3 kilometers (compared to a few hundred meters for the other seven known rings). Possible causes for the perturbations include nearby shepherd satellites and Lindblad resonances. If shepherd satellites are responsible, they could be as large as several tens of kilometers in diameter. The perturbation patterns of the gamma and delta rings have been examined for evidence of Lindblad resonances of azimuthal wave number m = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The beta ring radial residuals are well matched by a 2:1 Lindblad resonance. If this represents a real physical phenomenon and is not an artifact of undersampling, then the most plausible interpretation is that there is an undiscovered satellite orbiting 76,522 +/- 8 kilometers from Uranus, with an orbital period of 15.3595 +/- 0.0001 hours and a radius of 75 to 100 kilometers. Such a satellite would be easily detected by the Voyager spacecraft when it encounters Uranus. The 2:1 resonance location is 41 +/- 9 kilometers inside the delta ring, which makes it unlikely that the resonance is due to a viscous instability within the ring. In contrast, no low-order Lindblad resonance matches the gamma ring perturbations, which are probably caused by one or more shepherd satellites large enough to be clearly visible in Voyager images. 相似文献
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Knauss JA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,184(4144):1335-1341
More intensive and varied use of the oceans and their resources requires a more comprehensive legal reégime than previously. Three years of preparatory work have been completed leading toward the Law of the Sea Conference that opened on 20 June in Caracas, Venezuela. Although the details of the new reégime are still to be negotiated, it appears certain that the coastal nations will gain some form of jurisdiction over the fisheries and mineral resources off their shores. It is probable that a new "economic zone" will be established between a relatively narrow (12-mile) territorial sea and the international ocean space beyond. If, as seems likely, this economic zone is 200 miles wide, it will encompass some 37 percent of the ocean as shown in Fig. 1. Unless the scientific community can gather more support than it has to date, it seems probable that scientific research within this economic zone will only be possible with the consent of the coastal nation. The United States has proposed a compromise solution which attempts to balance the interests of the scientific community with those of the coastal state. Under the U.S. proposal, a research group abiding by certain specific obligations to the coastal state would be free to carry out its research activities without obtaining explicit consent from the coastal state. To date the U.S. proposal has received little official support from any nation, even from nations with major oceanographic interests. 相似文献
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利用海口市2008年社会经济数据,采用生态环境效应评价模型,对研究区构建区域土地利用变化生态环境影响效应评价指标体系,通过层次分析法得到各个指标的权重,进而得到海口市滨海旅游区2008年生态环境效应评价指数,并在GIS中通过空间叠加分析得到研究区不同土地利用格局的环境效应状态评价。结果表明:2008年海口市滨海旅游区,生态环境综合效应指数为0.582,结合生态环境质量评判标准,得出该区域生态环境处于一般状态,生态系统服务功能已有退化。研究区不同土地利用格局表现出不同状态,主要表现在建设用地生态环境恶劣,未利用地生态环境较差,耕地生态环境状态一般,水域生态系统处于良好状态,有林地和湿地的生态环境处于理想状态。 相似文献
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利用4期(1987年、2002年、2007年和2012年)TM/ETM遥感影像,运用GIS空间分析技术生成连云港海岸带区域4期土地利用类型图,然后应用景观格局分析软件Fragstats 4.1分析连云港海岸带的景观格局变化。同时收集连云港海岸带的相关社会经济统计数据进行分析,探讨了景观格局变化的人文驱动因子。结果表明:1987~2012年这25年间,变化较剧烈的类型是耕地和建设用地,耕地面积基本呈减少趋势;建设用地的面积基本呈增加趋势,且涨幅较大;连云港海岸带人口和第二产业快速增长带来了海岸带的大规模开发,对海岸带干扰较大。 相似文献
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Bernstein RE Betzer PR Feely RA Byrne RH Lamb MF Michaels AF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,237(4821):1490-1494
Data on particulate strontium sulfate fluxes and strontium to chlorinity ratios were compared to provide insights into the strontium cycle of the North Pacific. Freedrifting sediment traps were used to derive large particle fluxes between depths of 100 and 3500 meters in the eastern and western North Pacific Ocean. Flux data revealed substantial quantities of acantharian skeletons and cysts (both made of strontium sulfate) settling through the upper kilometer of the water column. The greatest fluxes of celestite were detected at 400 meters. Minimal to nondetectable fluxes noted at and below 900 meters provide evidence that by this horizon, the majority of acantharian specimens had dissolved, thereby contributing to the pool of dissolved strontium. Growth and subsequent dissolution of acantharians in the upper kilometer are qualitatively consistent with the well-developed minimum and maximum strontium to chlorinity ratios that are consistently noted in these waters. These fluxes of particulate strontium and model calculations for fluxes of dissolved strontium indicate that acantharians play an important role in the ocean's strontium budget. 相似文献
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Bartholomew B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1970,170(3963):1210-1212
Between shrub and grass communities in coastal California there is a zone that is normally bare of vegetation. Previous studies have emphasized the role of volatile inhibitors of plant growth in producing this bare zone. However, there is a concentration of feeding activity by rodents, rabbits, and birds in this zone; if this activity is prevented by means of wire-mesh exclosures, annuals grow in the bare zone. Thus, animal activity is sufficient to produce the bare zone. 相似文献