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1.
Linlin Dong Hui Yao Qiushi Li Jingyuan Song Ying Li Hongmei Luo Shilin Chen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,137(4):667-675
Root-knot nematodes (RKNs, Meloidogyne spp.) are damaging pests that can infect thousands of plant species and cause enormous crop losses worldwide. Panax notoginseng is a common host of root-knot nematodes. In this study, we surveyed notoginseng gardens and determined the incidence of RKNs. Among the gardens surveyed, 71 % were infected with RKNs, and the RKN incidence index ranged from 8 % to 47 % in three randomly infected gardens. Meloidogyne hapla was identified as the pathogenic nematode based on 18S ribosomal RNA analysis by DNA barcoding. The results were qualitatively and quantitatively confirmed using a real-time PCR assay according to variations in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions. These results indicated that the combination of DNA barcoding and real-time PCR is a reliable and precise method for identifying parasitic nematodes from mixed-infected plant roots in the field. In addition, the abundance of ITS1 and ITS2 displayed a similar trend to the numbers of RKNs in the three gardens, which suggests that the results of real-time PCR can be used to determine the damage caused by M. hapla in the field. Our studies show that RKNs are common and can cause serious damage to notoginseng. We present an integrated method of detecting mixed nematode species in the field and confirm M. hapla as the target for parasitic nematode control in notoginseng gardens. Our results contribute to the improvement of RKN control in notoginseng and further promote the sustainable development of medicinal plants. 相似文献
2.
植物根结线虫基因组学研究进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
根结线虫是世界农业生产中危害最大的植物病原之一,目前仍缺乏安全有效的防治措施。深入揭示寄生线虫与植物之间互作的分子机制,利用生物技术进行抗性育种被认为是最有前景的抗线虫策略。在根结线虫基因组学研究方面,目前已经构建了北方根结线虫AFLP遗传连锁图谱,南方根结线虫和北方根结线虫基因组测序也已完成;基因组的注释和比较基因组学分析,较全面地描述了根结线虫的遗传组成;以差异表达分析和比较基因组学为主的方法鉴定了大量的重要基因;以RNA干扰、植物转化和蛋白互作为主的根结线虫基因功能研究也取得了一些进展。本文就根结线虫基因组学研究予以综述,并进一步探讨其研究方向和可持续抗线虫新策略的发展前景。 相似文献
3.
植物寄主根部及其根际微生物等释放的化学信号物质在根结线虫寻找寄主、配偶及逃避危险等行为中起着重要的作用。目前,明确根结线虫预侵染阶段的化学信号物质以及相关的分子靶标,以期开发得到植物源和微生物源引诱剂及驱避剂,是国际线虫学研究领域的前沿和热点。本文重点综述了根结线虫的趋化性及化学信号物质,概括了线虫诱饵效应与诱捕现象的研究进展,概述了平面琼脂及其改进模型、Pluronic凝胶模型以及沙土/土壤模型在根结线虫趋化性测试中的应用,讨论了根结线虫趋化性研究的意义和难度,并对未来根结线虫趋化性研究的主要方向及前景进行了总结和展望。 相似文献
4.
Godelieve Gheysen Walter Van der Eycken Nathalie Barthels Mansour Karimi Marc Van Montagu 《Pest management science》1996,47(1):95-101
The molecular interactions between plants and sedentary nematodes are undergoing intense study, not only for reasons of fundamental research but also for the potential benefits to agriculture. The present technology allows the transformation of an increasing number of crop plants, providing new ways to introduce resistance against plant-parasitic nematodes. The ability of sedentary nematodes to induce specialized feeding sites in plant roots is one of the most fascinating aspects of this host–parasite interaction. Molecular approaches have been initiated to identify and characterize plant genes altered in expression after infection by sedentary nematodes. The results obtained indicate that many genes indeed become up-regulated upon nematode infection. Surprisingly, several so-called constitutive promoters that are normally used to achieve high expression in plant cells are completely ‘silenced’ in the feeding sites within days after nematode infection. Generally, there are two options available for the genetic engineering of nematode resistance: the synthesis of anti-nematode proteins or the localized production of a cytotoxic protein that interferes with the development of feeding cells. Nematode-induced promoters are very useful for the production by plants of sufficiently high levels of anti-nematode proteins at feeding sites. Alternatively, interfering with feeding-cell development is somewhat similar to the hypersensitive response evoked by nematodes in a naturally resistant plant. Here, destruction of specific plant cells can be achieved by the localized expression of a cytotoxin such as barnase, a potent ribonuclease. This approach, however, calls for a highly specific ‘non-leaky’ promoter, which is active only in the feeding cells. Another possibility is to use a two-component system, where the leakiness of the promoter in other tissues is counterbalanced by the constitutive expression of a neutralizing gene. 相似文献
5.
为探明酸黄瓜南方根结线虫病抗性的内在机理,以抗病材料酸黄瓜与感病材料北京截头为试材,对南方根结线虫侵入与幼虫发育、根的解剖学及线虫侵入诱导形成的取食位点的细胞学结构进行了比较研究。结果表明,抗病材料酸黄瓜根系中线虫侵入率极显著低于感病材料北京截头(P0.01),酸黄瓜能够有效抵抗南方根结线虫的侵入;抗、感材料根系中雌雄虫个体比例分别为1∶12和1∶5(P0.01),抗性反应能够抑制线虫取食和幼虫发育;酸黄瓜根的解剖结构与普通栽培黄瓜相似,酸黄瓜的根不具有结构抗性;抗病反应中细胞发生过敏性坏死,感病反应中无此类现象发生。抗侵入、抑制取食和坏死反应是抗病材料酸黄瓜抗性反应的主要特征。 相似文献
6.
Hypersensitive-like reaction conferred by the Mex-1 resistance gene against Meloidogyne exigua in coffee 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The response of a susceptible coffee cultivar (Caturra) to infection by the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne exigua was compared histologically with that of cv. Iapar 59 possessing the recently identified Mex-1 resistance gene. The reproductive behaviour of the nematode was also compared in the two cultivars. Penetration and development in resistant plants were reduced in comparison with susceptible plants. Several cell features, including dark-stained cytoplasm and altered organelle structure, were observed in the resistant cultivar, indicating a hypersensitive-like (HR) response of the infested host cells. Features of giant cells were sometimes found beside necrotic-like areas, but the corresponding feeding sites were frequently associated with nematodes displaying abnormal shape. Six weeks after inoculation, root systems of cv. Caturra contained significantly more nematodes than those of cv. Iapar 59 (mean values 1574 and 41, respectively). The susceptible cultivar presented a minimum of 11 galls per plant, compared with only one or two galls per plant in the resistant cultivar. The findings are discussed in the context of plant–pathogen interactions. 相似文献
7.
Effects of triple super phosphate (TSP) and single super phosphate (SSP) fertilizers on efficacy of a Glomus sp. (isolate KS 14) against Meloidogyne hapla were determined. The fertilizers were applied at 150 and 300 kg ha -1 at the time of fungus inoculation. Two months later, plants were inoculated with the nematodes. Plant growth and nematode disease parameters were determined 2 months after nematode inoculation. The fertilizers at both levels improved plant growth in all treatments. In general, the fungus improved plant growth on its own or in the presence of nematodes, but not in the presence of fertilizers. Both fertilizers at both levels were more effective in improving plant growth than the fungus. The fungus showed sensitivity to inorganic P fertilizers in that the fertilizers significantly reduced fungal root colonization and its pyrethrum growth stimulative effects. The fungus suppressed nematode disease severity unlike the fertilizers. The suppressive effects of the fungus on the nematodes were in most cases reduced by the fertilizers. The nematodes, unlike the fertilizers, did not have any significant effects on root colonization by the fungus or on its ability to improve pyrethrum growth. The presence of nematodes in fertilizer or fertilizer-fungus-treated plants, however, significantly reduced pyrethrum growth. 相似文献
8.
Pratylenchus thornei -chickpea interactions were investigated under controlled and fluctuating environmental conditions in the growth chamber, greenhouse and shadehouse. Under controlled conditions, P. thornei infected chickpea lines 12071/10054 and P2245 and cultivars Andoum 1, JG62 and UC27. Line P 2245 and cv. JG 62 were the most susceptible genotypes on the basis of root damage and nematode reproduction, but nematode infection did not significantly reduce root and shoot weights. Cultivars Andoum 1 and UC27 and line 12071/10054 showed the least root damage and nematode reproduction. Inoculation of cv. Andoum 1 with 2500, 5000 or 10000 nematodes per plant in pots did not affect shoot weight, regardless of the conditions of water stress of the plants. However, root weight was significantly reduced by nematode infection in plants grown under water stress and fluctuating temperature conditions in the greenhouse, but was not affected by any other treatment. The nematode reproduction index was not affected by soil water content under shadehouse conditions, but was greater on plants watered to soil water-holding capacity than in water-stressed plants under greenhouse conditions. For both environments, the nematode reproduction index decreased when inoculum density was greater than 5000 nematodes per plant. 相似文献
9.
植物线虫分子鉴定研究进展 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
植物线虫可危害农作物和林木,对它们的准确鉴定是防治植物线虫病害的基础。由于植物线虫很小,而且在形态上种间常有覆盖,而种内有较大的变异,仅依据形态特征很难鉴定。分子鉴定技术给植物线虫的检测和鉴定提供了快速、精确、可靠的方法。文章综述了植物线虫分子的DNA提取、分子鉴定靶标序列的选择及分子鉴定方法等方面的研究进展及现状,以促进对植物线虫分子鉴定更深入的研究。 相似文献
10.
Syarifah Aisyafaznim Sayed Abdul Rahman Zulqarnain Mohamed Rofina Yasmin Othman Rony Swennen Bart Panis Dirk De Waele Serge Remy Sebastien Christian Carpentier 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2010,128(3):343-351
The polyphagous obligate parasites Meloidogyne spp. devastate a wide range of crop plants including bananas and plantains. Their infestations impact agriculture worldwide. Therefore,
an effective combating regime against this nematode species and an in-depth understanding of plant-nematode interaction are
essential. Early detection of infection by visual inspection is not possible. This hampers early control strategy efforts
and makes in-depth research of the early infection and plant defence unfeasible. A simple and robust in planta PCR-based nematode detection method is described here as the first crucial step. This PCR-based detection assay exploits
the existence of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS 1) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) gene family in the nematodes
for early detection of nematode penetration into the roots. The results demonstrate that this detection assay is suitable
to serve as a molecular screening tool for plant root diagnostic purposes. 相似文献
11.
成都平原水旱轮作田常见根结线虫调查 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
调查四川省成都平原地区水旱轮作田根结线虫发生情况及种类分布,为水旱轮作田根结线虫的防治提供依据。对成都平原15个县(市、区)28个乡(镇)共159块水旱轮作田的土样进行根结线虫普遍率调查,利用线虫ITS通用引物和8对根结线虫特异性引物对其中检出率高的地区重新采集的土样进行根结线虫种类分子鉴定。结果表明,成都平原水旱轮作田根结线虫平均检出率为40.25%。重新采集的土样共鉴定出5种根结线虫:拟禾谷根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola、花生根结线虫M. arenaria、南方根结线虫M. incognita、北方根结线虫M. hapla和爪哇根结线虫M. javanica,各线虫的检出率分别为40.91%、34.09%、13.64%、13.64%和2.27%,其中29.55%的样品由2种以上根结线虫混合侵染。拟禾谷根结线虫和花生根结线虫为该地区优势种群。 相似文献
12.
植物抗线虫基因工程新途径及其在分子育种中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
植物寄生线虫种类繁多、危害严重,给世界农业生产造成巨大经济损失。目前防治线虫通常采用轮作、杀线虫药剂、生物防治和应用抗性品种等措施,但存在一定局限性。随着植物与寄生线虫之间相互作用机制的深入研究以及分子遗传操作技术的逐渐成熟,利用基因工程技术构建环保、方便、有效的线虫防治策略逐渐成为研究热点。本文从植物抗线虫基因、抑制线虫的外源活性蛋白、特异表达启动子,以及RNAi介导的抗线虫基因工程策略等方面,简要概述了国内外近年来植物抗线虫基因工程新途径研究进展以及在分子抗病育种中的应用。 相似文献
13.
A 3-year field study examined the effects of 1,3-dichloropropene or oxamyl on tuber yields in four early- and five late-maturing potato cultivars. The nematicide treatments increased total tuber yield by ≈ 12% for early-maturing cultivars, but by less than 2% for the late-maturing cultivars. The treatments reduced the numbers of root lesion nematodes (primarily Pratylenchus penetrans ), which were the dominant plant parasitic nematodes at the site. Covariance analysis indicated that treatment effects on total tuber yield were no longer significant after adjusting for root lesion nematodes in soil at harvest, confirming that these nematodes had a direct effect on the host. As expected, there were significant inverse relationships ( P = 0·05) between total tuber yields and numbers of root lesion nematodes in soil and in roots. However, the application of nematicides in late-maturing cultivars was found to be of no practical value. Crop production systems designed to reduce or optimize pesticide applications can form one criterion in the development of more environmentally sensitive management strategies. The merit of utilizing chemicals for root lesion nematode control are considered with regard to cultivar maturity. 相似文献
14.
为了解根结线虫在中国南方稻区的分布和种类, 从15个省(直辖市/自治区)采集1 181份土样, 经生物测定发现312份土样中种植的水稻或番茄幼苗根系会产生根结, 阳性总检出率为26.42%。利用线虫特异性引物从171份阳性样品中鉴定出6种根结线虫:拟禾本科根结线虫Meloidogyne graminicola、北方根结线虫M.hapla、花生根结线虫M.arenaria、爪哇根结线虫M.javanica、象耳豆根结线虫M.enterolobii和南方根结线虫M.incognita, 分别占鉴定总样品数的88.89%、41.52%、29.82%、10.53%、4.09%和3.51%。被1、2、3、4、5、6种根结线虫混合侵染的土样比例分别为42.11%、41.52%、12.87%、2.92%、0.58%和0, 其中最常见的为拟禾本科根结线虫单独侵染(34.50%)、拟禾本科根结线虫与北方根结线虫(22.81%)或花生根结线虫(13.45%)混合侵染。本研究结果将为制定相应的传播阻断策略和防控措施提供参考。 相似文献
15.
蔬菜肾形线虫的寄主范围和侵染特点 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
肾形线虫Reniforme nematode是为害蔬菜重要病原线虫之一,寄主范围广泛[1-4],分布普遍.通过在广州地区连续三年调查和室内接种试验得知,可寄生于11科29种蔬菜,寄生率高的有豆科、茄科和葫芦科中的各种蔬菜,其中苦瓜、节瓜、生菜、西洋菜、葱、蒜、姜等8种为首次报道。肾形线虫以年青雌虫从寄主植物幼根的伸长区侵入为害,一个侵染点常只有一条线虫侵染,侵染点周围细胞褐变。线虫在土壤中的垂直分布,主要在0—20cm耕作层。 相似文献
16.
V.H. Dropkin 《EPPO Bulletin》1972,2(6):23-32
Gall Formation. The hypothesis that the localized tissue reaction to invasion by infective larvae results from the introduction of growth regulators by the nematodes is put forward. Critical evidence in support of the hypothesis is lacking, but there is some evidence that auxins are present in nematodes. It is suggested that Meloidogyne respond to a signal, from the plant, to release the galling stimulus.
Giant Cell Formation. The organization of a localized source of proteins in the giant cells under the direction of the developing, female nematode is the outstanding characteristic of Meloidogyne infections. A number of possible mechanisms are considered. A. The nematode may remove important end-products such as amino acids or peptides. B. The developing larva may introduce specific regulators of protein synthesis, such as nucleic acids. C. Growth regulators are known to control protein synthesis. D. The nematode may affect the permeability of the membranes, increasing the flow of important ions into giant cells. E. The carbohydrases and proteolytic enzymes of Meloidogyne may affect the patterns of wall formation and nuclear division. F. A specific inhibitor of cell wall formation could account for many of the observations.
Effects on Host Physiology. An increased ratio of root/shoot weights is characteristic of Meloidogyne infections. The nematode affects top growth by altering the traffic patterns of export and import between root and stem. In the field, this is manifest as increased susceptibility to water stress, reduced top growth, and especially, increased damage to roots by other micro-organisms. 相似文献
Giant Cell Formation. The organization of a localized source of proteins in the giant cells under the direction of the developing, female nematode is the outstanding characteristic of Meloidogyne infections. A number of possible mechanisms are considered. A. The nematode may remove important end-products such as amino acids or peptides. B. The developing larva may introduce specific regulators of protein synthesis, such as nucleic acids. C. Growth regulators are known to control protein synthesis. D. The nematode may affect the permeability of the membranes, increasing the flow of important ions into giant cells. E. The carbohydrases and proteolytic enzymes of Meloidogyne may affect the patterns of wall formation and nuclear division. F. A specific inhibitor of cell wall formation could account for many of the observations.
Effects on Host Physiology. An increased ratio of root/shoot weights is characteristic of Meloidogyne infections. The nematode affects top growth by altering the traffic patterns of export and import between root and stem. In the field, this is manifest as increased susceptibility to water stress, reduced top growth, and especially, increased damage to roots by other micro-organisms. 相似文献
17.
C. Gutiérrez‐Gutiérrez J. E. Palomares‐Rius R. M. Jiménez‐Díaz P. Castillo 《Plant pathology》2011,60(3):575-585
The host suitability of commercial Vitis rootstocks commonly used in Spain (161‐49C, 41B, 1103P, 110R, 140Ru and SO4) to root‐knot nematodes (Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica) and Xiphinema index, and damage caused by nematode infection were determined under controlled conditions. The three root‐knot nematodes reproduced with a rate higher than one in all rootstocks, indicating that they are suitable hosts for these nematodes. Growth of rootstocks infected with the root‐knot nematodes was less vigorous than that of nematode‐uninfected controls in the majority of the rootstocks studied. Root infection resulted in moderate to severe root galling in all rootstocks. The shoot and main stem diameters appeared to be the most sensitive variables of damage caused by infection by Meloidogyne spp., with reduction rates from 36% and 53% in 161‐49C to 57% and 66% in 140Ru, respectively. The shoot height was not significantly affected by the root‐knot nematodes and the root fresh weight generally increased as a consequence of intensive galling. The nematode X. index caused significant root damage with a reproduction factor higher than one in all rootstocks. However, reproduction factor was significantly influenced by the rootstock and significantly decreased by about 12‐fold (5·7 to 18·1‐fold) with the increase in inoculum density from 100 to 1000 nematodes per plant. The root dry weight was reduced by X. index infections, and was the plant growth variable most affected by the nematode infection in all rootstocks at both inoculum densities. Meloidogyne arenaria, M. incognita, M. javanica and X. index, prevalent in many world vineyards, are all shown to have a damaging effect on the six tested rootstocks. 相似文献
18.
Juliana Aparecida Homiak Claudia Regina Dias-Arieira Evelyn Aline Arendt Couto Juliana Kath Vinicius Hicaro Frederico Abe 《Phytoparasitica》2017,45(2):243-250
Pratylenchus brachyurus is one of the main limiting factors of soybean yield in Brazil, particularly because of inefficiency of the control methods when used individually. The present study aimed to assess the effect of associated methods, using seed treatment with nematicides (ST) and resistance inducers (RI), on nematode control in soybean plant in both field and greenhouse conditions. A field assay was conducted in an infested field and nematode population was assessed at sowing, 45, 75, and 100 days after sowing and the yield measured at end of crop cycle. The experiment was repeated in greenhouse. In another experiment, that was conducted in two different periods in a greenhouse, seed treatments and resistance inducers, alone or combined, were assessed under two initial populations of P. brachyurus (low IP = 500 specimens and high IP = 2000 specimens). The treatments did not reduce the number of nematodes g?1 of root in field assay, but all seed treatments effectively controlled nematode population in the greenhouse assay. Most treatments reduced the number of nematodes g?1 of root when nematode initial population was low (IP = 500) but when initial nematode population was high (IP = 2000) combinations of treatments which includes abamectin inhibited P. brachyurus reproduction. Chemical products did not affect yield but acibenzolar-S-methyl, alone or associated with other products, generally inhibit plant growth. 相似文献
19.
Host genetic resistance to root‐knot nematodes,Meloidogyne spp., in Solanaceae: from genes to the field 
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下载免费PDF全文 Arnaud Barbary Caroline Djian‐Caporalino Alain Palloix Philippe Castagnone‐Sereno 《Pest management science》2015,71(12):1591-1598
Root‐knot nematodes (RKNs) heavily damage most solanaceous crops worldwide. Fortunately, major resistance genes are available in a number of plant species, and their use provides a safe and economically relevant strategy for RKN control. From a structural point of view, these genes often harbour NBS–LRR motifs (i.e. a nucleotide binding site and a leucine rich repeat region near the carboxy terminus) and are organised in syntenic clusters in solanaceous genomes. Their introgression from wild to cultivated plants remains a challenge for breeders, although facilitated by marker‐assisted selection. As shown with other pathosystems, the genetic background into which the resistance genes are introgressed is of prime importance to both the expression of the resistance and its durability, as exemplified by the recent discovery of quantitative trait loci conferring quantitative resistance to RKNs in pepper. The deployment of resistance genes at a large scale may result in the emergence and spread of virulent nematode populations able to overcome them, as already reported in tomato and pepper. Therefore, careful management of the resistance genes available in solanaceous crops is crucial to avoid significant reduction in the duration of RKN genetic control in the field. From that perspective, only rational management combining breeding and cultivation practices will allow the design and implementation of innovative, sustainable crop production systems that protect the resistance genes and maintain their durability. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
20.
ABSTRACT Effects of border cell and root tip exudates on root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) behavior were examined. In whole-plant assays using pea, M. incognita second-stage juveniles (J2) accumulated rapidly around the 1- to 2-mm apical region ensheathed by border cells, but not in the region of elongation. Within 15 to 30 min, J2 which had accumulated within detached clumps of border cells lost motility and entered into a quiescent state. When border cells (and associated root tip exudates) were washed from pea roots prior to challenge with nematodes, no such accumulation and quiescence was induced. Attraction of nematodes by roots was species dependent: no attraction or accumulation occurred in snap bean. Using a quantitative assay, three categories of chemotaxis responses occurred: attraction (pea and alfalfa cv. Thor), repulsion (alfalfa cv. Moapa 69), and no response (snap bean and alfalfa cv. Lahonton). In contrast, total root tip exudates from all three plant species acted as a repellent for M. incognita in the sand assay. An in vitro assay was developed to characterize the induced quiescence response. When total root tip exudate from the tested legumes (as well as corn) was incubated with J2 populations, >80% of the nematodes lost motility. A similar response occurred in Caenorhabditis elegans. Border cell exudates did not induce or contribute to the induction of quiescence. Cocultivation of pea border cells with M. incognita resulted in changes in border cell shape similar to those observed in response to exogenous plant hormones. No such changes occurred in snap bean border cells. Understanding the cell- and host-specific extracellular recognition that occurs between roots and pathogenic nematodes in the early stages before infection occurs could lead to new avenues for disease control. 相似文献