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1.
Widespread use of highly toxic pesticides primarily for agricultural purpose has generated increasing concerns about the negative impact of pesticides on human health and the environment. Integrated pest management (IPM) usually seeks to minimize the use of pesticides and can be utilized to solve pest problems while minimizing risks to people and the environment. A total of 220 vegetable farmers in Nakhon Ratchasima Province of Thailand was interviewed with the objective of investigating the factors determining their adoption or non-adoption of IPM practices. The findings demonstrated that farmers had different uncompromising reasons for determining the use of IPM for their insect pest management. Higher costs of insecticides (91%), adverse effects of insecticides on human health and the environment (80%), and a greater risk of insect pests developing resistance to insecticides (28%) were the primary reasons for the adoption of IPM by vegetable growers in the study area. The reasons for the rejection of IPM practice were unsuitability of IPM for a large farm (52%), implementation difficulties (80%) and a greater belief in synthetic insecticides and their efficacy for target pest control (39%). A comparison between the IPM and the non-IPM farmers showed a significant difference (P < 0.01) in farmers' knowledge of pest management, which influenced IPM adoption or non-adoption. The IPM farmers had greater knowledge about identifying natural enemies and their beneficial role in controlling insect pests, about plant extracts and their efficacy in controlling insect pests and about sticky traps and their efficacy in monitoring natural enemies and controlling insect pests. For example, 24% of IPM farmers had knowledge of natural enemies whereas it was only 4% for the non-IPM farmers. A logistic regression model was fitted which showed that lower cost of pest management, better knowledge on IPM after training and availability of extension services were the factors which influenced farmers' adoption of IPM practice. The non-IPM farmers rejected adoption of IPM due to the common belief that natural enemies would not be effective in controlling insect pests and yields of vegetables would not be increased by practicing IPM. 相似文献
2.
Weedy rice, an emerging problem in Asia, increases production costs and reduces farmers' income through yield reduction and through lowered rice value at harvest. Rice farmers in many Asian countries are shifting from transplanting to direct seeding; however, due to physical and physiological similarities of weedy rice to cultivated rice and the absence of standing water at the time of crop emergence, adoption of direct-seeded rice systems makes weedy rice infestation one of the most serious problems. Selective herbicides to control weedy rice in conventional rice cultivars are not available and therefore managing weedy rice is a challenging and increasing problem for farmers in Asia. In the absence of selective herbicides, various cultural weed management strategies may help reduce the problem of weedy rice. These strategies may include the use of clean seeds and machinery, use of stale seedbed practice, thorough land preparation, rotation of different rice establishment methods, use of high seeding rate and row-seeded crop, use of purple-coloured cultivars, use of flooding, and adoption of crop rotation. 相似文献
3.
Grain legumes play an important role in community livelihood and in the national economy in Kenya. Unfortunately, in many African countries, production doesn't satisfy the demand in grains due to various constrains. Understanding farmers practices and behavior in the management of grain legume pests is a crucial step in the development of sustainable management strategies. A total of 216 farmers were surveyed in eight districts of eastern Kenya to evaluate farmers' knowledge and perceptions of grain legume pests; to examine current pest management practices, and to identify other production constraints. Grain legumes are grown by a wide age-group of farmers, with both genders equally represented. Chemical control remains the main pest management strategy, and, to ensure pesticide effectiveness, farmers also use increased application rates, chemical alternation, frequent application and mixtures of chemicals. While farmers used other control measures, they showed only limited interest in biological control. The majority of the farmers had experience in grain legume farming and were able to identify the major pests, which were the legume flower thrips Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom, the cowpea aphid Aphis craccivora Koch and the legume pod borer Maruca vitrata Fabricius. Our survey revealed that education and proximity to extension services contributed significantly to farmers' knowledge of grain legume pests, suggesting the need to provide continuous training and capacity building on integrated pest management in grain legume farming. The study also suggests integration of other pest management strategies such as the use of early maturing varieties, biopesticides and biofertilizer to reduce the use of chemical for sustainable pest management. 相似文献
4.
In this study, 151 households were randomly drawn from three randomly selected Kebele in probability proportional to size method. The demographic and socio-economic factors that determine the participation in improved varieties were household labor availability, education level of the household head, land holdings, distance to the nearest village market, proximity to the main market, and distance to access agricultural extension and access to the source of rice seeds. However, determinants of choice decision varied from cultivar to cultivar. The evidence of the study from the interdependence among the decision of adoption of improved rice varieties suggested that technology adoption will be accelerated by launching a progressively developing package and scheme of rice technology generation, and points to the importance of mobilising additional resources to augment households’ efforts at popularization and promotion of improved rice cultivars. The findings from Linearized Almost Ideal Demand Systems (LA/AIDS) model showed that compelling evidence for small proportion changes in own prices and cross price of improved rice varieties led to greater than unitary proportionate changes in their purchases. The results generally showed that farmers were very sensitive to changes in improved rice seed prices and incomes. The major implication of the findings was that any intervention to improve farmers’ seed purchases should take into account efforts to increase farmers’ purchasing power of agricultural inputs like improved seeds and fertilizers. 相似文献
5.
Solmaz Nadaf Fahmideh Mohammad Sadegh Allahyari Christos A. Damalas Zahara Daghighi Masouleh Mona Ghazi 《Paddy and Water Environment》2017,15(4):907-917
Factors affecting the adoption of double cropping were explored in rice farms of Fouman County of Guilan Province in northern Iran using artificial neural networks (ANNs), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and logistic regression (LGR). Eleven factors (age, education, occupation, family size, type of farm ownership, distance to the agricultural service center, attending agricultural extension courses, use of financial resources and bank loans, number of domestic animals, area under cultivation, and social participation) were examined. An additional objective was to compare the ability of the three models in predicting the adoption of double cropping. ANNs showed an overall predictive power of 89.8%. LDA showed an overall predictive power of 83.2%, with seven of the eleven independent variables being effective on the adoption of double cropping. LGR indicated an overall predictive power of 87.6%, with eight of the eleven independent variables being effective on the adoption of double-rice cropping. ANNs showed higher power than LGR and LDA in predicting the adoption of double cropping. Based on all three methods used for analysis, the most important independent variables were social participation and area under cultivation (positive factors) as well as distance to the agricultural service center and family members (negative factors). Establishment of cooperatives or other kinds of farmers’ associations to foster social participation could motivate adoption of double cropping, particularly among small-scale farmers. To increase agricultural services, more local centers should be created in rural areas. The government should promote double cropping through effective incentives and technology transfer to small-scale farmers. 相似文献
6.
《Field Crops Research》1999,61(1):61-78
Green manure (GM) is not superior to organic fertilizer in terms of agronomic efficiency. Use of GM destabilizes rice yield, and has higher unit production cost than N fertilizers. It produces higher cereal yields in farmers' field, but gives negative or trivial returns in the short-term conditions. When compared with grain legumes (GL) grown under similar conditions, GM is not economical both in the short- and long-term conditions. Integrating GL in the existing cropping system without disturbing the main crops in the system appears to have a greater chance of adoption, and may also provide long-term economic benefits to low-land rice-based systems. The economic feasibility of GM can be improved by enhancing its use as food and feed, which will improve its short-term advantage. The lesson for developing technologies in future is that they should have economic benefits in the short-term, otherwise these will be rejected by farmers, despite their long-term advantages. 相似文献
7.
Weedy rice is a great threat to rice production in Sri Lanka. Selective herbicides to manage weedy rice in conventional rice cultivars are not available in Sri Lanka. In the absence of appropriate chemical control measures, cultural approaches may help to achieve effective control of weedy rice. A study was conducted in two consecutive seasons in farmers' fields at three sites (Atalla, Samanthurai, and Girithale villages) in Sri Lanka to evaluate the effect of different establishment methods (farmers' practice, random broadcast, row seeding, seedling broadcast, and transplanted rice) on weedy rice infestation and rice yield. The farmers' practice had a higher number of weedy rice panicles (60–80 m−2) than the random broadcast (39–48 panicles m−2), seedling broadcast (3–15 panicles m−2), and transplanted rice (1.3–3.0 panicles m−2) methods. The use of clean rice seeds in the random broadcast method reduced weedy rice seed production by 29–41% compared with the farmers' practice (0.6–2.0 t ha−1). Compared with the farmers' practice, the seedling broadcast method reduced weedy rice seed production by 71–87% and transplanted rice by 95–98%; and increased rice yield by 27–49% (7.5–9.1 t ha−1). At all three sites, the farmers' practice resulted in the lowest grain yield (5.1–6.7 t ha−1). Compared with the farmers' practice, the random broadcast and row seeding methods increased rice yield by up to 21% and 31%, respectively. The findings suggest that the use of clean rice seeds, the use of a row-seeded crop, and the adoption of different rice planting methods may help to suppress the spread of weedy rice. 相似文献
8.
利用16个茶叶主产省2 210份茶农调查数据,借助Logit模型分析了影响茶农绿色防控技术采用行为的因素。结果表明,茶农采用绿色防控技术受个人特征、家庭特征、茶园经营特征和组织与技术服务特征4个方面的因素影响,其中组织与技术服务特征因素的影响最大。具体来看,年龄、家庭人口规模和茶园规模对茶农采用绿色防控技术有显著的负向影响;农残限量标准认知、家庭年收入、组织化程度、技术培训和技术交流对茶农采用绿色防控技术有显著的积极影响。了解农残限量标准的茶农采用绿色防控技术的概率约是不了解的2倍;家庭收入每增加1万元,技术采用发生比相对增加2%;加入合作社的茶农采用绿色防控技术的概率是未加入的1.73倍;茶农参加病虫害防治培训次数每增加1次,技术采用发生比提升为原来的150%。受教育程度、打工收入占比、农药价格敏感性等因素在本研究中对茶农绿色防控技术采用的影响不显著。由此,有关政府部门需要通过增强茶农组织化程度,加强农户病虫害防治培训,降低技术使用成本等手段促进农户绿色防控技术的采用,以便实现绿色农业。 相似文献
9.
Selecting appropriate strategies for pest control has become an issue of major concern, but research on decision making regarding this issue is limited. An analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach for selecting strategies for the management of rice stem borer [Chilo suppressalis (Walker)] in paddy fields of Sari county of Mazandaran province in Iran was developed. Agricultural faculty members, experts of a local plant protection unit, local extension agents, and elite farmers in the study area participated in the project to determine the suitability of four common pest control methods (i.e., chemical control, cultural control, biological control, pheromone trapping) for rice stem borer management, based on 10 main criteria and 32 sub-criteria identified through pertinent literature and focus group discussions. All the examined alternatives of pest control were preferred to some extent for rice stem borer management. Control effectiveness, relative advantages, social usefulness, and technical support were the most important criteria for assessing strategies for rice stem borer management, followed by observability, ease of use, trialability, farmer's self-efficacy, compatibility, and farm characteristics. Overall, chemical control ranked first, being superior to the other three methods with respect to six main criteria of the model (relative advantages, trialability, observability, farmer's self-efficacy, farm characteristics, and control effectiveness). Biological control ranked second at the overall level, being superior to cultural control and pheromone trapping in the three remaining main criteria (i.e., technical support, compatibility, and social usefulness). Pheromone trapping ranked first only with respect to ease of use criteria. The proposed model constitutes a flexible tool for decision making in pest control with high applicability among policy makers in the government and local agricultural office and extension agents; it could greatly assist extension programs to effectively select strategies for rice stem borer management or similar pest problems in various agricultural sites. 相似文献
10.
Since its introduction in the mid-2000s, the apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck) has spread throughout Ecuador's southern lowlands. This paper collates information from government surveys, farmer interviews and roadside mapping to track the distribution and rate of spread of the snail. The paper also examines the impact on the rice (Oryza sativa L.) sector of the snail invasion and farmers' preferred management practices in response to high snail densities. Since its initial introduction, and following severe flooding in Guayas and Los Rios Provinces during 2008, the snail has invaded most of Ecuador's major rice-growing regions. The snail invasion of Ecuador has been fundamentally different from other regional invasions because of the presence of a specialized snail predator, the snail kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis Vieillot. Snail kite densities increased in response to the snail invasion, but snail densities have remained high, particularly in areas of ‘stepped rice’ – where rice is planted to floodplains in response to natural receding of water levels. The Ecuadorean government responded to the snail invasion by investing in data collection, farmer training and molluscicide distribution. Farmers have overwhelmingly opted to control the snails using insecticides and molluscicides despite training in alternative control methods; however, farmers have experienced increased rice damage from insects and diseases that may be associated with high pesticide use. Farmers perceive snail kites as beneficial predators, but have not been pro-active in enhancing kite numbers or their efficiency. We present a series of recommendations for sustainable apple snail management in Ecuador. 相似文献
11.
本文以吉林省玉米种植农户为研究样本开展实地调研,通过二元Logistic回归模型分析探究兼业化程度对玉米种植农户农地经营权转出行为影响的作用机理,为加快农地经营权流转进程相关政策决策提供依据。回归结果显示,兼业化在一定程度上影响了农户的农地经营权转出行为。首先,非农户与二兼农户更愿意参与农地经营权转出,即农户收入中非农收入比例越高,农户越愿意转出农地;其次,农户兼业劳动力人口比越高,农户越愿意转出农地经营权。同时,研究发现户主最高学历、户主健康状况、家庭年收入、农机具总价值、流转价格认知都对农户参与农地经营权转出行为有一定的影响。为促进玉米种植农户农地经营权快速流转,应提高农业兼业化程度。 相似文献
12.
Aflatoxins, produced by the fungi Aspergillus flavus Link ex Fries and Aspergillus parasiticus Speare, are the major toxins affecting the quality of groundnuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) meant for human consumption. Groundnuts can be infected with aflatoxin-producing fungi pre-harvest, at harvest and post-harvest. This survey was conducted in Gujarat province in India in order to assess farmers’ and other stakeholders’ (extension staff and traders) perceptions and knowledge of aflatoxin contamination of groundnuts and to evaluate the agronomic and market practices used to manage it. The survey investigated the effects of the socioeconomic background of the farmers. The results showed that the socioeconomic and psychological characteristics, viz. education, caste, farm size, social participation, extension participation, market orientation, economic motivation, innovativeness and perception had positive and significant associations with farmers’ knowledge. The extension staff and traders had a good understanding of the problem and of the importance of managing aflatoxin contamination but farmers did not. Farmers’ who practised effective crop husbandry in order to increase production were unwittingly managing aflatoxin contamination to some extent. Their marketing practises showed that the problem of aflatoxin contamination was neglected at both the production and marketing stages. We suggest that extension agencies need to train farmers in the use of biological control agents, post-harvest management and identification of aflatoxin contamination. Partnerships need to be forged between research institutions, the departments of agriculture of various states, marketing agencies, NGOs, farmers’ groups, consumer groups, agrochemical manufacturers and other stakeholders in order to develop strategies for addressing the problem of aflatoxin contamination. 相似文献
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14.
Rice production is affected by climate change, while climate change is simultaneously accelerated by methane gas (CH4) emissions from paddy fields. The rice sector must take suitable mitigation measures, such as prolonging mid-summer drainage (MSD) before the rice flowering period. To propose a mitigation policy, this study aims to demonstrate the environmental and economic effects of MSD in Japanese paddy fields by using a dynamic, spatial computable general equilibrium (CGE) model and crop model; the study also considers environmental subsidies with a carbon tax scheme to promote MSD measures. The results demonstrate that climate change under the 8.5 representative concentration pathway (RCP) scenario will reduce rice prices and rice farmers’ nominal income due to bumper harvests until the 2050s. Promoting MSD in paddy fields can prevent a decrease in farmers’ nominal income and effectively reduce CH4 emissions if all farmers adopt this measure. However, some farmers can potentially increase their own yield by avoiding MSD under high rice prices, which would be maintained through other farmers’ participation. A strong motivation exists for some farmers to gain a “free ride,” and an environmental subsidy with a carbon tax can help motivate farmers to adopt MSD. Therefore, the policy mix of prolonging MSD and environmental subsidies can increase all farmers’ incomes by preventing “free rides” and decrease greenhouse gas emissions with a slight decrease in Japan’s GDP.
相似文献15.
茶叶是中国重要的经济作物,品质安全附加值大,病虫防控是保障茶叶品质安全的关键环节。传统病虫防控的负外部性明显,生态调控是未来发展的方向,弄清茶农采纳生态调控技术的影响因素及其内在关系是重要的科学命题。为此,随机选取福建省五大茶区的517位茶农进行调查,对获取的数据采用Logistic回归模型分析茶农采纳生态调控技术的显著性影响因素,进而运用解释结构模型（Interpretative structural modeling,ISM）分析这些显著性因素间的层次结构,从茶农特征、技术认知和环境特征3个方面探讨因素间的内在逻辑。结果表明,在茶农采纳生态调控技术的显著性影响因素层次结构中,表层直接因素有茶叶年收益、销售模式、培训次数、政府抽检频率、往年病虫情况,中间因素有新技术成本和收益变化的认知、是否合作社成员、茶园面积,根源因素有文化教育程度、年龄,各层次因素沿根源层、中间层、表层、目标层逐级向上影响。据此,本文从合作、培训、监管、示范等方面提出了对茶树病虫生态调控技术推广进行宏观管理的建议。 相似文献
16.
农户选择玉米新品种行为及影响因素分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
自2000年《中华人民共和国种子法》正式颁布后,农户可更加自主的选择新品种。吉林省作为我国著名商品粮生产大省,在全国粮食主产省份中占重要位置,其农户对新品种的选择行为具有典型性和代表性。基于吉林省粮食主产区129个农户的调查数据,运用Logistic模型对吉林省农户选择玉米新品种行为及影响因素进行实证分析。研究结果表明,吉林省农户选择玉米新品种行为受多种因素的影响,玉米种植规模、受教育年限、增产效果、对种子熟悉程度、新品种宣传推广力度、农户种植经验、农户风险偏好对农户选择玉米新品种行为有正向影响,玉米种植收入占总收入比重、种子价格对农户选择玉米新品种行为有负向影响。在此基础上,从资金投入、价格、品种、新品种宣传推广力度4个方面提出调动吉林省农户选择玉米新品种积极性的相应对策。 相似文献
17.
Kazuki Saito Amadou Touré Aminou Arouna Rose Fiamohe Drissa Silué John Manful 《Plant Production Science》2013,16(4):428-442
ABSTRACTInformation on comprehensive evaluation of agricultural innovations is often limited. This study provides an overview of multidisciplinary evaluation of a lowland rice variety, WITA 9 (released in Côte d’Ivoire in 1998), with respect to its agronomic performance, grain quality, resistance to diseases, adoption by farmers, impact on productivity and farmers’ income, and marketability. WITA 9 had the highest paddy yield among the tested varieties including an international check (IR 64) and recently developed varieties adapted to this country. WITA 9 had a higher amylose content (26–28%) than others tested. This study confirmed its resistance to bacterial leaf blight, Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), and rice blast. A household survey showed that the adoption rate was 24%, its paddy yield advantage was 0.7 t ha–1, and its adoption increased farmer’s income by US$ 91 ha–1 per season. A market study showed that consumers’ willingness to pay was higher for WITA 9 than any other locally produced rice variety and comparable to imported rice in one of two markets. We conclude that WITA 9 is an ideal innovation for enhancing productivity and rice import substitution in Côte d’Ivoire. An effective seed delivery system and enhancing farmers’ and consumers’ awareness of this variety are vital for accelerating impact. 相似文献
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19.
The use of improved high yielding crop varieties is an important avenue for reducing hunger and food insecurity in developing countries. Using cross-sectional data obtained from a survey conducted during 2013 crop season, we performed a probit model(plot-level analysis) to determine the probability of adopting new improved rice varieties(NIRVs) by smallholder farmers particularly from two main agro-ecological regions(hills and tropical plain terai regions) of Central Nepal. The results revealed that education, extension services and seed access play significant roles in adoption decisions.Additionally, farm and field characteristic variables such as farm size, endowment of favorable land type(e.g. lowlands), and animal power(e.g. oxen) are the key factors influencing the probability of adopting NIRVs. The results showed that technology specific variables(e.g. yield potential and acceptability) are significant for explaining adoption behavior, implying that it is important to take farmers' preferences to varietal characteristics into consideration in the design of a research and development program. Given the significant role played by extension and access related variables, increased emphasis on information dissemination, field demonstration, and farmers' participatory research and training programs to popularize new rice varieties and enhance their adoption rate are required. This also suggests that policy intervention should be made on improving the educational status of farming households, and developing programs on varietal package of rice seed which offer farmers a variety of choices among the appropriate pools of germplasm. Such programs ultimately help farmers develop more profit-oriented behavior which are necessary to enhance adoption rate, production and food security in the long run. 相似文献
20.
Introduction of the System of Rice Intensification in Kenya: experiences from Mwea Irrigation Scheme
There are various avenues for intensifying agricultural production, the most common being increased use of fertilizers, supplemental
irrigation of crops, and adoption of high-yielding varieties. These options are rather widely known to farmers around the
world, but they have not been widely adopted by smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa. The low adoption rate is related to complex
technical and socio-economic issues, such as poor extension services, lack of capital, failure to mobilize the requisite water,
or simply, poverty. The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is in a special category of innovation in that, farmers stand
to gain multiple benefits from its use, including the possibility of increasing rice yields substantially, saving water, and
getting better grain quality, using differently the assets that they already have. A major impediment for the adoption of
SRI in Africa has been lack of knowledge about this intervention, especially for farmers already practicing irrigated agriculture.
Farmers generally have good business sense and will adopt technologies or practices once the benefits are proven and the risks
are seen as minor. SRI should be attractive for these reasons, but there are various issues to be resolved before large numbers
of farmers can adopt the method. This article reports on the steps taken and the technical and socio-economic issues addressed
in efforts to introduce SRI and promote it in Kenya, specifically in the Mwea Irrigation Scheme. A diverse set of individuals
and institutions in Kenya together embarked on the evaluation and dissemination of SRI methods in this East African country
beginning in July 2009. If the new methods can perform in Kenya as in other countries, this will bring much benefit to rice
farmers and rice consumers in the region. SRI is coming to Kenya relatively late, as it was the thirty-ninth country from
which favorable SRI results have been reported. This means that Kenyans can learn from others’ experience and evaluations,
and there is also now more of a supportive institutional framework. The initial results from on-farm SRI trials have been
positive, although not conclusive. They have given impetus to Kenyan farmers and institutions to collaborate within a multi-sectoral,
multi-level coalition that has provided an informal, multi-faceted platform for the evaluation, adaptation and dissemination
of SRI practices. The initiative in Kenya is now gaining more formal status and more resources. This experience is presented
to show the kinds of things that have been and can be done to utilize the SRI opportunity for raising land, labor, and water
productivity in the rice sector. 相似文献