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植物吸收铵态氮的分子生物学基础 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
植物对铵离子的吸收和铵离子在细胞间的转运是铵转运蛋白介导的需能主动运输过程。植物铵转运蛋白位于细胞膜上,含有101～1个跨膜域,分子量约为48.kD。研究表明,植物体内的铵转运蛋白由小基因家族成员编码,在表达特性上不同成员具有时空特异性。植物体内铵转运蛋白在功能、生化特性和转录调节水平上存在差异。在不同氮素水平下,铵转运蛋白基因通过转录和翻译调控,对于保持植株的适宜氮素供应以及氮胁迫条件下维持植物细胞中氮素的内稳态具有重要作用。 相似文献
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ABC转运蛋白结构特点及在植物和真菌重金属耐性中的作用与机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
ATP结合盒(ATP-binding cassette,ABC)转运蛋白是一类普遍存在于真核和原核生物细胞中的超家族转运蛋白,在生理活动中发挥着重要作用.本文较为详细地介绍了其结构特点,并按保守区进化关系进行了分类,分成A～H 8个亚族;归纳了近年来有关ABC转运蛋白在提高植物和真菌重金属耐性作用的研究报道,并从液泡区隔作用、直接外排作用和线粒体ABC转运蛋白重金属转运作用3个方面对其提高宿主重金属耐性作用机制进行了总结和分析,提出了ABC转运蛋白转运金属离子选择偏好性的观点,同时对ABC转运蛋白进一步的研究和潜在的应用提出了展望. 相似文献
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植物液泡硝态氮累积的营养和生理学意义 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
液泡是一个多功能而又复杂的细胞器。成熟植物茎叶的液泡占细胞体积的90%左右。细胞中的NO3--N有58%~99%存在于液泡中。因此,液泡被称为NO3--N的贮存库。研究植物细胞液泡的NO3--N累积引起了人们的重视,但是由于液泡中NO3--N测定技术的困难,这方面的研究目前并不很多。本文结合国内外相关研究结果,从以下几方面分析了NO3--N在液泡的累积:①植物液泡中NO3--N的累积数量;②NO3--N在细胞质与液泡间的转运;③液泡累积NO3--N的营养学意义;④液泡NO3--N累积的生理作用;⑤有关液泡中NO3--N累积研究的展望。 相似文献
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植物SWEET蛋白是一类重要的转运蛋白,研究其生理生化功能,有助于分子辅助育种,缩短育种年限。本文基于文献资料,梳理归纳了近年来国内外的植物SWEET蛋白的结构、分类、转运底物和功能方面的相关研究进展,阐述表明SWEET蛋白是植物中广泛存在的一类糖转运体,既能转运单糖又能转运蔗糖,属于Mt N3家族。不同植物间的SWEET蛋白具有一定的保守性,根据亲缘关系SWEET家族可以分为四类。植物SWEET蛋白是位于膜系统上,参与糖分的跨膜转运,在植物生长发育及逆境胁迫中均有不同程度的调控作用,如调控花蜜的分泌、花粉的营养、灌浆期种子的发育、果实发育、植物抗逆性和抗病性等。然而不同植物的SWEET蛋白转运底物和调控功能不同,目前仅在拟南芥等少数植物中研究较为深入。 相似文献
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位于植物液泡膜的 Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白(NHX1)是将 Na+区隔化到液泡中的主要蛋白,对植物耐盐性起着极其重要的作用。NHXFS1 基因是以拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)、水稻(Oryza sativa)和菊花(Flos chrysanthemi)的液泡膜 Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因 AtNHX1、OsNHX1 和 DmNHX1 为模板,通过 DNA家族改组技术,对其进行体外定向分子进化获得的一个功能显著增强的新基因。本研究利用根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumerfaciens)介导的叶盘法将 NHXFS1 基因转入烟草 (Nicotiana benthamiana)中,通过潮霉素抗性筛选出再生植株,经PCR 和 Southern blot 鉴定证实 NHXFS1 基因成功地整合到烟草基因组中。耐盐性测试结果显示,高盐胁迫条件下,萌发期和幼苗期的转基因烟草长势明显优于对照组,与对照组相比,转基因烟草叶片中积累了更多的脯氨酸和Na+。 RT-PCR和 Real-time PCR 结果表明,NHXFS1 基因在烟草中正常表达,盐胁迫条件下NHXFS1基因在根、茎、叶中的表达量分别上调了 1.01、0.60 和 1.79倍,跟对照组相比有明显提高(P<0.05)。研究结果提示,体外改组获得的新基因 NHXFS1 在植物耐盐基因工程和分子育种中具有较大的应用价值,同时也证明通过基因改组方法开发新基因用于改良植物耐盐性是可行的。 相似文献
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铵转运蛋白在众多生物中被克隆与鉴定，它是一种广泛存在于微生物、植物细胞及动物的细胞膜上主动转运铵离子的载体，分子量约为48kD，含有10-11个跨膜域。本文阐述了植物铵转运蛋白分离鉴定的过程，对于铵转运蛋白的结构、功能、基因表达调控等方面作了较详细叙述。不同氮素条件下，铵转运蛋白基因通过转录调控表现了对铵离子吸收转运的不同特点，使植物根系在较宽的浓度范围中吸收铵离子，为细胞内铵离子库的内稳态提供了理论依据。铵转运蛋白有助于作物更有效的吸收氮素，为农业生产粮食增收提供了有利保障。 相似文献
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毛竹液泡膜Na+/H+逆向运输蛋白基因克隆及表达分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
植物Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白具有稳定细胞质内Na+浓度和调节pH值的功能,对植物的耐盐性具有重要的作用。利用RT-PCR和RACE技术分离出毛竹(Phyllostachys pubescens)Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白编码基因PpNHX1的cDNA序列,全长2290bp(GenBank登录号为GU295174)。该基因的编码蛋白PpNHX1包含545个氨基酸残基,进行BLASTp比对,发现其与芦苇(Phragmites communis)PcNHX1、水稻(Oryza sativa)OsNHX1的序列同源性分别为89%和88%。系统发育分析表明,PpNHX1蛋白与禾本科植物液泡膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白的亲缘关系较近,与质膜型Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白亲缘关系较远。以半定量RT-PCR检测PpNHX1基因的表达情况,发现PpNHX1受到200mmol/L NaCl胁迫的诱导,在4h内的表达量随NaCl处理时间延长持续增强,其中根部的表达增强幅度明显高于茎和叶;但4h后,PpNHX1在根与叶中的表达量均有所下降。推断PpNHX1基因在盐胁迫下的表达调控与毛竹耐盐能力密切相关。 相似文献
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植物生长发育需要大量的氮素养分,氨基酸作为大多数植物体内主要的氮素运输形式,影响植物整个生命活动。氨基酸转运蛋白负责氨基酸在组织和细胞间的跨膜运输,其通过调节植物体内氨基酸稳态,影响着植物的生长发育和抗逆能力。近年来,氨基酸和氨基酸转运蛋白在植物免疫和抗病中的功能及其调控机制取得了一些突破性的研究进展。我们详细阐述了氨基酸运输、代谢在植物防御中的作用,总结了参与植物免疫的氨基酸透性酶家族(AAPs)、赖氨酸组氨酸转运蛋白家族(LHTs)、阳离子氨基酸转运蛋白家族(CATs)以及多种酸进出转运蛋白家族(UMAMITs)基因在病原菌侵染植物过程中的调节机制。转运蛋白LHT1不仅介导植物根系氨基酸的吸收和地上部氨基酸的转运,还参与了植物生长和免疫调节。本文以LHT1为例,对比了拟南芥和水稻lht1突变体植物在感染病原菌后自身的免疫过程,突出其在参与植物感染活体营养型和死体营养型病原菌过程中功能的差异性,构建了氨基酸转运蛋白调控植物免疫过程的基本分子模型。未来研究需要重点解析：1)哪些氨基酸是植物防御机制的关键营养或信号物质;2)病原菌侵染植物后,植物体内氨基酸信号的传导过程;3)植物氨基酸转... 相似文献
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J. J. Oertli 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1984,147(2):187-197
The cell wall sap is a very dilute solution with a low and usually negative hydrostatic pressure that decreases further as the moisture stress increases. From a readily acceptable cell model it follows that, under these conditions of water in cell walls, plant cells will develop negative turgor pressures under severe moisture stress. Cell walls are not built to withstand the buckling loads resulting from negative turgor pressures. Consequently, the cell will collapse and shrivel. This is an important pattern of plant injury during severe moisture stress. Plasmolysis is rather an artifact that is observed under laboratory conditions. It will occur whenever solutes accumulate in cell walls and the osmolality in the walls exceeds that of the vacuole. Under natural conditions, this may e. g. occur in plants growing on salt affected soils. 相似文献
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细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death,PCD)是植物正常生长发育所必须的。植物PCD可分为两类:一类是依赖于Caspases的PCD,另一类是不依赖于Caspases的PCD。研究表明,线粒体、溶酶体、内质网和液泡等细胞器对植物PCD发生有重要作用。鉴于PCD在植物生长和分化过程中的重要功能,深入研究植物细胞程序性死亡对新不育系的创建、花卉品种改良、抗病抗盐育种有重要意义。 相似文献
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《Applied soil ecology》2005,28(1):57-65
During the natural revegetation process, which occurs after rain forest destruction, there are different types of successional groups of woody tree species (pioneer (PN), early secondary (ES), late secondary (LS) and climax). A study of interactions among these plant groups, and the functional groups of microorganisms, is fundamental in improving revegetation programs in south Brazil. The revegetation processes are related directly to the functional communities of microorganisms, because several stages of the nutrient cycle are mediated exclusively by microorganisms, and some of these microorganisms can participate in one or more biogeochemical cycles. The interactions between some successional groups of woody species inoculated with native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and the C, P and N cycling functional groups of microorganisms were assessed. The results showed that the AM fungi play an important role in regulating the cycling functional populations in the plant rhizosphere. The characteristics of the plant successional groups also influenced the functional microbial groups. Two populations of free-living N-fixing bacteria were evaluated. Inhibition occurred in the community that used glucose as a carbon source in the pioneer rhizosphere, whereas no differences were observed in the community of N-fixing bacteria that used malate as carbon source. 相似文献
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High concentrations of sodium (Na) are toxic to most plant species, making soil salinity a major abiotic stress in plant productivity world wide. It has been shown that, calcium (Ca2+) is an important determinant for plant salt tolerance and confers protective effects on plants under growing in sodic soils. Calcium plays an essential role in processes that preserve the structural and functional integrity of plant cell membranes, stabilizes cell wall structures, regulates ion transport and selectivity, and controls ion-exchange behavior as well as cell wall enzyme activities. The nature of these responses will vary depending on the plant genotype. One of the essential functions of Ca2+ is acting as a second messenger in stress signaling. Genetic evidence suggests that perception of salt stress leads to a cytosolic calcium-signal that activates the calcium sensor protein SOS3. SOS3 binds to and activates a ser/thr protein kinase SOS2. The activated SOS2 kinase regulates the activities of SOS1, a plasma membrane Na+/H+ antiporter, and NHX1, a tonoplast Na+/H+ antiporter. This results in either Na+ efflux out of cytosol or its compartmentation in vacuole. 相似文献
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Even when plant growth was not visibly affected, ammonium versus nitrate nutrition had distinct effects on some parts of plant metabolism. Barley seedlings growing on 3 mM ammonium rapidly accumulated ammonium up to 20 mM in the roots. In leaves, ammonium accumulation was observed only when the pH of the nutrient medium was very low (pH 4). Yet even under the most extreme conditions there was no indication that plants were suffering from uncoupling of ATP synthesis or from a lack of carbohydrates. Especially dramatic was the response of the organic acid content of pea and barley leaves: it decreased strongly within a few days upon transfer of plants from nitrate to ammonium-media, and this was apparently not due to an inhibition of PEPcarboxylase, which was rather activated under ammonium nutrition. As malate dispappeared from leaves even when pea plants were transferred to an N-free medium, malate degradation was not necessarily connected to increased amino acid synthesis, but eventually to a more rapid decarboxylation by malic enzyme. Also, malate degradation was not a response to ammonium, but rather to (the absence of) nitrate. 相似文献
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植物对重金属镉的吸收转运和累积机制 总被引：21，自引：1，他引：21
Cd是土壤污染的主要因素之一,痕量的Cd2 不仅对植物生长有毒害作用,同时对人体健康产生极大的危害.研究植物如何从土壤中吸收Cd2 ,并在整个植物体内运输和积累的机理,对开发植物修复技术及生态环境的恢复具有重要意义.近年研究表明:土壤微环境影响植物对Cd2 的吸收;植物根细胞壁通过选择性吸收可以吸附和固定土壤中的Cd2 ,其中大部分Cd2 被截留在细胞壁中,其余的则通过协助扩散或主动运输等方式透过细胞膜进入根细胞中;在根细胞中Cd部分累积在液泡中,部分则通过木质部运输到地上部分;茎叶部的大部分Cd2 通过络合作用被固定在液泡中,少量被截留在细胞壁和细胞质中.在植物结实期,Cd通过韧皮部进入籽实中,而籽粒中的Cd几乎不能运输到其他部分,主要通过食物链进入动物和人体中.本文综述了植物对Cd的吸收和运输机制方面的研究进展. 相似文献
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一种新型根系分泌物收集装置与收集方法的介绍 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根系分泌物在养分活化、改善环境胁迫方面具有重要作用,很多科技工作者对根系分泌物的研究表现出极大兴趣,取得了一系列进展。但土壤栽培条件下,根系分泌物收集是一个难点。本文介绍了一种新型根系分泌物的收集装置与收集方法。该装置由根系生长箱和分泌物收集箱组成,植物在生长箱土壤中生长,通过定向引导作用,根系从生长箱穿过琼脂层进入收集箱中生长,待收集箱内积累一定根系后,通过淋洗收集箱内的介质,实现根系分泌物收集。研究发现,利用该装置收集分泌物,植物总根尖数的90%分布在收集箱。外源有机酸加样回收率可达70%以上。土壤栽培条件下,随生长时期延长,大豆有机酸分泌量逐渐增加,苹果酸分泌量高于柠檬酸。而且土壤栽培条件下大豆柠檬酸和苹果酸分泌量是溶液栽培时的11.4倍和6.7倍。上述研究表明,该装置可以用于土壤栽培条件下根系有机酸的分泌研究。 相似文献
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Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is an important food legume for the world population. However, its average yield is low worldwide. The main reasons for low yield are biotic and abiotic stresses. Maximum economic yield of a crop can be achieved with appropriate balance between plant and environmental factors during crop growth cycle. Adopting appropriate management practices in favor of high yields can modify some of these factors. Hence, knowledge of yield physiology of dry bean is important for understanding yield formation components during crop growth and development and consequently improving yield. Dry bean growth cycle is divided into vegetative and reproductive growth stages. During vegetative stage, development of roots, trifoliate, node, and branches take place. Main features of reproductive growth stage are flowering, pod and grain formation. Important plant traits associated with yield are root and shoot dry matter yield, pod number, 100 grain weight, leaf area index, grain harvest index, and nitrogen harvest index. These plant traits are genetically controlled and also influenced by soil and plant management practices. Higher yield is possible only when there is an adequate balance among various physiological processes or yield components. The objective of this review is to discuss growth and development of bean plant including yield formation process or traits during crop growth cycle and importance of these yield components in determining yield. 相似文献
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Organic acids released into the rhizosphere may perform many beneficial functions to the plant including metal detoxification and enhancement of nutrient acquisition. Typically, these organic acids are studied in isolation; however, roots simultaneously exude a cocktail of organic acids and other substances, and their combined impact on rhizosphere processes may be quite different. It has been hypothesized that some exudates may play secondary roles (e.g. inhibitors of microbial activity, blockage of sorption sites), which might enhance the longevity and nutrient-mobilization capacity of others. Here we investigated how the decomposition, sorption and P-solubilizing effects of citrate, malate and oxalate are affected by the presence of malonate and shikimate. We found that in a range of agricultural soils the decomposition of citrate, malate and oxalate was rapid, but not influenced by the presence of large quantities of shikimate or malonate. This suggests that the individual organic acids are taken up by different transport mechanisms or components of the microbial community. At large concentrations, malonate decreased sorption of citrate, malate and oxalate on the soil, whilst shikimate had little effect. The capacity of citrate, malate and oxalate to desorb P was significantly greater in cocktails containing malonate compared with the single organic acid; no effect was seen with shikimate. We conclude that neither malonate nor shikimate at realistic concentrations will significantly affect the biodegradation of citrate, malate or oxalate in the rhizosphere, and while malonate did enhance P desorption, this effect is additive rather than synergistic. Overall, we found little evidence that malonate and shikimate act as secondary regulators of citrate, malate and oxalate behavior in soil. 相似文献