共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
K. Scholte 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1992,98(Z2):93-101
Effects of crop rotation on the incidence of soil-borne pathogens and on the performance of potato were investigated in five field experiments. Rotations differed in cropping frequency of potato and in crop sequence.Incidence of stem canker caused byRhizoctonia solani was strongly influenced by the cropping frequency of potato and not by crops with which the potato was alternated in the rotation. Cropping frequency of potato also affected the occurrence of black scurf, but less pronounced than for stem canker. The antagonistVerticillium bigutatum slightly reducedR. solani (black scurf) in plots on sandy soil continuously cropped with potato. Incidence of stem canker was also strongly affected by granular nematicides applied to the soil, nitrogen level and the cultivar grown. 相似文献
2.
为了让农户能够直观了解及掌握常见病虫害的防治信息,帮助农户通过智能手机在农田、果园和茶园等现场方便快捷地获取作物病虫害图文识别要点与科学防治方法,为农户提供在线植保技术服务,本研究采用RESTful Web 服务架构设计,运用HTML5移动Web开发技术,借助微信平台作为用户访问入口,开发了一款跨平台 (android/iOS) 的农药速查软件系统,实现了农药信息查询、病虫害图谱查询及后台数据管理等功能。通过建立农药与病虫害间的关联关系,实现了从农药名称和病虫害名称两个途径查询农药信息;所构建的数据库涵盖了蔬菜、果树、水稻、茶叶及烟草等共30种福建省常规种植作物上的重要病虫害农药防治技术。初步运用验证结果表明,该系统整体实用性和稳定性较好,适合在农村基层推广应用。基于微信平台的农药速查系统能够满足植保新技术普及和应用的需求,可为农户提供简单便捷、对症下药的在线植保科技服务,对提高用户安全施药和科学防控能力、推进农药的增效减量均具有重要意义。 相似文献
3.
A search for patterns in the success and failure of microbial insecticides in vegetable crops was conducted through review of four case studies: the use of Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) var. tenebrionis for control of the Colorado potato beetle, the use of B.t. var. kurstaki for control of the diamondback moth, the use of various B.t.s for control of lepidopterous pests in tomatoes and celery, and the use of a granulosis virus for control of potato tuber moth. With success defined in terms of achievement of technical goals (efficacy), commercial goals (end-user and insecticide manufacturer satisfaction) and social, or public goals (environmental and health safety), only certain of the case studies could be judged a success. These successes shared a variety of features including: (1) use of the microbial insecticide as a component, rather than as the sole agent, in an integrated crop management program; (2) unavailability of conventional insecticides, due to insecticide resistance, lack of registered products or mandatory IPM programs, provided incentive for the use of microbial insecticides; (3) modification of the expectation that microbial insecticides will perform within the chemical paradigm – fast, lethal and on contact; (4) exploitation of all possible benefits of the microbial insecticide, including safety to natural enemies, as well as efficacy against the target insect, and (5) support from large private and public institutions in the form of research, grower education, scouting programs, subsidized production, and economic and legal incentives to the use of microbial insecticides. 相似文献
4.
Matthew Back Patrick Haydock Peter Jenkinson 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,114(2):215-223
Findings from 2 years of field experiments investigating the relationship between Globodera rostochiensis and Rhizoctonia solani on unique field sites are reported. In 2000, a field experiment was positioned on land that had previously been used for
experimental work investigating integrated potato cyst nematode (PCN) management methods. This study had produced an ‘untypical’
mosaic of PCN population densities ranging from 5 to 221 eggs g−1 soil. In 2001, the field experiment was conducted on a different field site and overlaid on a focus of G. rostochiensis population densities ranging from 11 to 108 eggs g−1 soil. In each experiment, potatoes (cv. Désirée) were grown in plots with similar population densities of G. rostochiensis that were either uninoculated or inoculated with R. solani. A series of potato plant harvests were undertaken to investigate the effects of nematode infestation on the incidence and
severity of R. solani diseases and the associated development of plants. In both experiments, a clear relationship was found between the density
of G. rostochiensis juveniles present in potato roots and the incidence of stolons infected by R. solani, 6 weeks after planting. For the first time this interaction has been determined under field conditions. The results of the
study suggest that the interaction between nematode and fungus is indirect and possible mechanisms are discussed. 相似文献
5.
J. B. PIETKIEWICZ 《EPPO Bulletin》1991,21(1):1-7
Potato is an important crop for Polish agriculture, now grown on an area of 1.8 million ha, with an annual production of about 35 million t. The crop is used for fodder (pork production), human consumption and as a raw material for various branches of industry. High quantity and quality are essential for proper utilization. The main limiting factors in Polish potato production are: water (shortage or excess), seed potato quality, cultivation practices, and damage by pests, diseases and weeds. Improving the economics of potato production depends on decreasing the acreage and increasing the extent of proper protection. The major constraint is late blight (Phytophthora infestans) which causes yield losses estimated at 22.8%. Blight control is indispensable. The level of resistance among Polish cultivars, both in haulm and tuber, is not satisfactory, so more intensive resistance breeding is needed. Chemical control has increased in popularity, but improper use of phenylamides has created new problems. Further progress will depend on cost-effective methods of control and reliable use of fungicides. 相似文献
6.
Y. Hofmeester 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1992,98(Z2):257-264
The aim of integrated farming systems research is to develop sustainable farming systems from an economic, technical and environmental point of view. Strategies for crop rotation, crop protection and fertilization are briefly discussed in relation to potato production. The effects of different levels of fertilization on the incidence of some pests and diseases of potatoes are discussed in more detail, based on a literature study. Some results of potato production on the three farms for integrated arable farming in the Netherlands are also presented. 相似文献
7.
R. J. Hillocks 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1995,1(1):31-47
Integrated pest management systems were developed originally in response to the appearance of insect populations with resistance to common insecticides. Cotton with its heavy dependence on insecticidal sprays was one of the first crops in which the effectiveness of control declined due to resistance in the target pests. Although insecticide resistance is more of a problem in large scale production systems, the IPM approach can also benefit the smallholder by reducing the number of sprays required with consequent cost savings. Where crop growth is adversely affected by diseases, competition from weeds or poor management, the full benefit of insecticide spray programmes cannot be realised. To be fully effective, insect control should therefore be integrated with other crop protection activities. This paper reviews the insect pests, diseases and weed problems of cotton in Africa and discusses the possibilities for extending the principles of IPM to cover all the crop protection activities with practical examples drawn from both small scale and larger scale production systems. 相似文献
8.
马铃薯甲虫是重要的入侵害虫,严重威胁着我国粮食作物马铃薯的生产。苏云金芽胞杆菌是重要的农业害虫生防细菌,对马铃薯甲虫有良好的防治效果。本文围绕苏云金芽胞杆菌在马铃薯甲虫防治上的研究进展与应用进行综述。主要从马铃薯甲虫的入侵与防治手段、苏云金芽胞杆菌的晶体蛋白结构与杀虫机制、对马铃薯甲虫有活性的Bt毒蛋白研究进展、Bt毒蛋白对马铃薯甲虫的作用机制以及马铃薯甲虫对Bt毒蛋白的抗性机制等方面进行了综述。最后,从Bt新基因的挖掘和杀虫机理方面对苏云金芽胞杆菌在马铃薯甲虫防治上的研究进行了展望。 相似文献
9.
10.
Leszek Lenc Hanna Kwaśna Czesław Sadowski 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(4):603-620
Microbial communities in the root, rhizoplane, and rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil in potato, in organic and integrated
production systems, were compared at the emergence and flowering phases of plant development. Microorganisms were identified
on the basis of their morphology. The dominant groups included Clonostachys + Gliocladium + Trichoderma, Fusarium + Gibberella + Haematonectria + Neonectria, Paecilomyces, Penicillium and Phoma. Microbial density at the flowering phase was often significantly greater in roots and non-rhizosphere soil than in the rhizoplane
and rhizosphere. Diversity of the communities often remained stable or was greater at the emergence phase. The density of
bacteria changed with time. The density of Pseudomonas often decreased while Streptomyces significantly increased with time. Changes in densities of pathogens and antagonists decreased the suppressiveness of the
habitat towards soil-borne potato pathogens at the flowering phase. The study contributes information that will help to: (a)
understand the epidemiology of some potato diseases, (b) make decisions on the economic and ecological aspects of chemical
control in potato, (c) develop strategies for manipulation of the soil microbial environment as a viable crop management technique,
and (d) develop prognosis models for potato diseases in central Europe. 相似文献
11.
T. Musabyimana R. C. Saxena E. W. Kairu C. K. P. O. Ogol Z. R. Khan 《Phytoparasitica》2000,28(4):321-330
Field trials were conducted in Kenya with ‘Nakyetengu’, an East African highland banana cultivar (AAA-EA), highly susceptible
to banana pests. Regardless of soil fertility levels, incorporation around the plant base of powdered neem(Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) seed or cake at 60-100 g/mat at 4-month intervals, gave better control of the banana weevil,Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar), and of parasitic nematodes, than that achieved with soil application of Furadan 5G (carbofuran) at 60 g/mat at
6-month intervals. Compared with untreated control, fruit yield in most of the neem treatments was significantly higher, particularly
during the second cycle of crop production. Neem application conferred a net economic gain, whereas Furadan application proved
uneconomical. Application of powdered neem seed or cake at higher rates (200–400 g/mat) at 6-month intervals caused phytotoxicity,
resulting in drying up of banana plants before fruiting, or in ‘chokethroat’,i.e., inflorescence emergence failure. 相似文献
12.
More than 100 field pests of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) can be found in most of the crop production agroecologies in Africa, but four of these – aphids (Aphis craccivora Koch), flower thrips (Megalurothrips sjostedti Trybom), the legume pod borer (Maruca vitrata Fab. Syn. Maruca testulalis Geyer) and pod sucking bugs – are commonly encountered and are of economic importance in Uganda. The diverse cowpea pest complex dictates that a single control strategy is unlikely to produce satisfactory control.Earlier field studies done in eastern and northern parts of Uganda demonstrated that close spacing (30 × 20cm) effectively reduces aphid infestation (early season pest) but seems to promote thrips, legume pod borers and pod bugs infestation. The other option for management of early season pests and nematodes is seed dressing, especially with carbofuran (Furadan 5G). Late season pests are more effectively controlled by the use of foliar sprays, the type of pesticide depending on the pest profile. Intercropping also offers remedial control, but the crop combination must consider the pest profile, cowpea/sorghum intercrop being effective against aphids and thrips, and cowpea/greengram against legume pod borers and pod sucking bugs. Selected combinations of agronomic, chemical and cultural control measures (Integrated Pest Management), especially when combined with early planting, offer better management options than the use of sole treatments. The success of these packages is highly dependent on the degree and level of farmer involvement and to what extent they are tailored to meet his/her production goals. 相似文献
13.
The pest control potential demonstrated by various extracts and compounds isolated from the kernels and leaves of the neem plant (Azadirachta indica) A. Juss. (Meliaceae) seem to be of tremendous importance for agriculture in developing countries. Laboratory and field trial data have revealed that neem extracts are toxic to over 400 species of insect pests some of which have developed resistance to conventional pesticides, e.g. sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn. Diptera: Aleyrodidae), the diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella L. Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and cattle ticks (Amblyomma cajennense F. Acarina: Ixodidae andBoophilus microplus Canestrini. Acarina: Ixodidae). The compounds isolated from the neem plant manifest their effects on the test organisms in many ways, e.g. as antifeedants, growth regulators, repellents, toxicants and chemosterilants. This review strives to assess critically the pest control potential of neem extracts and compounds for their use in the tropics. This assessment is based on the information available on the wide range of pests against which neem extracts and compounds have proven to be toxic, toxicity to non-target organisms, e.g. parasitoids, pollinators, mammals and fish, formulations, stability and phytotoxicity. 相似文献
14.
为明确山东省泰安市核桃园主要病虫害的发生情况及其化学防治的用药流程，于2017—2018年采用田间调查法进行主要病虫害的调查，于2019年采用常规喷雾法对不同防治对象进行化学防治，研究不同用药时间及用药次数下3种农药对核桃的保果效果及对主要病虫害的防治效果，确定用药流程。结果表明，2017年泰安市核桃园主要病虫害以核桃细菌性黑斑病、核桃炭疽病和核桃举肢蛾Atrijuglans aristata为主，造成的病虫果率达83.25%。5月中旬至6月下旬，以核桃细菌性黑斑病和核桃举肢蛾单独发生为主；7月上旬至8月上旬，以核桃细菌性黑斑病和核桃炭疽病单独发生为主；8月中旬至下旬，以核桃炭疽病单独发生和核桃炭疽病+核桃细菌性黑斑病共同发生为主。2018年3种病虫害造成核桃的总体落果率为79.84%，共出现2次落果高峰，即在6月下旬以核桃举肢蛾造成的落果和在8月下旬以核桃炭疽病单独发生和核桃炭疽病+核桃细菌性黑斑病共同发生造成的落果。针对以上3种主要病虫害，在核桃生长期应至少喷药6次，其总体的保果效果和防治效果分别达到96.58%和93.70%，分别显著高于喷药4次的83.72%和70.56%，与喷药8次处理差异不显著。在实际生产中，建议对核桃细菌性黑斑病自5月上旬至8月上旬，每15~20 d用药1次，至少用药6次；对核桃炭疽病自6月下旬至8月上旬，每15~20 d用药1次，至少用药4次；对核桃举肢蛾在5月下旬和7月下旬各用药1次。 相似文献
15.
为明确西兰花轮作及其残体还田对土壤中病原菌大丽轮枝菌Verticillium dahliae微菌核数量、马铃薯黄萎病发生以及马铃薯产量的影响,分别于2017-2018年和2018-2019年在内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市凉城县岱海镇元山子农场人工病圃和锡林郭勒盟正蓝旗上都镇菜园村自然病圃开展田间试验,利用NP-10培养基测定不同处理土壤中的大丽轮枝菌微菌核数量,并对马铃薯地上叶片和地下块茎上黄萎病的发病率、病情指数以及马铃薯总产量和商品薯产量进行调查。结果显示,以马铃薯连作方式为对照,西兰花轮作及其残体还田后土壤中大丽轮枝菌微菌核的数量明显减少,其中在人工病圃于7、8和9月调查时分别降低了8.46%、36.41%和36.27%,在自然病圃于7、8和9月调查时则分别降低了7.22%、38.06%和48.84%;马铃薯地上叶片和地下块茎上黄萎病的发病率和病情指数均显著降低,在人工病圃对黄萎病的防效为32.91%和54.82%,在自然病圃对黄萎病的防效为46.72%和34.78%;马铃薯总产量和商品薯产量均有所提高,在人工病圃分别增产27.74%和40.08%,在自然病圃分别增产7.12%和8.77%。表明西兰花作为理想的轮作作物可应用于马铃薯黄萎病的有效防控。 相似文献
16.
为明确现阶段棉田常用化学杀虫剂对新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）棉花主要害虫的毒力以及对新疆本地优势天敌多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata的安全性,于室内分别测定当前21种棉田常用化学药剂对新疆棉田3种主要害虫棉蚜Aphis gossypii、截形叶螨Etranychus truncatus和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera以及优势天敌多异瓢虫的毒力,比较不同药剂对各种害虫和天敌的相对毒力指数以及益害毒性比。结果表明,药剂处理24 h后,10种蚜虫防治药剂对棉蚜成蚜的半致死浓度LC50由高到低依次为氟啶虫胺腈、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、环氧虫啶、噻虫嗪、丁硫克百威、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、螺虫乙酯和吡蚜酮,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有氟啶虫胺腈和螺虫乙酯;5种叶螨防治药剂对截形叶螨成螨的LC50从高到低依次为阿维菌素、哒螨灵、四螨嗪、噻螨酮和炔螨特,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有四螨嗪、噻螨酮和阿维菌素;6种鳞翅目害虫幼虫防治药剂对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的LC50由高到低顺次为甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（简称甲维盐）、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威、灭多威、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺。综合上述2个方面结果,氟啶虫胺腈、阿维菌素、甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺不仅对棉花害虫毒力效果强,而且对有益天敌安全性高。 相似文献
17.
M. C. Lobato F. P. Olivieri E. A. González Altamiranda E. A. Wolski G. R. Daleo D. O. Caldiz A. B. Andreu 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,122(3):349-358
Phosphites (Phi) are alkali metal salts of phosphorous acid, with the ability to protect plants against different pathogens.
In this research, the effect of Phi applied to potato plants on severity of three important potato diseases in Argentina was
assessed. Seed tubers and foliage of potato cvs Shepody and Kennebec were treated with Phi to assess effects on resistance
against Phytophthora infestans, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani. Protection resulting from Phi treatment in seed tubers was high against P. infestans, intermediate against F. solani, and low against R. solani. In addition, seed tubers treated with calcium or potassium phosphites (CaPhi and KPhi, respectively) at 1% of commercial
product emerged earlier than untreated ones. When Phi were foliarly applied two or four times at different doses, high levels
of protection against P. infestans were achieved in both cultivars. Higher protection was observed in Kennebec when CaPhi was applied, while in Shepody this
was true for KPhi. Expression of β-1,3-glucanases was induced at different times after treatment but no correlation between
β-1,3-glucanases expression and foliar protection level was found. On the other hand, Phi positive protection effects did
not produce negative effects in plant growth. Leaves from CaPhi-treated plants showed a darker green colour than leaves from
control plants; also an increase in Rubisco protein and a delay in crop senescence was observed. 相似文献
18.
Shohei Matsuura Shigeru Hoshino Harunobu Koga 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2006,72(3):180-185
The effect of verbena as a trap crop on the occurrence of western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and the incidence of Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in chrysanthemums were investigated. Verbena cvs. Pink Parfait and/or Fancy Parfait were cultivated alongside chrysanthemum
cv. Jimba in a greenhouse in the proportion of 17%–25% of the chrysanthemum plants. Verbena plants attracted vector thrips,
reducing western flower thrips colonization of chrysanthemum until flower bud initiation, and markedly suppressing TSWV incidence
on chrysanthemums until flowering. Significant quantities of linalool oxide pyran were produced by the flower of cv. Fancy
Parfait; and the ratio of cis-linalool oxide pyran, an attractant for vector thrips, to the trans-type was approximately 1 : 5. Our results suggest that cultivation of verbena as a trap crop may be useful in integrated
pest management programs as a control for thrips-transmitted TSWV in chrysanthemums. 相似文献
19.
Clifford S. Gold Jorge E. Pena Eldad B. Karamura 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2001,6(2):79-155
The banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) is the most important insect pest of bananas and plantains (Musa spp.). The larvae bore in the corm, reducing nutrient uptake and weakening the stability of the plant. Attack in newly planted banana stands can lead to crop failure. In established fields, weevil damage can result in reduced bunch weights, mat die-out and shortened stand life. Damage and yield losses tend to increase with time. This paper reviews the research on the taxonomy, distribution, biology, pest status, sampling methods, and integrated pest management (IPM) of banana weevil. Salient features of the weevil's biology include nocturnal activity, long life span, limited mobility, low fecundity, and slow population growth. The adults are free living and most often associated with banana mats and cut residues. They are attracted to their hosts by volatiles, especially following damage to the plant corm. Males produce an aggregation pheromone that is attractive to both sexes. Eggs are laid in the corm or lower pseudostem. The immature stages are all passed within the host plant, mostly in the corm. The weevil's biology creates sampling problems and makes its control difficult. Most commonly, weevils are monitored by trapping adults, mark and recapture methods and damage assessment to harvested or dead plants. Weevil pest status and control options reflect the type of banana being grown and the production system. Plantains and highland bananas are more susceptible to the weevil than dessert or brewing bananas. Banana production systems range from kitchen gardens and small, low-input stands to large-scale export plantations. IPM options for banana weevils include habitat management (cultural controls), biological control, host plant resistance, botanicals, and (in some cases) chemical control. Cultural controls have been widely recommended but data demonstrating their efficacy are limited. The most important are clean planting material in new stands, crop sanitation (especially destruction of residues), agronomic methods to improve plant vigour and tolerance to weevil attack and, possibly, trapping. Tissue culture plantlets, where available, assure the farmer with weevil-free material. Suckers may be cleaned by paring, hot water treatment and/or the applications of entomopathogens, neem, or pesticides. None of these methods assure elimination of weevils. Adult weevils may also invade from nearby plantations. As a result, the benefits of clean planting material may be limited to a few crop cycles. Field surveys suggest that reduced weevil populations may be associated with high levels of crop sanitation, yet definitive studies on residue management and weevil pest status are wanting. Trapping of adult weevils with pseudostem or corm traps can reduce weevil populations, but material and labour requirements may be beyond the resources of many farmers. The use of enhanced trapping with pheromones and kairomones is currently under study. A combination of clean planting material, sanitation, and trapping is likely to provide at least partial control of banana weevil.Classical biological control of banana weevil, using natural enemies from Asia, has so far been unsuccessful. Most known arthropod natural enemies are opportunistic, generalist predators with limited efficacy. Myrmicine ants have been reported to help control the weevil in Cuba, but their effects elsewhere are unknown. Microbial control, using entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes tend to be more promising. Effective strains of microbial agents are known but economic mass production and delivery systems need further development. 相似文献
20.
Pamela G Marrone 《Pest management science》2019,75(9):2325-2340
There is a long history of using natural products as the basis for creating new pesticides but there is still a relatively low percentage of naturally derived pesticides relative to the number of pharmaceuticals derived from natural sources. Biopesticides as defined and regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have been around for 70 years, starting with Bacillus thuringiensis, but they are experiencing rapid growth as the products have got better and more science‐based, and there are more restrictions on synthetic chemical pesticides. As such, biopesticides are still a small percentage (approximately US$3–4 billion) of the US$61.3 billion pesticide market. The growth of biopesticides is projected to outpace that of chemical pesticides, with compounded annual growth rates of between 10% and 20%. When integrated into crop production and pest management programs, biopesticides offer the potential for higher crop yields and quality than chemical‐only programs. Added benefits include reduction or elimination of chemical residues, therefore easing export, enabling delay in the development of resistance by pests and pathogens to chemicals and shorter field re‐entry, biodegradability and production using agricultural raw materials versus fossil fuels, and low risk to non‐target organisms, including pollinators. Challenges to the adoption of biopesticides include lack of awareness and education in how to deploy their unique modes of action in integrated programs, testing products alone versus in integrated programs, and lingering perceptions of cost and efficacy. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献