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1.
Majid Azizi 《林业研究》2008,19(4):323-328
The objective of this research is to design a method for an appropriate alternative to supply poplar wood as raw material for wood and paper factories in Iran.Due to the destruction of the forests and lack of proper plantation,replacement of the forest wood by the fast growing wood is vital to satisfy all requirements of these factories.A hierarchy was used to prioritize benefits,opportunities,costs and risks (BOCR) using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) ratings approach.To evaluate the "control criteria" of the system,a control hierarchy was also created and prioritized by applying the Analytic Network Process (ANP).A total of four major control criteria in the system are prioritized where each one controls a network structure evaluated by using ANP.The final synthesis results of the system showed that internal poplar tree farming supplied by the forest product factories was the best choice among three potential alternatives (factory procurement,external procurement and mix procurement). 相似文献
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A novel method for analysis of benzylic ether type lignin–carbohydrate bonds has been developed by using model compounds. Four diastereomers of model compound 3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxyphenoxy)-3-(methyl -d-glucopyranoside-6-O-yl)-1-propanol (GGMGP), were ozonized in acetic acid/water/methanol 16:3:1 for 1h at 0°C. The product from ozonation of each diastereomer was saponified and the corresponding -etherified tetronic acid (TAMGP) was isolated using ion exchange chromatography. Minor amounts of methyl -d-glucopyranoside (MGP) and small amounts of a gluconic acid etherified with tetronic acid (TAGLCA), tetronic acid, gluconic acid, and glyceric acid were detected in the product mixture of ozonated benzylic ether type model compounds. The results suggest that a benzyl ether bond between lignin and carbohydrate is rather stable during the ozone treatment. Acid treatments with sulfuric acid or trifluoroacetic acid of the derived TAMGP led to cleavage of the glucosidic bond but only a small amount of products (tetronic acid and glucose) resulting from cleavage of the -ether bond were formed. The successful chemical treatments were used for studies of benzylic ether bonds in Japanese red pine. The results suggest the presence of benzylic ether bonds to polysaccharides in the wood.Part of this paper was presented at the 10th International Symposium of Wood and Pulping Chemistry (ISWPC), Yokohama, 1999; the 11th ISWPC, Nice, 2001; and as a rapid comunication in J Wood Sci (2000) 46:263–265 相似文献
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Falcataria moluccana or sengon is one of the fast-growing wood species widely grown in Indonesia.However,its wood is low quality with low density,and poor strength,durability,and dimensional stability.This study determined the effects of impregnation with monoethylene glycol(MEG)and nano-SiO2 on the characteristics of sengon wood,including its dimensional stability and density.Impregnation with MEG and nano-SiO2 had a significant effects on dimensional stability in terms of the weight percent gain,anti-swelling efficiency,water uptake,bulking effect,and density.The impregnated wood was examined by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction.The results show that MEG and nano-SiO2 were distributed homogeneously into cell walls of wood treated with 0.5%MEGSiO2. 相似文献
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Waste paper could potentially be used as raw material for fiber- or particle-based composites without resorting, deinking and decontamination required for paper manufacturing. The objective of this study was the evaluation of one-layer boards made of various ratios (0:100,15:85, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25 and 100:0) of waste paper flakes to wood particles mixtures (wt:wt). Three types of waste paper (newspaper, office paper and magazine paper) in pure form or mixed all together were used for board manufacture. PMDI resin at three different levels of 5, 8 and 10% without or with the addition of various amounts of wax (0.7, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%) were applied. The participation of waste paper flakes in boards made their appearance more attractive than ordinary particleboards and fiberboards made of wood. In contrast to internal bond, screw-holding strength and thickness swelling, properties that deteriorated substantially as the waste paper percentage increased, the bending strength was only slightly affected. By increasing the resin content all properties of boards and particularly internal bond and thickness swelling were improved. The addition of wax reduced considerably the thickness swelling of boards containing waste paper; however, even at a 2.0% level, it remained greater than the maximum permitted value specified by the relevant standard. Among the three types of waste paper tested, newspaper proved to be the most appropriate for board manufacture, and magazine paper the least appropriate. With the exception of screw-holding strength, the substitution of wood particles by mixed waste paper flakes in amounts up to 50% resulted in acceptable mechanical properties for specific applications in interior uses. 相似文献
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Preparation of phenol formaldehyde resin from phenolated wood 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The technique for preparing phenol formaldehyde resin from phenolated wood (PWF) and its characters were studied and analyzed.
Poplar (Populus spp) wood meal was liquefied by phenol in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst. After the liquefied products were cooled,
alkaline catalyst and formaldehyde were added. The mixture was kept at (60±2)°C for 1h and then was heated to (85±2)°C for
1h. The influence of molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol (F/P) was investigated. The results showed when the molar ratio
of formaldehyde to phenol was over 1.8, the PWF adhesives had high bond quality, bond durability and extremely low aldehydes
emissions.
Foundation item: The research was supported by Sino-Japanese Technical Cooperation Project (2-1-b) and the key technologies R & D Program
for the 10th Five-Year Plan (325-11).
Biography: LI Gai-yun (1974-), female, Assistant professor in Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing
100091, P. R. China
Responsible editor: Zhu Hong 相似文献
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Paul Filson Benjamin E. Dawson-Andoh Laurent Matuana 《Wood Science and Technology》2009,43(7-8):669-678
Rigid polyvinyl chloride–wood flour composite lumber containing either pine or maple wood flour and pine and maple lumber was subjected to accelerated weathering according to the ASTM Standard G 53 protocol. Non-weathered and weathered surfaces of all specimens were analyzed using colorimetric methods, reflectance infrared Fourier transform and Raman spectroscopic techniques. In the FT-IR spectra, conjugated ketones (1,744 cm?1) of lignin as evidenced by their skeletal vibrations (1,560–1,500 cm?1) and stretching (1,440–1,500 cm?1) were reduced in weathered specimens. Cellulose was largely unaffected by weathering. C–O bending vibrations at 1,040 cm?1 from holocellulose in pine specimens and intensity bands at 1,125–1,090 and 1,360 cm?1 (C–O stretching and O–H bending from cellulose) in the maple and wood–plastic composite (WPC)-maple specimens were unaffected. A band at 1,650 cm?1 became prominent after weathering of both pine and maple WPC specimens which is due to C=C–C=C stretching vibration of weathered PVC portion of the specimen. Raman shifts at 530 and 840–900 cm?1 are attributed to C–O and C–C–O stretching in cellulose (remain unchanged). The role of extractives in weathering of pine is shown by the disappearance of Raman shifts at 392 and 434 cm?1 (C=C deformations in pine extractives) in weathered pine. One-Way ANOVA, between-group designs showed significant effect on brightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) for all treatments. 相似文献
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E. Kristofer Gamstedt Thomas K. Bader Karin de Borst 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(1):183-202
Mixed numerical–experimental methods are increasingly used in various disciplines in materials science, recently also in wood micromechanics. Having a relatively irregular microstructure, direct interpretation of mechanical tests is not always possible since structurally specific properties are quantified rather than general material properties. The advent of combined numerical–experimental methods unlocks possibilities for a more accurate experimental characterization. A number of examples of mixed methods pertaining to both emerging experimental techniques and physical phenomena are presented: nano-indentation, moisture transport, digital-image correlation, dimensional instability and fracture of wood-based materials. Successful examples from other classes of materials are also presented, in an attempt to provide some ideas potentially useful in wood mechanics. Some general pit-falls in parameter estimation from experimental results are also outlined. 相似文献
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With montmorillonite (MMT) organically modified as organophilic MMT (OMMT) and water-soluble phenol formaldehyde resin (PF) as intermediate, Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) wood/MMT nanocomposites (WMNC) were prepared via nano intercalation compounding and characterized by XRD, SEM and FTIR. Results show that: 1) the preparation of OMMT is very successful; 2) the self-made PF can effectively intercalate into MMT to increase markably its gallery distance and even exfoliate its nano silicate laminae; 3) the XRD analysis indicates that some exfoliated MMT enters the non-crystallized region of microfibrils in wood cell walls and the crystallinity degree of wood in WMNC decreases; 4) the SEM graphs show that multiform MMT exists in WMNC. Some grains block in wood cell lumen, some layers adhere to the wood surface of the inner cell wall and some exfoliated nanolaminae even insert into wood cell walls; and 5) the FTIR analysis suggests that MMT and wood in WMNC perhaps interact via certain chemical bonding. 相似文献
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Oliver Jakoby Christine Rademacher Volker Grimm 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(4):659-668
Dead wood is an important element of forests both for biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Due to intensive silviculture, however, dead wood usually is strongly underrepresented in European forests. Forest reserves cannot fully compensate for this because they comprise only a small proportion of forested areas and are often isolated. Retaining a certain number of dead trees in managed forests is important, but may cause safety problems for lumbermen and visitors and still does not necessarily lead to an amount and incidence (i.e., probability of occurrence) of dead wood that might be required for many species and certain ecosystem functions. Our studies concentrate on a third and complimentary dead wood management strategy: dead wood islands, i.e. small unmanaged islands distributed throughout managed forests. As an example, we focus on European beech forests (Fagus sylvatica). An important question related to this strategy is: how do amount, quality, and incidence of dead wood depend on the island’s size? To provide an answer, we use the spatially explicit, rule-based simulation model BEFORE-CWD that was developed to analyse dead wood dynamics in natural beech forests. This model and its predecessor, BEFORE, are well-verified and validated. They reproduce a suite of observed patterns and generate valid secondary and independent predictions. We found that islands that are too small, i.e. smaller than 0.33 and 0.08 ha for standing and lying dead wood, respectively, can fail to provide dead wood for several decades. The shape of the islands has only a minor effect. Extreme storm events temporarily increase and then decrease the amount of standing dead wood. In terms of the amount and incidence of dead wood, it makes no difference if one big or several small islands are set aside from management, unless the islands are not too small. We conclude that even relatively small unmanaged islands within managed forests can reliably provide dead wood and therefore should be considered as a management option. Our results can be used, for example by using metapopulation models of species of interest, to develop management plans for creating networks of dead wood islands. 相似文献
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Scots pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Douglas fir heartwood (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) specimens were exposed in double layer field trials at 23 different European test sites under different exposure
conditions (in total 27 test sets). The material climate in terms of wood moisture content (MC) and wood temperature was automatically
monitored over a period of up to 7 years and compared with the progress of decay. The overall aim of this study was to establish
dose–response relationships between climate factors and decay as a basis for the service life prediction of wood. The “Scheffer
Climate Index” based on weather data collected at official meteorological stations at the different test sites poorly correlated
with the corresponding decay progress and was therefore not a suitable tool for estimating site-specific decay potential.
In contrast, the use of the combined material climatic parameters MC and wood temperature led to a feasible dose–response
function and turned out to be a useful basis for service life prediction of wood. 相似文献
14.
Sound absorption property of wood for five eucalypt species 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The sound absorption coefficients of wood and wood boards for five eucalypt species (Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus urophylla x E. grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla x E. tereticornis, Eucalyptus urophylla x E.
camaldulensis and Eucalyptus cloeziana) that were collected from plantation in Dongmen Forestry Center of Guangxi Province, China were tested with standing wave
method and their sound absorption properties were also compared. The results showed that the sound absorption coefficients
of the five eucalypt wood species did not change evidently below 1000 Hz, but above 1000 Hz their sound absorption coefficients
increased with the increasing frequency. The difference in sound absorption coefficient among five species of eucalypt wood
is not evident at the tested frequency range (200–2000 Hz), but the sound absorption property ofEucalyptus urophylla at low frequency is better than that of other four species. The sound absorption coefficient of the tangential-sawn board
is higher than that of the radial-sawn board. The sound absorption property of eucalypt wood of 0.5 cm in thickness is much
better than that of 1.0 cm in thickness. It is concluded that wood sound absorption properties of eucalypts are affected by
their board thickness and the type of sawn timber within the testing frequency, but the variance of wood sound absorption
property among the five tested species is not significant.
Fundation item This study is Part of 2000-4-13 in “948” Project from the State Forestry Administration of P.R. China
Biography: JIANG Ze-hui (1939-), female, Professor in Research Institute of Wood Industry in Chinese Academy of Forestry.
Responsible editor: Chai Ruihai 相似文献
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Although perfectly diagnosed in terms of the occurrence of physical changes, the hornification phenomenon, in its origin, has frequently been associated with the formation of irreversible or partially reversible hydrogen bonding in wood pulps or paper upon drying or water removal. Its characterisation has therefore been confusing and unsatisfactory. The authors propose that a sufficiently varied source of experimental data already exists to show that hornification is only a particular case of lactone bridge formation in lignocellulosic materials. 相似文献
16.
YUHai-peng LIUYi-xing LIUZhen-bo 《林业研究》2005,16(1):1-4,i001
A novel and efficient approach for detecting wood texture orientation by computer was presented. Four Matlab functions were tried to describe the relative position and orientation of wood texture pixels, to detect texture shape and to create skeletal lines image of wood texture, and BWMORPH function was found the best one. Then by Radon transform, it generated a signature composed of 180 values,each value summing up the size of texture lines that are shaped along that angle, and a two dimensional curve plot was drawn to represent the texture orientation of wood. Furthermore, it analyzed texture orientations of forty species as well as their general statistic laws, classified by softwood, hardwood, radial section and tangential section, and the results showed that texture orientation laws described by Radon transform plot and their extracting datum were in accord with the impression of wood texture that people possessed in daily life, which confirmed the validity of this new approach and their appealing utilization potentials. 相似文献
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Li Xian-jun Li Wen-jun Zhang Bi-guang 《中国林学(英文版)》2007,9(1):63-67
Microwave-vacuum (MV) drying characteristics of plantation Masson pine (Pinus massoniana) were studied experimen-tally for various levels of microwave radiation time, initial moisture content (MC), vacuum level and wood thickness. The results show that the process of MV drying for wood can be significantly divided into a short accelerating rate drying period, a long constant rate drying period and falling rate drying period, and the second drying period can extend to levels of mean MC below the fiber satu-r... 相似文献
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Miscanthus sacchariflorus straw was used as a raw material for the manufacture of Miscanthus–wood particle composite board with Douglas-fir particles in ratios of 100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100. A commercial phenol–formaldehyde resin was used as a binder at 9 and 11 % for target densities of 0.50 and 0.65 g/cm3, respectively. The effects of the Miscanthus/wood particle ratio on the composite board properties were investigated. In addition, the density profile was also examined to improve the understanding of the composite board manufacturing process. Results indicate that the internal bonding value increased drastically in the board containing up to 50 % wood particles, providing a valuable parameter for subsequent research. The board properties were greatly improved with increasing density and binder addition level. 相似文献
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lnstructionP8ulowniagenus(PauIOwnissieb.atZucc.)isorigina'tedfromSoutheastAsiaandintroducedintoEurope,NorthAmericaandAustraliaforplantation(Giebeler1983).Thereare9speciesand2varietiesinthisfamily(Zhu1981).PaulowniatreeisonekindofgrowingfasttimberinChinawithabroaddistributioninallthecountry.ThemaintimberproducingareaisinnorthernplainofChinainwhichtheP8ulowniaisplantedwithcrops.ItiswellacceptedbyChinese,Japanese,Koreanduetoitsbeautifulgrainandlovelylusteraswellasitsstabledimension.Thecro… 相似文献
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Brita Unger Michael B��cker Stefan Reinsch Thomas H��bert 《Wood Science and Technology》2013,47(1):83-104
It has been shown that tetraethoxysilane-derived precursors are suitable solutions for impregnating pine sapwood to improve its dimensional stability. Tailored sol?Cgel syntheses result in precursors with nano-scaled silica species which are able to penetrate into the cell walls of wood. The physical fixation of those species inside the cell walls was verified by ESEM/EDX investigations. There is evidence that the silica species are chemically bonded to wood components. Non-reacted alkoxy groups can exist in the wood composites after impregnation. The amount of these organic residues depends on the composition of the precursors, especially their condensation degree and reactivity. Treatments for finishing the composites after the impregnation step to get clean products and stable properties are discussed in this context. An explanation of the complex relationship between solids content in the impregnation solutions and percentage weight gain and bulking of the composites is given. It can be demonstrated that high WPG values (>20?%) are pre-conditions for an effective protection of the resulting composites but they only guarantee efficient improvements if connected with the incorporation of the inorganic component inside the cell walls. Therefore, the sol?Cgel syntheses have to be carried out in such a manner that very small (<2?nm) as well as reactive species are sufficiently available. This demands syntheses using sub-stoichiometric water contents (H2O/TEOS?<?4, better <2). 相似文献