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1.
F Lingaas 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1991,32(1):97-105
Herd differences in disease incidence in 70 Norwegian pig herds were assessed by health card registrations. Such differences proved to be considerable. The incidence of the MMA-syndrome, mastitis, metritis and neonatal diarrhoea was higher in herds producing only weaners ("weaner herds") than in herds with combined production. The mean disease incidence in herds providing breeding stock for the Norwegian Pig Breeders' Association ("breeding herds") was at the same level as in ordinary combined production herds. There was no consistent relationship between changes in disease incidence and herd size, though the incidence of the MMA-syndrome was lower in the largest herds. 相似文献
2.
Epidemiological and genetical studies in Norwegian pig herds. I. Design of a disease recording system 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The study was based on 70 pig herds in the south-eastern part of Norway during the period from 1984 to 1986. The purpose was to design a health card system based on individual disease records covering diseases in sows, piglets and slaughter pigs. It is concluded that individual health records on a herd basis may well be suited for use in epidemiological and genetical studies of disease frequencies and disease resistance. Feedback of results to farmers and veterinarians seems to be important for satisfactory follow-up in the herds. 相似文献
3.
The present epidemiological study is based on individual health records from 1984 to 1986 in 70 pig herds in the south-eastern part of Norway. For most of the recorded diseases, the incidence rate was less than 1% per farrowing. The majority of disease recordings concerned 6 frequently-occurring conditions; the MMA-syndrome, mastitis, metritis, neonatal diarhoea, arthritis and scrotal hernia. A seasonal effect on the incidence rate was shown for several diseases. The incidence rate for the MMA-syndrome of about 17.5% seems to be of the highest recorded for this disease in a population study. 相似文献
4.
5.
Contagious keratoconjunctivitis is a rather common disease in Norwegian sheep. Since the knowledge of its aetiology is limited, the present study was performed to determine the microorganisms involved. Local veterinarians throughout the country collected conjunctival swabs from both sick (n = 43) and healthy (n = 42) sheep on 15 farms with outbreaks of ovine keratoconjunctivitis, and further from healthy sheep (n = 50) on 17 farms not showing any signs of conjunctival disease. All samples were cultivated for bacteria and mycoplasma. Listeria monocytogenes was isolated from 3 cases (1%) in one single herd. Staphylococcus aureus (5%), Corynebacterium spp. (2%) and Escherichia coli (4%) were isolated only in herds with keratoconjunctivitis, but from both sick and healthy animals. Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis was isolated from 28% of sampled animals in affected herds and from 10% of sampled animals in healthy herds. The corresponding numbers for Moraxella spp. were 9%/12%, for Pseudomonas spp. 7%/8%, for Staphylococcus spp. 22//22%, for Bacillus spp. 12%/14%, for Micrococcus spp. 6%/2% and for Streptococcus/Enterococcus spp. 2%/2%. Mycoplasma conjunctivae was isolated from 16 animals with keratoconjunctivitis (37%) and from 3 animals without clinical signs (7%) in farms with keratoconjunctivitis. In farms without clinical signs of keratoconjunctivitis, M. conjunctivae was isolated in 4 animals (8%). To our knowledge, this is the first time M. conjunctivae has been isolated in Norway. Other predisposing agents found were Moraxella (Branhamella) ovis and Listeria monocytogenes. The etiological importance of different microorganisms in ovine keratoconjunctivitis seems to vary; some are probably only present as secondary invaders. Other possible causes of ovine keratoconjunctivitis in Norway, such as Chlamydia psittaci, remain to be investigated. 相似文献
6.
In order to survey the behaviour of choosing the alley area instead of a cubicle as a lying place (cubicle refusal), a questionnaire was sent to the 273 dairy farms in Norway known to keep cows in cubicle housing systems. Sixty-six percent of the farmers contacted were included in the study. The median herd size was 18 cows (range 7-118). More than 85% of the herds had sheds providing one or more cubicles per cow. The mean herd occurrence of cubicle refusal was 6%, but showed great variation (range 0-55%). Regression analysis showed a significant association between rearing heifers in slatted floor pens and an increased cubicle refusal occurrence (p = 0.02, R2 = 0.05), while herd size, use of litter, or cubicle-to-animal ratio were not found to be associated with cubicle refusal. The practice of rearing heifers in slatted floor pens accounted for about one half of the observed cubicle refusal (etiologic fraction = 0.51). 相似文献
7.
A survey of blood selenium (Se) concentrations in Norwegian Red heifers and dry period cows was conducted to reveal possible association to management, feeding, health and fertility. Selenium contents were determined in 254 herd blood samples consisting of pooled samples from individual non-lactating animals from herds in 5 counties. The Se concentrations showed a normal distribution with mean 0.09 microg Se/g blood, with a standard deviation (SD) of 0.05, and ranged from 0.02 to 0.23 microg/g, with 50 % of the samples being between 0.06 and 0.11 microg/g. The herds with Se concentrations below 0.06 microg/g were smaller (21.4 +/- 8.7 cow-years) than those with Se levels above 0.11 microg/g (27.5 +/- 14.1 cow-years) (P<0.01), but there were no differences in milk yield, incidence of replacement, proportion of animal culling, amount of concentrate or grass silage as percentage of energy consumption between the groups. Treatment registration records showed a tendency that more animals in the low Se herds were treated for all the diseases included in this investigation (64.8 animals per 100 cow-years) than those in the high Se herds (57.5 per 100 cow-years), while no such differences were revealed for individual disorders. There was, however, a significant difference in bulk milk somatic cell counts (BMSCC) between low and high Se herds, their values being 137 000 and 155 000 cells/ml, respectively. This difference was significantly influenced by herd size. Furthermore, a total of 4916 lactations were analyzed from individual health and fertility recordings, including 2 934 first lactations and 1 982 later lactations. The present study revealed a reduced incidence of disease treatment with increased Se concentrations from 0.02 to 0.23 microg Se/g blood. In this regard, there seemed to be an optimum of 0.10 to 0.15 microg Se/g for all types of mastitis treatments summarized, and for treatment of retained placenta. Thus, herd Se concentrations below and above these values was connected with increased probability for sum mastitis and retained placenta, reflecting the effect of the quadratic term of Se. The cow (composite) milk somatic cell count (SCC) was lower in lactations from low Se herds than in high Se herds with a marked SCC increase in the Se concentration interval from 0.11-0.13 microg/g blood. In conclusion, heifers and dry period cows in Norway are low in blood Se content and there seems to be a positive association between increased blood Se concentration pre partum and decreased incidence of mastitis, ovarian cysts and anoestrus/silent oestrus post partum. 相似文献
8.
An epidemic of acute respiratory disease associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) occurred during the winter and spring of 1995 in two neighbouring veterinary districts in the south-eastern part of Norway.The objective of this study was to describe the time course of the outbreak associated with BRSV in the cattle herds, and to determine the association between selected herd factors and the risk of experiencing a herd outbreak of acute respiratory disease.Data from 431 cattle herds on the dates of disease occurrence, location of the farms, herd size, age profile and production type were collected retrospectively for 1995. The risk of acute respiratory disease occurring in a cattle herd was related to the herd size as well as the type of production, with an expressed interaction between these two variables. From the Cox proportional-hazards model, the risk of a herd outbreak in a mixed herd of 20 animals was estimated to be 1.7-times greater than in a dairy herd and 3.3-times greater than a beef herd (reference category) of a comparable size. On increasing the herd size to 50 animals, the risk increased 1.3-fold for a mixed herd, 3.3-fold for a dairy herd, and 2.1-fold for a beef herd, compared to the risk for a corresponding type of herd of 20 animals. 相似文献
9.
Egil Simensen Olav ?ster?s Knut Egil B?e Camilla Kielland Lars Erik Ruud Geir N?ss 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2010,52(1):14
Background
According to the Norwegian animal welfare regulations, it has been forbidden to build new tie-stall barns since the end of 2004. Previous studies have shown that cow performance and health differ between housing systems. The interaction between housing system and herd size with respect to performance and disease incidence has not been evaluated.Methods
Cow performance and health in 620 herds housed in free-stall barns were compared with in 192 herds housed in tie-stall barns based on a mail survey and data from the Norwegian Dairy Herd Recording and Cattle Health Systems. The housing systems herds were comparable with respect to herd size (15-55 cows). Associations between performance/disease incidence and housing system, herd size and year of building the cow barn were tested in general linear models, and values for fixed herd size of 20 and 50 cows were calculated. On the individual cow level mixed models were run to test the effect of among others housing system and herd size on test-day milk yield, and to evaluate lactation curves in different parities. All cows were of the Norwegian Red Breed.Results
Average milk production per cow-year was 134 kg lower in free-stall herd than in tie-stall herds, but in the range 27-45 cows there was no significant difference in yields between the herd categories. In herds with less than 27 cows there were increasingly lower yields in free-stalls, particularly in first parity, whereas the yields were increasingly higher in free-stalls with more than 45 cows.In free-stalls fertility was better, calving interval shorter, and the incidence rate of teat injuries, ketosis, indigestions, anoestrus and cystic ovaries was lower than in tie-stalls. All of these factors were more favourable in estimated 50-cow herds as compared to 20-cow herds. In the larger herd category, bulk milk somatic cell counts were higher, and the incidence rate of mastitis (all cases) and all diseases was lower.Conclusion
This study has shown that there is an interaction between housing system and herd size, and that performance and health is not universally better in small free-stalls than in tie-stalls. 相似文献10.
G Holstad 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》1986,27(4):584-597
The precalen-ce of caseous lymphadenitis was surveyed in 36 goat herds in Northern Norway. In each herd, information concerning the occurrence of the disease was obtained from the farmer. Adult animals (1 year of age or older) in 35 herds were examined for superficial swellings, and serum samples were collected from most animals in the herds. The sera were examined for antibodies to Corynebacterium pseudotuber-culosis using the bacterial agglutination test (BAT) and the hemolysis inhibition test (HIT).Gaseous lymphadenitis was diagnosed with certainty in 19 herds. Information from the farmers indicated that the disease indeed oc-curred in these herds, and that the majority had been infected with the disease for many years. The herds had apparently become infected through contact with animals from infected herds. Clinical examina-tions were carried out in 18 of these herds and superficial swellings were found in 26 % of the examined animals. The prevalence of ani-mals with lesions varied from 11 to 40 % among the herds. Of the animals in these herds, 81 % were positive in BAT and 84 % in HIT. The prevalence of positive animals varied from 26 to 99 % in BAT and 28 to 99 % in HIT. The prevalence of seropositive animals was lowest in a herd in which animals were kept separately in stalls.Caseous lymphadenitis could not be diagnosed in 16 herds. In-formation from the farmers indicated that the disease indeed seemed to be absent in 14 of these herds. These 14 herds had no history of contact with animals from herds considered to be infected. However, in the remaining 2 herds, the farmers were somewhat uncertain about the occurrence of the disease. One of these 2 herds had a history of contact with infected herds through participation in a goat “breeding circle”. Only a few of the animals were, however, seropositive and all these had low antibody titres.In 1 newly established herd, a single animal showed a high posi-tive titre in BAT only. All the other animals were negative in both tests. This particular herd consisted of animals obtained both from herds with caseous lymphadenitis and from herds in which the disease was not considered to occur. 相似文献
11.
Ketosis data from the Health Card System, and interview data regarding feeding, housing, management and care were the basis for an epidemiological study in 306 Norwegian dairy herds.Management and care were studied by means of an overall care index. The index was based on 20 questions which provided information about the general standard of management and care. Care was the factor having the most pronounced effect on the treatment rate of ketosis. Highest rates were seen in herds with a high standard of management and care, and lowest rates were seen in herds with a low standard.Most ketosis was found in the mountain valley districts Nord-Østerdal/Gudbrandsdal and Valdres, and least in the lowland coastal district Rogaland. The treatment rate decreased with increasing herd size, and with increasing number of different feedstuffs used. Extra provision of feed concentrates between the morning and evening chores was associated with a lower treatment rate. Also associated with a lower treatment rate was the participation by the farmer’s wife in the daily chores. 相似文献
12.
An outbreak of mycobacteriosis in swine herds in southwestern Norway from autumn 1986 to 1990 is described. The prevalence of generalised infection in the pigs was higher than usual during the outbreak resulting in the condemnation of 0.3% of the swine carcasses in 1987. A case-control study involving 35 herds (17 herds with more than two tuberculous pigs at slaughter and 18 herds with no evidence of infection at slaughter) showed that an increased risk of infection was linked to combined production with sows and slaughter pigs in the same herd. The presence of birds in the pig house was another contributing risk factor. The standard of the ventilation system, covering of the feed tank, cleaning of the house less frequently than once a year and use of litter were not associated with tuberculous lesions. 相似文献
13.
E. Simensen F. Hardeng T. Lunder 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Sciences》2013,63(3):187-193
Abstract Data from a questionnaire regarding housing factors were merged with data from the milk recording databases (herd mean annual milk yield per goat, somatic cell count (SCC) and bulk milk bacterial count), and the material included 235 herds. Associations with housing factors were tested at herd level and at individual goat level. Housing in insulated buildings with no access to outdoor areas during the winter season, expanded metal grating and no use of bedding predominated. None of the housing factors evaluated were significantly associated with milk yield. In herds using water nipples, SCC was lower compared to herds using water bowls. SCC was also lower in herds with milking facilities in separate milking stalls as compared with combined feeding milking stalls in common pens. No significant associations were found between housing factors and bacterial counts, but the counts were lower in herds with high average milk yields per goat. 相似文献
14.
In 1988, 315 lambs from 4 sheep (Ovis aries) herds comprised of 1003 animals were marked with silent mortality transmitters in Gammeldalen in Hedmark County, southern Norway. The aim was to identify causes of death and the so-called "hidden loss" of lambs on summer range. A total of 22 animals, 19 lambs and 3 ewes were found dead. Of these, 18 lambs were marked with radio transmitters. A total of 10 animals died of disease (45.5%) and 12 were killed by predators (54.5%). Of the 18 radio-located lambs, 6 died of disease (33.3%) and 12 due to predators (66.7%). Various common lamb diseases were diagnosed, e.g. lung, thoracic and intestinal infections. Eleven lambs were killed by lynx (Lynx lynx), a 12th was found chased to exhaustion, presumably by a predator. Use of mortality transmitters is concluded to be useful in investigating sheep losses on Norwegian ranges. 相似文献
15.
Laura A Kiehnbaum Alongkorn Amonsin Scott J Wells Vivek Kapur 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2005,17(4):311-315
The molecular ecology of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), the causative agent of Johne's disease, is not well understood in the United States. In this study, a DNA fingerprinting method, amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), was used to subtype the pathogen and assess the clonal diversity of MAP in Minnesota dairy herds. Fifty-six fecal culture test-positive isolates from various Minnesota counties and culture dates were analyzed in this study. The AFLP identified 11 profiles with 50% of isolates representing 1 major profile. The major profile was distributed across the state. The genetic diversity of bovine MAP clones in Minnesota based on AFLP analysis of this data appears to be relatively low. 相似文献
16.
We studied the prevalence of Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae serovar 61:k:1,5,(7) (S. IIIb 61:k:1,5,(7)) in 133 Norwegian sheep herds from throughout the country. We used a nested case-control study to identify major risk factors. Two pooled samples (one from lambs and one from adult sheep) were collected from each herd from (10 different) abattoirs. The regional prevalence varied from 0 to 45%, and was more prevalent in adults than in lambs. Sixteen of the 133 herds tested positive to S. IIIb 61:k:1,5,(7), and these positive herds were included in the questionnaire-based nested case-control part of the study. The controls were stratified according to abattoir. Above-median herd size, having white crossbreed sheep, and higher annual replacement percentage were the most evident risk factors. 相似文献
17.
Effect of a test and control program for bovine Johne's disease in Victorian dairy herds 1992 - 2002
OBJECTIVE: To report on progress in Johne's disease (JD) control in infected dairy herds participating in the Victorian Johne's disease Test and Control Program (TCP). PROCEDURE: Clinical histories and JD testing data recorded by the Department of Natural Resources and Environment (now called Department of Primary Industries) were analysed for 542 dairy herds participating in the TCP. The herds were required to conduct annual herd tests of cattle 2 years old and older with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), cull the reactors and manage the younger cattle to minimise infection. RESULTS: Testing of over 680,000 animals identified over 10,000 reactors giving an average prevalence of reactors at the first whole-herd test (T1) of 1.78%. There was a relatively rapid increase in the incidence of clinical disease before the TCP started and then it markedly declined. There was a slow and interrupted decline in reactor prevalence, with a marked peak occurring at the fourth herd test (T4). The average age of reactors and clinical cases was 5.7 and 5.9 years, respectively. Of the reactors and clinical cases detected during the TCP, 87% and 95% respectively, were born before the TCP started. Thirty herds completed the program by achieving three successive negative whole herd tests and 91 herds dropped out because of inability to comply with the agreed requirements of the program. There were no home-bred reactors born after the start of the program in 253 (47%) herds and of the 522 herds that were tested more than once, there were 319 (61%) herds in which no home-bred reactors were detected after the first year of testing. The number of ELISA positive animals detected at T1 appeared to be only about 26% of the animals from that round that subsequently became positive or developed clinical disease at later test rounds. CONCLUSION: The TCP caused a marked decline in the number of clinical cases, probably because animals in which clinical disease was imminent were detected by testing and removed. A reduction in prevalence of reactors occurred only when most herd members were born after the TCP started. The sensitivity of the ELISA appears to be low based on the large number of reactors that were negative at T1 but were positive at later tests. Low sensitivity of diagnostic tests and the long incubation period of the disease limits meaningful analysis of the program until it has continued for some years. Measures adopted in the TCP have not broken the cycle of infection in many participating herds. It is unsure if this was because of poor compliance with control recommendations or a poor understanding of methods of transmission by scientists. Eradication is not feasible in the short-term. 相似文献
18.
Background
Toxoplasma gondii is a major problem for the sheep industry as it may cause reproduction problems. The importance of T. gondii in Norwegian goat herds is uncertain, but outbreaks of toxoplasmosis in dairy goat farms have been recorded. The aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of T. gondii infection in Norwegian dairy goats by using serology.Findings
Goat serum originally collected as part of two nationwide surveillance and control programmes between 2002 and 2008 were examined for T. gondii antibodies by using direct agglutination test. In total, 55 of 73 herds (75%) had one or more serologically positive animals, while 377 of 2188 (17%) of the individual samples tested positive for T. gondii antibodies.Conclusions
This is the first prevalence study of T. gondii infection in Norwegian goats. The results show that Norwegian goat herds are commonly exposed to T. gondii. Nevertheless, the majority of goat herds have a low prevalence of antibody positive animals, which make them vulnerable to infections with T. gondii during the gestation period. 相似文献19.
Elbers AR Backx A Mintiens K Gerbier G Staubach C Hendrickx G van der Spek A 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2008,87(1-2):31-40
Data collected in the Netherlands during the Bluetongue serotype 8 (BTV-8) epidemic indicated that in outbreak cattle herds, predominantly dairy and nursing cows were clinically affected and not young stock, beef cattle, beef calves, or breeding animals. In outbreak sheep flocks, mainly ewes and - if present - rams, were clinically affected and not the lambs. Median morbidity rate in outbreak herds was 1.85 per 100 sheep-month at risk and 0.32 per 100 cattle-month at risk for sheep and cattle, respectively. The mean proportion of BT-affected animals in outbreak herds that recovered from clinical disease was approximately eight times higher for cattle compared to sheep in the Netherlands. Median mortality rate in outbreak herds was 0.5 per 100 sheep-month at risk of dying and 0 per 100 cattle-month at risk of dying for sheep and cattle, respectively. Median recovery time of both sheep and cattle that recovered from clinical disease in outbreak herds was 14 days. Median case fatality was 50% in sheep outbreak flocks and 0% in outbreak cattle herds. It is concluded that morbidity and mortality in outbreak cattle herds was very limited during the BTV-8 epidemic in the Netherlands in 2006. In outbreak sheep flocks, morbidity was limited, with exceptions for a few flocks. However, almost 50% of the clinically sick sheep died in outbreak sheep herds. 相似文献
20.
We assessed the prevalence of claw lesions, abnormal claw shapes and lameness in relation to most-recent claw-trimming routines in Norwegian dairy herds housed in tie stalls and free stalls. Equal-sized groups were randomly sampled from both tie and free stalls in each of the three most animal-dense regions in Norway. The study population consisted of 2551 cows of the Norwegian Red breed housed in 54 tie stalls and 52 free stalls. Fourteen educated claw trimmers performed claw trimming and recording of claw lesions once during the spring of 2002. A multivariable model including cluster effects and individual-cow factors was fit for each claw lesion and abnormal claw shape.
In tie-stall herds with routine trimming 39.9% of the cows had one or more lesions or abnormal shapes in front or hind claws versus 52.8% in herds with no routine trimming. Hind-claw results in tie stalls with concrete stall base: herds trimmed occasionally had more haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 2.8) and corkscrewed hind claws (OR = 3.6) versus herds trimmed routinely; herds never trimmed had more heel-horn erosions (OR = 2.6) versus herds trimmed routinely and less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and the sole (OR = 0.2) versus herds trimmed occasionally.
In free-stall herds with routine trimming 76.8% of the cows had one or more lesions or abnormal shapes in front or hind claws versus 68.9% in herds with no routine trimming. Hind-claw results in free stalls with concrete stall base: herds never trimmed had less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and the sole (OR = 0.3) versus herds trimmed routinely; and also less haemorrhages of the white line (OR = 0.3) and white-line fissures (OR = 0.3) versus herds trimmed occasionally. Hind-claw results in free stalls with rubber-mat stall base: herds trimmed occasionally had less heel-horn erosions (OR = 0.5) and more dermatitis (OR = 5.4) versus herds trimmed routinely.
The routine claw trimming performed in Norwegian free stalls has not had the desired effects on claw lesions and abnormal claw shapes. Routine trimming in tie stalls, however, seems to have prevented claw disorders. 相似文献