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1.
This paper reports the milk protein polymorphism, the allele frequencies of variants and the possible linkages among various combinations of milk protein phenotypes in the Kangayam cattle of south India. Milk samples from 156 Kangayam cows were typed by starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for caseins and whey proteins, respectively. All the four milk protein components studied, s1-casein, -casein, -lactoglobulin and -lactalbumin, exhibited polymorphism with high allele frequencies of 0.9231±0.0151 for s1-casein C, 0.9263±0.0148 for -casein A, 0.9135±0.0159 for -lactoglobulin B and a relatively high frequency of 0.6218±0.0275 for -lactalbumin A. The mean heterozygosity estimated over all the four milk protein loci was 0.2420. Genetic equilibrium was observed among all the loci studied, except -lactalbumin. Linkage analysis confirmed the non-independence between s1- and -caseins and between caseins and -lactalbumin phenotypes.  相似文献   

2.
This paper describes a study on the oestrous and ovarian activity and responses to prostaglandin F2 (PGF2) administration and artificial insemination in zebu heifers.Four cycling heifers were artificially infected with 5×106 Trypanosoma vivax organisms. Two heifers served as controls. Two injections of PGF2 were given 11 days apart, commencing at the peak of parasitaemia in the infected animals, followed by artificial insemination 72 and 96 h after the second administration of PGF2. Sera were analysed for progesterone by radioimmunoassay, while ovarian activity and oestrus were determined by rectal palpation and visual observation, respectively. All the infected heifers developed the clinical disease. All control and infected heifers had progesterone profiles consistent with luteolysis and the occurrence of oestrus following the second administration of PGF2. Progesterone levels did not return to normal luteal values in infected animals, however, whilst they did so in control animals. No control or infected heifers became pregnant.The findings suggest that PGF2 will induce a non- fertile oestrus in zebu heifers acutely infected with T. vivax. Re-ovulation is also inhibited within 22 days in a majority of infected animals.  相似文献   

3.
Persson Waller, K., Colditz, I.G., Flapper, P. and Seow, H.-F., 1997. Leukocyte and cytokine accumulation in the ovine teat and udder during endotoxin-induced inflammation. Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (2), 101-115The accumulation of leukocytes, ovine serum albumin and the cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukin-8 (IL-8), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interferon- (IFN-) was studied during endotoxin-induced inflammation in lactating and dry ovine udders, and in the teat cisterns of dry ewes after surgical closure of the passage between the teat and udder cisterns. Samples were taken before infusion and hourly up to 10 h after infusion of 0.1, 1 or 10 µg of endotoxin, or infusion of pyrogen-free saline (PFS) as a control. Rectal temperatures were measured.A significant dose- and time-dependent accumulation of leukocytes, mainly neutrophils, was observed in the lactating udders and in the teat cisterns. In the dry udders, the leukocyte accumulation was significant for time but not for dose. Peak numbers of cells were reached at 3-4 h in the dry udders and in the teat cisterns, but not until 10 h after infusion in the lactating udders. The changes in the ovine serum albumin concentrations mostly paralleled changes in leukocyte numbers.A role was indicated for TNF-, IL-8 and GM-CSF, but not for IL-1 and IFN-, during endotoxin-induced inflammation in the ovine udder. Release of TNF-, IL-8 and GM-CSF was most prominent in lactating udders, peaking at 2 or 3 h after infusion, but was also detected in dry udders and teat cisterns. Detectable levels of IL-1 and IFN- were occasionally found in all three groups.  相似文献   

4.
The number of -motoneurons in the spinal cord segments C6 to Th2 of five calves with Arthrogryposis Multiplex Congenita (AMC) and of five normal calves was compared. A statistically highly significant reduction in the number of -motoneurons in segment C6 was observed in the affected calves. Two hypotheses to explain the effect of these findings were proposed. Firstly, it was thought that AMC may result from paresis of some muscles of the girdle, shoulder and elbow. Secondly, it was postulated that the decrease in the number of -motoneurons in C6 may have induced a radial nerve dysfunction resulting in AMC.This work was supported by the IWONL, Brussels, Belgium.  相似文献   

5.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the variability of the peak systolic (PAPs) and the end diastolic (PAPd) pulmonary arterial pressures induced by intrapleural pressure changes in cattle.The pleural pressure (Ppl), the electrocardiogram and the pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) were simultaneously recorded in five healthy calves under three different conditions, i.e. normoxia (N), normoxia with an added airflow resistance (R) and hypoxia (H). PAPs, PAPd and their corresponding transmural pressures were measured and averaged over 10 successive regular cardiac cycles. The maximum Ppl changes (maxPpl) were measured on the same tracings. The variance and coefficients of variation were calculated for each set of vascular measurements.MaxPpl was significantly increased with regard to N values during R and H conditions. This increase in maxPpl induced a simultaneous rise in the variability of PAP measurements, while in each condition, this variability was greatly lowered by use of the corresponding transmural pressure.It was concluded that, in calves with high maxPpl, the influence of respiration on PAP becomes considerable. In such cases, the use of transmural pressures rather than luminal pressures can greatly reduce the variability of these pulmonary pressure measurements and therefore increase their sensitivity.  相似文献   

6.
Stress, stressors and the stress response are terms which represent concepts rather than oeing precisely definable. No single theory of stress has been universally accepted. Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome of stress remains the primary theory for the basis of stress research in food-producing animals; however, other concepts and theories have been developed. This paper reviews current theories and suggests that the complexity of research on stress in food-producing animals can be attributed to the lack of concrete theories and concepts regarding identifiable stressors, the endocrine responses stimulated by potential stressors and the complex and integrated biological changes in the neuro-endocrine system resulting from exposure to hypothesized stressors.  相似文献   

7.
During the past decade it has been discovered that vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is converted into 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in the liver and that this compound in converted in the kidney into 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. These metabolites and particularly 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol, rather than vitamin D itself, have powerful effects on calcium metabolism, stimulating the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract and the resorption of calcium from bone. A synthetic analogue of these metabolites, 1-hydroxycholecalciferol, is rapidly converted in the liver into 1, 25-dihycroxycholecalciferol. Thus the two metabolites and the synthetic analogue may be valuable for the prevention on treatment of milk fever.The three compounds, when administered in doses ranging from 0.5 to 32g/kg bodyweight increase the concentrations of calcium and phosphorus in the blood plasma of cattle more quickly than much larger doses of vitamin D3. Their principal effect is to stimulate the absorption of calcium from the gastrointestinal tract. At the same time they decrease the plasma concentration of magnesium slightly. Trials of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and 1-hydroxycholecalciferol in the prevention of milk fever have shown promising results.
Kurzfassung Im vergangenen Jahrzehnt hat man festgestellt, dass das Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) in der Leber in 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol umgewandelt wird und die Nieren diese Verbindung wiederum in 1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol umbilden. Mehr noch als Vitamin D selbst zeigen diese Metaboliten und hier insbesondere das 1, 25-Dihydroxychlecalciferol umfangreiche Auswirkungen auf den Kalziummetabolismus, indem sie die Kalziumabsorption aus dem Magen-Darmtrakt und die Kalziumresorption der Knochen anregen. Ein synthetischer Analogstoff zu diesen Metaboliten, das 1- Hydroxycholecalciferol, wird in der Leber rasch in 1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol umgewandelt. Die beiden Metaboliten und der synthetische Analogwirkstoff könnten daher für die Milchfieberprophylaxe bzw-therapie von Nutzen sein.Werden die drei Verbindungen in Dosen von 0,5 bis 32g/kg Körpergewicht verabreicht, so erhöht sich die Kalzium-und Phosphorkonzentration im Blutplasma der Kühe schneller als bei bedeutend höheren Dosen von Vitamin D3. Ihre Hauptwirkung liegt in der Anregung der Kalzium-absorption aus dem Magen-Darmtrakt. Gleichzeitig bauen sie jedoch auch in geringfügigem masse die Magnesiumkonzentration im Plasma ab. Versuche mit 25-Hydroxycholecalciferol und 1-Hydroxycholecalciferol haben bei der Milchfieberprophylaxe vielversprechende Ergebnisse gezeigt.
Resume Au cours de la dernière décennie, on a découvert que la vitamine D3 (cholécalciférol) se transformait en 25-hydroxycholécalciférol dans le foie et que ce composé se transformait en 1, 25-dihydroxy-cholécalciférol dans le rein. Ces métabolites, et en particulier le 1, 25-dihydroxycholécalciférol, ont, plus que la vitamine D elle-même, des effets puissants sur le métabolisme du calcium: ils stimulent l'absorption du calcium de l'appareil gastrointestinal et la résorption du calcium des os. Une substance homologue synthétique de cés metabolites, le 1-hydroxycholécalciférol, se transforme rapidement en 1, 25-dihydroxycholécalciférol dans le foie. Les deux métabolites et la substance homologue synthétique peuvent donc s'avérer précieux dans la prévention ou le traitement de la fièvre laiteuse.Administrés en doses allant de 0,5 à 32g/kg de poids corporel, ces trois composés augmentent les concentrations de calcium et de phosphore dans le plasma sanguin du bétail plus rapidement que des doses beaucoup plus fortes de vitamine D3. Ils ont pour principal effet de stimuler l'absorption du calcium de l'appareil gastro-intestinal. Simultanément, ils réduisent légèrement la concentration de magnésium dans le plasma. Les essais d'utilisation du 25-hydroxycholécalciférol et du 1-hydroxycholécalciférol pour la prévention de la fièvre laiteuse ont donné des résultats prometteurs.
Riassunto Nel corso dell'ultimo decennio si è scoperto che la vitamina D3 (colecalciferolo) viene trasformata nel fegato in 25-idrossicolecalciferolo, il quale, a sua volta, si trasforma nel rene in 1, 25-diidrossicolecalciferolo. Detti metaboliti, ed in specie l'1, 25-diidrossicolecalciferolo., più che la stessa vitamina D, hanno potenti effetti sul metabolismo del calcio, poichè ne stimolano l'assorbimento da parte dell' apparato digerente e l'anabolizzazione da parte delle ossa. Un composto sintetico analogo di questi metobiliti, l'1, idrossicolecalciferolo, viene rapidamente trasformato nel fegato in 1, 25-diidrossicolecalciferolo. Perciò i due metaboliti e il composto sintetico analogo possono essere utili per la profilassi e la cura della febbre da latte.I tre composti, se somministrati in dosi da 0.5 a 32g/kg peso corporeo, aumentano la concentrazione del calcio e del fosforo nel plasma sanguigno del bestiame più rapidamente di dosi molto maggiori di vitamina D3. Il loro effetto principale è quello di stimolare l'assorbimento del calcio da parte dell'apparato digerente. Contemporaneamente, essi riducono leggermente la concentrazione di magnesio nel plasma. Esperimenti con il 25-idrossicolecalciferolo nella profilassi della febbre da latte hanno dato risultati promettenti.
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8.
Seven calves were fed a mixture of bog plants containing 15 g (wet matter)Narthecium ossifragum per kg live weight for two consecutive days. Their serum creatinine, urea and magnesium concentrations increased, whereas the serum calcium concentration decreased. Histopathological examination of the kidneys of the 5 calves that were killed revealed tubular epithelial cell degeneration and necrosis. There were signs of liver dysfunction in all the calves including increased aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) and -glutamyltransferase activities.All the calves refused to ingestN. ossifragum after 2 days feeding, and their appetite for hay and concentrate was also reduced. It can be concluded thatN. ossifragum is nephrotoxic and hepatotoxic to calves.Abbreviations ALP alkaline phosphatase - ASAT aspartate aminotransferase - -HBA -hydroxybutyric acid - CK creatine kinase - d.m. dry matter - -GT -glutamyltransferase - GFR glomerular filtration rate - GLDH glutamate dehydrogenase - MCV mean cell volume - RBC red blood cells - SEM standard error of the mean - WBC white blood cells - w.m. wet matter  相似文献   

9.
Pulmonary function tests were performed in six healthy calves. Prostaglandin F2 causes severe narrowing of both upper and lower airways (total lung resistance increased, dynamic compliance decreased). Clenbuterol administered intravenously fifteen minutes prior to prostaglandin F2 aerosol, and in increasing doses (0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 g/kg), on days 1, 2, 4 and 6 of the experiment, effectively but not entirely suppressed these responses.These data indicate that -adrenergic receptors are present in the bovine airways and that the use of clenbuterol (0.8 g/kg) may be effective in treating clinical respiratory disease such as bronchopneumonia in calves.  相似文献   

10.
The effects of some 2-adrenoceptor agonists and of the 2-adrenoceptor antagonist atipamezole on food intake and ruminal contractions were studied in dwarf goats. Detomidine, 0.2 µg/kg per min for 10 min, failed to modify food intake during either the first or second observation period (0–30 min and 180–210 min after drug infusion, respectively). Given at a higher dose rate (0.4 µg/kg per min for 10 min), the drug inhibited food consumption during the first observation period, but stimulated food intake during the second period. A similar pattern was observed after IV infusion with medetomidine (0.2 µg/kg per min for 10 min), romifidine (0.4 µg/kg per min for 10 min) or xylazine (1 µg/kg per min for 10 min). The 2-antagonist atipamezole (2 µg/kg per min for 10 min) failed to modify food intake during either the first or second observation period. After treatment with atipamezole, the effects of 2-agonists on feeding behaviour were completely antagonized.The 2-agonists administered at similar dose rates to those used in the food intake experiments induced bradycardia, decreases in body temperature and inhibition of ruminal contractions. The inhibition of ruminal contractions induced by romifidine was partly antagonized by atipamezole pre-treatment. These findings demonstrate that the 2-agonist-induced changes in ruminal contractions do not simply cause changes in feeding behaviour. The drop in body temperature induced by 2-agonists was prevented by atipamezole pre-treatment, whereas the induced bradycardia was not modified by this 2-antagonist.Abbreviations IV intravenous - SEM standard error of the mean  相似文献   

11.
The kinetics of the production of interferon gamma (IFN-) in whole blood culture and its comparison with anti-listeriolysin O (ALLO) detection by ELISA were studied during oral infection of calves with Listeria monocytogenes. Culture filtrate antigen (CFA), listeriolysin O (LLO), and sonicated antigen (SA) were used to prime the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the plasma from orally infected calves. IFN- and ALLO appeared as early as day 7 of an oral infection. IFN- was detected earlier with LLO than with SA. The Max50 interleukin (IL-2) activity and IFN- estimated in the culture supernatant from PBMCs primed in vitro with different antigens of L. monocytogenes revealed high induction of IL-2 and IFN- by CFA, LLO and live antigen. IFN- assay and ALLO detection were used for testing cases of repeat breeding in dairy cattle. It appeared that detection of IFN- employing LLO can be used to diagnose listerial infections.  相似文献   

12.
The objective of the experiment was to compare the reproductive post-partum performance of beef cows synchronized for oestrus using prostaglandin F2 (PGF2) alone or with a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-based drug. Fifty-five post-partum lactating Tuli cows were randomly allocated to three groups. Two groups were synchronized using either two injections of PGF2 (500 g Prosolvin per injection) given 11 days apart (group 1), or GnRH (12.5 g Receptal per injection) followed 6 days later by an injection of 500 g PGF2 (group 2). The cows were bred by artificial insemination 12 h after they were observed in oestrus. Group 3 was synchronized as for group 2, but a second injection of GnRH was given 54 h after the PGF2 injection, at which time the cows were bred by artificial insemination (AI) without detection of oestrus. Blood samples were taken from the cows in group 3 and analysed for progesterone concentration to establish which cows were cycling and in oestrus before and at the time of breeding. Detection of oestrus and breeding by AI was done over 60 days. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) among the three groups in the first service and total conception rates. The percentage of cows in oestrus within 10 days of the synchronization treatment was not significantly different (p>0.05) between groups 1 and 2. The progesterone concentrations in the cows in group 3 showed that only those that were cycling at the start of the experiment responded to the synchronization treatment and conceived after fixed-time breeding. These results suggest that combinations of PGF2 and GnRH may be of value in synchronizing oestrus and controlling breeding in Tuli cows. However, the benefit might be greater if only cows that are known to be cycling are bred in this way.  相似文献   

13.
The purposes of the study were to obtain the confidence intervalsfor serum fructosamine concentrations in unweaned and early weaned calves, to verify the changes in this glycated protein during growth, when glucaemia declines, and to assess the changes in both parameters attributable to stress or alarm. Sixty out of 120 suckling half-bred zebu calves (60–75 days old) were weaned at day 0 and then received a commercial balanced diet, while the remainder continued to suck. Blood samples were taken at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 60, 90 and 120 days and the serum fructosamine and glucose concentrations were measured by conventional methods. Both biochemical parameters declined with time, but there were no statistical differences between the unweaned and weaned calves. The fall in fructosamine concentration correlated significantly with the decline in glucose concentrations in both groups. The confidence interval for fructosamine concentration decreased with age, from 294–303 mol/L at 2 months old to 215–232 mol/L at 6 months old. At the same time, glucaemia declined from 7.5–8.6 mmol/L to 4.8–5.3 mmol/L. Acute elevations in glucaemia, especially in the younger calves, were attributed to alarms, such as those caused by handling and blood extraction. The absence of resultant increases in fructosamine concentration discounts the existence of prolonged hyperglucaemias (stress) in early weaned calves.  相似文献   

14.
The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypothesis that drug-induced changes in rumen contractions influence feed intake in dwarf goats. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of clonidine (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 10 min), xylazine (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 10 min), and PGF-2 (10 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) caused bradycardia and inhibition of rumen contractions. However, no appetite-stimulating effect of these drugs was observed. Other clinical changes induced by the 2-adrenergic agonists included slight sedation and a decrease in body temperature; all clinical effects of clonidine and xylazine were partly antagonized by tolazoline pretreatment (10 g kg-1 min-1 for 30 min). These results suggest that the CNS control of feeding differs in ruminants and monogastric species.In dwarf goats fasted for 2 h, i.v. administration of oxytocin (0.01 IU kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), vasopressin (0.01 IU kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), octapressin (0.003 IU kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) or PGE (0.8 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) did not change feeding behaviour during the two observation periods (0–30 min and 180–210 min after drug infusion, respectively). In previous studies, similar doses of these drugs induced changes in heart rate and inhibition of rumen contraction in goats. These findings demonstrate that drug-induced changes in forestomach contractions do not simply cause changes in feeding behaviour. The i.v. infusion of the PGF2 analogues etiproston (10 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), luprostiol (30 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), cloprostenol (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) and tiaprost (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) induced hypophagic effects and stimulated intestinal propulsion.  相似文献   

15.
The pathogenicity and immunosuppressive properties of two field isolates of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and five commercial IBDV live virus vaccines marketed in India were evaluated in this study. The pathogenicity of the wild type viruses and vaccines were based on mortality, the bursa:body weight ratio and microscopic lesions in the bursa in 3-week-old chicks that received these viruses. The immunosuppressive effects of these viruses were evaluated by measuring the antibody responses to sheep red blood cells, Brucella abortus plain antigen and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine in one-day-old chicks. One field isolate (N35/93) was found to be more pathogenic and immunosuppressive than the other (N45/92) while none of the commercial mild Lukert type vaccines were found to be pathogenic. One of the vaccine strains marked as Mild Lukert type was highly immunosuppressive; one was moderate and one could be classified as mild. Both the intermediate vaccines tested were highly immunosuppressive.  相似文献   

16.
A pharmacokinetic study of doxycycline after intravenous administration at 5 mg/kg body weight in goats revealed that a concentration of 0.5 g/ml was maintained for 5 min-2 h, 4–12 h, 2–12 h and 5 min- >48 h in plasma, interstitial fluid, milk and urine respectively. The low t1/2 of 0.73±0.11 h and high t1/2 of 16.63±1.58 h show that the drug is rapidly distributed but slowly eliminated from the body. The tissue:plasma concentration of 4.86±1.06 during the elimination phase [K12/(K21-)] indicates a high expected tissue concentration, which is supported by similarly increased drug concentration in interstitial fluid and milk. The high Vdarea of 9.78±0.86 L/kg observed denotes that, apart from its wide distribution, the drug may be stored in fat depots as it is known to be highly lipophilic. As the drug maintained a therapeutic concentration for a shorter time in plasma, and the calculated dose rate for maintaining a minimal plasma concentration of 0.5–1.5 g/ml is relatively high, it may not be of much use in treating septicaemia in this species. Since the observed tissue:plasma concentration was higher and a therapeutic concentration was maintained in interstitial fluid and milk for longer, the drug can be used for other systemic infections at a lower dose rate than that required for treating septicaemia. As the drug maintained a very high concentration in urine, it may be of particular value in treating urinary tract infections caused by sensitive micro-organisms.  相似文献   

17.
Strips of smooth muscle from the pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, trachea and bronchus of calves were incubated in an organ bath with 3-methylindole (3MI) and 3-methyloxindole (3MOI). 3MI and 3MOI (5–640 g/ml) did not cause contraction of any of the isolated smooth muscle preparations. No evidence for the release of mediators of anaphylaxis was obtained when chopped bovine lung preparations were incubated with 3MI (20 g/ml) and 3MOI (25 g/ml). Results of the present work diminish the possibility that the pneumotoxic effect of 3MI is due to a primary hydrodynamic imbalance across the alveolocapillary membrane resulting in excess filtration over reabsorption.  相似文献   

18.
An indirect enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) for detection of bovine antibody toBrucella abortus was modified by the addition of divalent chelating agents to the serum diluent. This addition resulted in an increase in specificity from 96.0% in the regular assay to 99.4% in the modified procedure. Of the 15 715 sera initially tested by the indirect ELISA, 691 that had given positive reactions were selected for retesting in the indirect ELISA with EDTA/EGTA added. The buffered plate antigen test (BPAT) correctly identified 98.6% of the samples as negative. The addition of chelating agents did not alter the sensitivity of the indirect ELISA, which correctly classified 609 sera from animals from whichB. abortus had been isolated as positive. The sensitivity of the BPAT was 97.8%.Abbreviations ABTS 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonic acid) - BPAT buffered plate antigen test - EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt - EGTA ethylene glycol-bis(-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid - ELISA enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay - IgG1 immuno- globulin G1 - IgM immunoglobulin M - Tris tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane  相似文献   

19.
Growth rates of muscle relative to empty body weight were computed for the Peppin Merino, a breed of sheep considered unimproved for meat production. Rates of muscle increase in the Merino sheep were comparable to growth coefficients reported for the Romney and Southdown breeds which were tabulated separately by sex. Pooled data for the Lincoln, Hampshire, Southdown, Suffolk and Welsh breeds were analyzed relative to empty body weight.No significant difference in muscle growth rates were found in direct comparisons based on starved body weights for the Romney and Southdown breeds (Fourie et al., 1970). From the standpoint of conformation these breeds might be expected to differ in muscle growth rate as the Romney is considered a leggy sheep and the Southdown a blocky animal. Growth coefficients for muscle in the Romney, Southdown and several other breeds were very similar to the Peppin Merino.  相似文献   

20.
Two batches of experimental media containing 10% milk whey (sweet or sour) and 1% bovine serum supported the growth of BHK-21 cells in serial passages. The cell yield was greater than 2×106/ml at 48 h. The cells were susceptible to inoculation with foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus type A and the virus titres obtained were comparable with those in Eagle's MEM-G with 10% serum. The use of milk whey could reduce the consumption of serum required for the growth of FMD virus in BHK-21 cells by up to 90%.  相似文献   

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