干旱对夏玉米籽粒充实和生理特性的影响及其外源亚精胺调控     

张美微  乔江方  宋韶帅  马娟  张盼盼  李川  牛军  郭涵潇 《核农学报》2022,36(12):2501-2509

为明确干旱胁迫影响灌浆期籽粒充实的生理机制,以及喷施外源亚精胺(Spd)缓解干旱胁迫的作用效果,本研究以强抗旱性玉米品种郑单958和弱抗旱性玉米品种蠡玉16为材料,利用具有遮雨棚的隔离池严格控制土壤水分条件,设置吐丝期土壤干旱胁迫和外源Spd喷施组合试验,分析外源Spd对干旱胁迫下玉米叶片抗氧化物酶活性、叶绿素荧光参数、灌浆期籽粒内源激素含量和籽粒充实的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫显著降低了两品种穗位叶PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o),使丙二醛(MDA)积累量增加了16.95%~23.16%,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性降低了11.93%~26.69%。同时,干旱胁迫下籽粒中Spd和脱落酸(ABA)含量显著提高15.79%~22.28%,玉米素和玉米素核苷(Z+ZR)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)含量降低10.39%~13.30%,最终影响灌浆期籽粒充实,造成蠡玉16和郑单958的粒重分别降低36.33和24.03 mg。喷施外源Spd可缓解干旱对穗位叶F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o的影响,有助于弱化干旱对细胞膜的氧化损伤,提高灌浆期粒重5.60~11.74,蠡玉16和郑单958的最终粒重分别提高了11.74和9.11 mg,但外源Spd对籽粒中内源激素含量的影响不显著。此外,干旱胁迫下强抗旱性品种郑单958具有较高的F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o和抗氧化物酶活性,以及较低的MDA积累,而喷施外源Spd对弱抗旱性品种蠡玉16具有更强的调控效应,建议在生产中应用外源Spd时,应结合品种的抗旱特性选择合适的喷施时间以利于籽粒灌浆和产量形成。本研究为玉米抗旱栽培提供了理论依据和技术支持。  相似文献   

高能重离子束和X射线辐射水稻幼苗的当代生物学效应研究     

许超丽  刘霄  任维宾  杜艳  王圆梦  李燕  司怀军  周利斌 《核农学报》2022,36(10):1897-1906

为探究高能重离子束和X射线辐射对水稻幼苗生长发育和生理特性的影响,使用5~40 Gy的高能碳离子束和10~80 Gy的X射线辐射处理粳稻Kitaake幼苗,测定根长、芽长、苗高、株高、分蘖数、结实率、千粒重、光合特性、抗氧化酶活性及遗传物质多态性指标。结果表明,高能重离子束或X射线辐射水稻幼苗后,其根长和芽长均呈现随辐射剂量增加而降低的趋势,但存活植株成熟期的株高与未辐射组相比差异不显著;M₁植株结实率及种子千粒重随剂量升高呈下降趋势,在较高剂量下表现为显著降低。辐射处理后相对根长约为69%时,两种辐射对幼苗的根及芽在较短时间内的抗氧化系统存在显著影响。与未辐射组相比高能碳离子束辐射组的叶绿素含量和F_v/F_m值均无显著差异,而X射线辐射处理组的叶绿素含量较高、F_v/F_m值降低。20 Gy高能碳离子束辐射处理水稻幼苗简单重复序列间扩增(ISSR)多态率为29.31%,40 Gy X射线辐射处理水稻幼苗ISSR多态率为37.76%。本研究结果为不同电离辐射处理水稻幼苗提供了推荐的诱变剂量区间:高能碳离子束20~30 Gy,X射线30~40 Gy。  相似文献   

茶树不同叶位碳氮氢氧稳定同位素分布及变化特征     

夏魏  聂晶  李鑫  李春霖  邵圣枝  李祖光  袁玉伟 《核农学报》2022,36(11):2183-2189

为探究茶树不同叶位的传统稳定同位素分布及其随时间的变化特征,本研究以龙井43#品种茶树为研究对象,采用元素分析-同位素比值质谱仪(EA-IRMS)对不同叶位叶片的碳同位素(δ¹³C)、氮同位素(δ¹⁵N)、氢同位素(δ²H)和氧同位素(δ¹⁸O)进行分析。结果表明,随叶位自上向下递增,叶片中δ¹³C、 δ¹⁵N和δ²H显著贫化,而δ¹⁸O呈现相对较弱的贫化,且第2~第5叶位叶片的同位素比值最高(21.0‰~25.0‰),相邻叶位的同位素分馏系数差异不大。此外,随着采样时间的变化和环境气候影响,前三叶位叶片的δ¹³C和δ¹⁵N总体呈现富集特征,而δ²H和δ¹⁸O出现先贫化后富集的变化特征。本研究结果为探究茶树不同叶位茶叶传统稳定同位素的分布提供了数据支撑,也为研究茶叶分馏机制和数据库构建奠定了基础。  相似文献   

套作模式下玉米荫蔽对大豆叶片叶绿体结构及光合特性的影响     

谭婷婷  范元芳  李盛蓝  王仲林  杨峰  杨文钰 《核农学报》2020,34(10):2360-2367

为探讨玉米大豆套作模式下大豆叶片叶绿体及光合荧光特性对荫蔽的响应,本研究选用南豆12、桂夏3号为试验材料,设置大豆单作(CK)、单行玉米行间套作大豆(A1)和两行玉米带间套作大豆(A2)3个处理,分析大豆叶片叶绿体超微结构和光合荧光参数。结果表明,与CK相比,套作玉米荫蔽下两品种大豆叶片叶绿体基粒厚度、基粒面积/叶绿体面积、淀粉粒面积和淀粉粒面积/叶绿体面积增加,且荫蔽下南豆12基粒厚度和淀粉粒面积/叶绿体面积高于桂夏3号;叶绿体基粒数量在品种间存在差异,南豆12较CK增加,而桂夏3号降低。与CK相比,荫蔽下大豆叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度显著降低,南豆12在A1、A2下叶片厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度和栅栏组织厚度均高于桂夏3号。荫蔽下大豆叶片PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)和PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(F_v/F_m)显著增加,但气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、净光合速率(Pn)和实际光化学效率(F_q'/F_m')显著降低。南豆12在A1、A2下的Pn和F_q'/F_m' 高于桂夏3号。综上,套作玉米荫蔽直接影响大豆叶片结构特征和光合荧光特性,但品种间响应存在显著差异。本研究可为耐荫性套作大豆品种的选育提供一定的理论参考。  相似文献   

外源Ca2+对盐胁迫下加工番茄幼苗快速叶绿素荧光和820 nm光反射动力学的影响     

陈静怡  姜鑫  吴佩  崔辉梅  崔金霞 《植物营养与肥料学报》2022,28(10):1901-1913

  【目的】  探讨外源钙对盐胁迫下加工番茄幼苗快速叶绿素荧光和820 nm光反射动力学的影响,揭示外源钙缓解蔬菜作物盐害的光合生理机制,为外源钙在蔬菜生产中的应用提供理论依据。  【方法】  水培试验以耐盐性强的加工番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)自交品系‘KT-7’为试材,在Hoagland营养液中添加100 mmol/L NaCl进行盐分胁迫。将4叶1心的番茄植株移入盐分胁迫营养液中,同时叶面分别喷施0、5、10、15、20 mmol/L CaCl₂溶液。于处理第3、6、9天后利用M-PEA植物效率仪测定快速叶绿素荧光和820 nm光反射动力学,于处理后第9天测定各项生长指标。  【结果】  盐胁迫9天显著降低加工番茄幼苗的生长量,外源施加15 mmol/L CaCl₂处理下幼苗生长形态指标、地上部与地下部生物量高于其他钙浓度处理。随盐胁迫时间延长,叶片快速叶绿素荧光诱导曲线I、P相逐渐降低,K、J相逐渐上升,820 nm光反射动力学曲线振幅减小,原初光化学效率(F_v/F_o)、最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、光能吸收性能指数(PI_abs)、PSⅡ向下游传递电子的能力(Ψ_o)、电子传递量子产额(φE_o)、单位叶截面积电子传递的能量(ET_o/CS_m)、单位反应中心传递电子的能量(ET_o/RC)、单位叶截面积表观量子通量(ABS/CS_m、TR_o/CS_m、ET_o/CS_m)、单位叶截面积活性反应中心数量(RC/CS_m)、PSI氧化还原性能(ΔMR_fast/MR_o、ΔMR_slow/MR_o、V_ox、V_red)呈下降趋势,J点相对可变荧光(V_J)、热耗散的量子效率与能量通量(φD_o、DI_o/CS_m、DI_o/RC)呈增加趋势,与盐胁迫下未施加外源CaCl₂处理相比,施加外源CaCl₂后加工番茄幼苗各指标变幅均发生变化,其中15 mmol/L CaCl₂处理显著提高F_v/F_o、F_v/F_m、PI_abs、Ψ_o、φE_o及PSI氧化还原性能,显著降低V_J和热耗散。对处理9天得到的19个参数进行主成分分析,提取特征值大于1的两个主成分,第一、第二主成分特征值分别为15.769、1.632,贡献率分别为82.996%、8.591%,累积贡献率达91.587%,表明这两个相互独立的主成分能够反映19个参数91.587%的信息,符合分析要求。依据主成分综合得分排序,外源CaCl₂对加工番茄盐胁迫缓解能力由高到低为15 mmol/L>10 mmol/L>5 mmol/L>20 mmol/L。  【结论】  盐胁迫显著抑制加工番茄幼苗生长,破坏光系统结构和功能,施加外源15 mmol/L Ca2+能够改善盐胁迫下加工番茄生长,保护光合机构,提高光化学反应效率,优化PSⅡ反应中心能量利用,进而提高植物耐盐性。  相似文献   

137Cs-γ射线辐射对威灵仙种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响     

叶盈  刘志高  梁立军  季梦成 《核农学报》2020,34(8):1621-1630

为培育威灵仙(Clematis chinensis)品种,以威灵仙种子为试验材料,用不同剂量(0、50、100、150、200 Gy)的¹³⁷Cs-γ射线进行辐射处理,研究辐射对威灵仙种子发芽及幼苗生长的影响。结果表明,50 Gy辐射剂量可促进种子发芽和成苗;威灵仙种子辐射半致死剂量(LD₅₀)为109.5 Gy。辐射处理后植株的叶形呈现心形等7种变异,其中50和100 Gy辐射剂量的变异叶形种类较多,分别出现了5种和4种变异。植株苗高、分蘖数、地径和节间长度随着辐射剂量的增加而降低。此外,随着辐射剂量的增加,相对叶绿素含量降低; F_v/F_m、F_v/F_o和ETR总体呈先升后降的趋势,均在50 Gy剂量下达到最大值;qP呈增加趋势;NPQ均呈下降趋势,100 Gy剂量时,两者降低最显著。试验表明辐射剂量为50~100 Gy时,威灵仙幼苗茎、叶变异比例较高,植株生长和光合系统运转状况良好。结合威灵仙种子半致死剂量认为,¹³⁷Cs-γ辐射威灵仙育种的适宜剂量范围是50~109.5 Gy。本文研究结果为铁线莲辐射育种提供了科学依据。  相似文献   

西藏茶叶稳定同位素特征与区域差异及环境因子关系分析     

李梁  李春霖  王贞红  刘振东  聂晶  张永志  袁玉伟 《核农学报》2022,36(9):1797-1804

西藏茶叶具有高原茶品质特征,是助推西藏经济发展的重要高价值农产品。为探明西藏茶叶同位素特征,探索气象环境对茶叶同位素的影响,本研究收集了西藏不同海拔地区茶叶以及全国主产区茶叶样品,分析茶叶中稳定同位素值(δ¹³C、δ¹⁵N、δ²H、δ¹⁸O),同时收集部分采样点的环境气象信息,结合偏最小二乘法(PLS)探究西藏茶叶同位素特征及环境因子关联性。结果表明,西藏茶叶δ¹³C值分布于-31.9‰~-27.8‰之间,随海拔升高而降低,显著低于其他主产区样品(P<0.01),δ¹³C值主要与采样当月的日照时间和气温有关;西藏茶叶δ¹⁵N与其他主产区样品无显著差异,且与环境气象因子关联性较弱;δ²H值介于-111.5‰~-40.5‰之间,与环境气象因子关联性最强,受相对湿度等多种因素影响; δ¹⁸O值介于22.2‰ ~ 27.6‰之间,主要与气温关系密切。本研究结果为西藏茶叶产地特征挖掘提供了研究思路,为西藏茶叶品牌保护提供了一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

不同中薯系列马铃薯淀粉组成与理化性质的差异分析     

周童童  梁单  刘伟  张婷婷  张良  刘倩楠  胡小佳  胡宏海 《核农学报》2022,36(4):766-776

为分析不同品种马铃薯淀粉组成与理化性质的差异,本研究以15个不同品种中薯系列马铃薯为原料提取淀粉,并对其组成和理化性质进行了检测及相关性分析。光学显微镜和扫描电镜结果表明,马铃薯淀粉颗粒的粒径分布范围广,颗粒形貌存在差异,小颗粒多为卵圆形,大颗粒多为椭圆形、拉长形以及不规则形。不同马铃薯淀粉的理化性质存在显著差异,其溶解度、膨润力范围分别为25.92%~28.74%,4.90~6.26 g·g^-1;糊化初始温度(T_o)、峰值温度(T_p)、终止温度(T_c)、糊化焓值(ΔH)范围分别为61.44~65.55℃、64.49~68.69℃、67.87~72.54℃、7.21~13.49 J·g^-1;峰值黏度、衰减值、回生值范围分别为2 499.3~3 220.4、514.0~2 218.4、401.0~884.1 BU。相关性分析结果表明,马铃薯淀粉中磷含量与峰谷黏度呈显著正相关,与溶解度呈显著负相关;平均粒径D[4,3]与短程有序参数1 045/1 022 cm^-1 和1 022/995 cm^-1均呈显著正相关;T_o与峰值黏度呈显著负相关;糊化温度与峰值黏度和崩解值均呈显著负相关,与峰谷黏度、最终黏度和回生值均呈显著正相关。本研究结果可为中薯系列马铃薯淀粉在食品加工中的应用提供科学依据。  相似文献   

光合作用抑制剂DCMU对三角褐指藻岩藻黄素含量和叶绿素荧光特征及关键基因表达的影响     

郑小恽  龚一富  李申睿  方清姝  王何瑜  唐道军 《核农学报》2020,34(8):1705-1712

为了阐明岩藻黄素生物合成与光合作用之间的关系,研究不同浓度光合作用抑制剂二氯苯基二甲脲(DCMU)对三角褐指藻细胞密度、岩藻黄素含量、叶绿素含量、叶绿素荧光特征和相关关键基因表达的影响。结果表明,不同浓度DCMU均抑制细胞生长,使三角褐指藻内岩藻黄素含量降低,叶绿素含量增加;当DCMU浓度为1 mg·L^-1时,三角褐指藻内岩藻黄素含量最少,较CK减少了26.98%,而叶绿素含量最高(3.16 mg·g^-1)。随着DCMU浓度的增加,电子传递的抑制作用增强,实际光化学量子效率[Y(Ⅱ)]、 rETR、相对电子传递速率(NPQ)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和快速光曲线初始斜率(α)均明显降低,DCMU为1 mg·L^-1时出现电子完全阻断的现象。定量PCR分析结果表明,岩藻黄素合成通路关键基因pds、lcyb的表达水平与岩藻黄素含量变化趋势一致。相关性分析表明,岩藻黄素含量与Y(Ⅱ)、qP和α之间存在显著正相关(P<0.05),说明三角褐指藻岩藻黄素的生物合成不仅与岩藻黄素合成关键基因的表达有关,还与光合作用有关。本研究为进一步探明三角褐指藻岩藻黄素合成的生理生化和分子机理提供了参考。  相似文献   

辣椒苗期耐低温弱光鉴定指标研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王春萍  张世才  杨小苗  蒋晓英  李怡斐  黄启中  黄任中  林清 《核农学报》2021,35(4):989-996

为提高辣椒耐低温弱光鉴定方法的客观高效性,以5份具有不同耐低温弱光特性的辣椒为材料,采用营养液水培法,对辣椒苗期耐低温弱光鉴定指标进行了研究。结果表明,与28℃/25℃(昼/夜)、300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1 条件下生长的对照组植株相比,10℃/5℃(昼/夜)、100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1低温弱光处理5 d后的辣椒幼苗叶片的SPAD值、光合系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)最大光化学量子产量(F_v/F_m)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)和相对电子传递速率(ETR)等光合指标,以及根系长度、根系表面积、根系直径、根系体积和根尖数等均发生了变化,但变化幅度存在品种间差异。28℃/25℃(昼/夜)、300 μmol·m^-2·s^-1恢复生长28 d后,5份材料的叶绿素荧光参数均恢复到正常水平,SPAD值、根系形态、茎叶干重、根系干重、整株干重和根冠比的恢复情况存在品种间差异。低温弱光处理5 d后辣椒幼苗的SPAD值、F_v/F_m和根系直径,以及恢复生长后的茎叶干重、根系干重、整株干重和根冠比等7个指标与冷害指数相关性较高,可作为辣椒苗期耐低温弱光鉴定指标。这些指标可直接通过仪器和软件分析获得,避免了复杂的样品处理和主观判断等因素干扰,实现了简便化、数量化和客观化,可为辣椒耐低温弱光鉴定体系的优化提供参考。  相似文献   

喀斯特地区坡面径流对产沙的影响     

李华林  高华端  胡勤  高儒学  孙泉忠 《水土保持研究》2017,24(2):26-30

贵州省关岭县蚂蝗田小流域属典型喀斯特流域,根据小流域2009—2012年6个坡面径流小区的定位观测资料,研究了乔木林（黄花梨）、灌木林（女贞）、撂荒草地三种不同植被类型下坡面径流对产沙的影响。结果表明:三种植被类型的产流次数相同,但产沙次数存在较大差异,表现为荒草地 > 乔木林 > 灌木林;灌木林与乔木林的年均径流量相差不大,荒草地的年均径流量是它们总和的2倍;荒草地的年均产沙量最大,为55.17 t/km²,是灌木林的11倍,乔木林的6倍;乔木林的产流量与产沙量无明显相关关系;灌木林表现出线性关系,拟合方程为y=0.1707x+0.2526,R²值为0.48;荒草地表现为幂函数关系,拟合方程为y=0.3246x^1.2965,R²值为0.64。  相似文献   

Soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics using stable isotopes in 19- and 10-year-old tropical agroforestry systems     

Maren Oelbermann  R. Paul Voroney  Donald C.L. Kass  Andrea M. Schlnvoigt 《Geoderma》2006,130(3-4):356-367

Conversion of forests to agricultural land in the American tropics, through traditional agricultural practices such as shifting cultivation, has not been able to maintain stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), and increasing population pressure has led to shortened fallow periods, causing further losses of soil fertility. However, land management practices such as agroforestry can provide a sustainable alternative to single cropping because of its ability to maintain or increase the SOC pool. This study quantified SOC and nitrogen (N) pools, gross SOC turnover, residue stabilization efficiency (RSE_AC) in the alley crop, soil δ¹³C partitioning, C₃-C abundance and δ¹⁵N dynamics in 19- and 10-year Gliricidia sepium and Erythrina poeppigiana alley cropping system. Each system was studied at two fertilizer levels (tree prunings only [−N or −A], and tree prunings plus chicken manure [+N], or Arachis pintoi as a groundcover [+A]), and was compared to a sole crop system. The SOC and N pools were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the 19-year-old alley crop compared to the sole crop, but not significantly different (p < 0.05) in the 10-year-old system. Soil C and N (%) showed a similar trend as that of the SOC and N pools in both 19- and 10-year-old systems. Gross SOC turnover, to a 20 cm depth, ranged from 12 to 21 years in the 19-year-old alley crop compared to 50 years in the sole crop, and from 20 to 32 years in the 10-year-old alley crop compared to 106 years in the sole crop. The RSE_AC ranged from 10% to 58% in the 19-year-old system, and from 3% to 43% in the 10-year-old system. The δ¹³C signature of the soil shifted significantly (p < 0.05) towards that of C₃ vegetation in the alley crop due to the greater input of organic residues from tree prunings compared to the sole crop. The proportion of input from tree prunings only in the 19-year-old alley crop ranged from 14% to 20%, and from 9% to 11% in the 10-year-old system to a soil depth of 20 cm. The δ¹⁵N signature of the soil showed two patterns: that of the 19-year-old system being enriched in δ¹⁵N, and that of the 10-year-old system being depleted in δ¹⁵N compared to the sole crop. The addition of manure in the 19-year-old system has enriched the soil δ¹⁵N and in the 10-year-old system the soil was depleted due to the N₂-fixing groundcover A. pintoi.  相似文献   

Soil quality indicators under continuous cropping systems in the Argentinean Pampas     

Virginia Aparicio  Jos Luis Costa 《Soil & Tillage Research》2007,96(1-2):155-165

Over the last two decades, soil cultivation practices in the southern Argentinean Pampas have been changing from a 7 year cash-crop production system alternated with 2–3 years under pasture, to a continuous cropping system. A better understanding of the impact of the period of time a field has been under continuous cropping on a broad spectrum of soil properties related to soil quality is needed to target for sustainable cropping systems. The objectives of this study were to: (i) assess the relationship between physical and chemical soil parameters related to soil quality and (ii) identify soil quality indicators sensitive to soil changes under continuous cropping systems in the Argentinean Pampas.

Correlation analysis of the 29 soil attributes representing soil physical and chemical properties (independent variables) and years of continuous cropping (dependent variable) resulted in a significant correlation (p < 0.05) in 78 of the 420 soil attribute pairs. We detected a clear relationship between hydraulic conductivity at tension h (K_h) and structural porosity (ρ_e); ρ_e being a simple tool for monitoring soil hydraulic conditions.

Soil tillage practice (till or no-till) affected most of the soil parameters measured in our study. It was not possible to find only one indicator related to the years under continuous cropping regardless of the cultivation practice. We observed a significant relationship between years under continuous cropping and K_h under no-till (NT) and wheat fallow (p < 0.001, R² = 0.70). Under these conditions, K₋₄₀ diminished as the number of years under continuous cropping increased.

The change in mean weight diameter (CMWD) was the only physical parameter related to the number of years under continuous cropping, explaining 36% of the variability in the number of years under continuous cropping (p < 0.001) The combination of three soil quality indicators (CMWD, partial R² = 0.38; slope of the soil water retention curve at its inflexion point (S), partial R² = 0.14 and cation exchange capacity (CEC), partial R² = 0.13) was able to explain, in part, the years under continuous cropping (R² = 0.65; p value > 0.001), a measure related to soil quality.  相似文献   

沿坝地区天然次生林对降雨再分配的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

张宁  郭宾良  张国强  张春茹  张楠  张建华  谷建才 《水土保持研究》2015,22(6):99-102,109

为了探究天然次生林对降雨再分配的过程,通过对沿坝地区的北沟林场内天然次生林进行穿透降雨、冠层截留和树干径流3个方面进行监测,结果表明:（1）穿透雨量和林冠截留占林外降雨量的比例比较大,树干径流量的比例则非常小,分别为59.46%,37.33%,3.21%。（2）穿透雨量和林外降雨呈现线性关系（R²=0.980 4）,林冠截留量与林外降雨量也具有明显的幂函数关系（R²=0.823 4）,树干径流与林外降雨量具有明显的线性相关关系（R²=0.909 8）,并且都达到了极显著水平（p < 0.01）。（3）根据穿透雨与林外降雨的方程y=0.8034x-1.7939,当林外降雨量高于2.23 mm时会产生穿透雨;依据林外降雨与树干径流的方程y=0.0552x-0.1981,当林外降雨高于3.58 mm时会产生树干径流;林冠在降雨再分配过程中起到了很重要的作用,形成了二次降雨。  相似文献   

Short-term temporal changes of soil carbon losses after tillage described by a first-order decay model   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

N. La Scala Jr.  A. Lopes  K. Spokas  D. Bolonhezi  D.W. Archer  D.C. Reicosky 《Soil & Tillage Research》2008,99(1):108-118

Tillage stimulates soil carbon (C) losses by increasing aeration, changing temperature and moisture conditions, and thus favoring microbial decomposition. In addition, soil aggregate disruption by tillage exposes once protected organic matter to decomposition. We propose a model to explain carbon dioxide (CO₂) emission after tillage as a function of the no-till emission plus a correction due to the tillage disturbance. The model assumes that C in the readily decomposable organic matter follows a first-order reaction kinetics equation as: dC_sail(t)/dt = −kC_soil(t) and that soil C-CO₂ emission is proportional to the C decay rate in soil, where C_soil(t) is the available labile soil C (g m⁻²) at any time (t). Emissions are modeled in terms soil C available to decomposition in the tilled and non-tilled plots, and a relationship is derived between no-till (F_NT) and tilled (F_T) fluxes, which is: F_T=a₁F_NT e^−a₂t, where t is time after tillage. Predicted and observed fluxes showed good agreement based on determination coefficient (R²), index of agreement and model efficiency, with R² as high as 0.97. The two parameters included in the model are related to the difference between the decay constant (k factor) of tilled and no-till plots (a₂) and also to the amount of labile carbon added to the readily decomposable soil organic matter due to tillage (a₁). These two parameters were estimated in the model ranging from 1.27 and 2.60 (a₁) and −1.52 × 10⁻² and 2.2 × 10⁻² day⁻¹ (a₂). The advantage is that temporal variability of tillage-induced emissions can be described by only one analytical function that includes the no-till emission plus an exponential term modulated by tillage and environmentally dependent parameters.  相似文献   

小麦籽粒均匀度评价方法研究     

卢茂昂  彭小爱  李敏  宋有洪  何贤芳  朱玉磊 《核农学报》2023,37(2):290-297

为了筛选小麦的均匀度鉴定指标,建立可靠的均匀度评价模型,本研究以150份小麦为试验材料,测定其在两个环境下的籽粒形态指标：粒长(X₁)、粒宽(X₂)、直径(X₃)、圆度(X₄)、长宽比(X₅)、周长(X₆)、表面积(X₇)及千粒重(X₈),采用多样性统计、相关性分析、聚类分析、主成分分析和隶属函数法对小麦籽粒均匀度进行综合评价。结果表明,两种环境下籽粒各指标变异幅度为3.56%～9.88%;可将150份小麦材料聚类为4个类群。主成分分析可将8个指标转化为两个相互独立的综合指标,其贡献率分别为61.330%、36.448%,代表全部数据97.778%的信息量。利用隶属函数法计算籽粒均匀度综合评价值(D值),将150份材料分为超高均匀度材料(12份)、高均匀度材料(80份)、中均匀度材料(56份)和低均匀度材料(2份)。通过逐步回归方程建立了小麦籽粒均匀度的数学评价模型：VP=-2.787+0.294 X_2...  相似文献   

A simple equation to determine the breakdown of individual aggregate size fractions in the wet-sieving method     

T. B. S. Christopher  A. M. Mokhtaruddin  M. H. A. Husni  M. Y. Abdullah 《Soil & Tillage Research》1998,45(3-4):287-297

Wet-sieving method using nested sieves is one common method to measure aggregate stability. However, this method cannot be used to measure the stability of individual aggregate size fractions, only of whole soils. Thus, this study was to develop an equation to estimate the aggregate breakdown of individual aggregate size fractions in this particular method. The key to develop the equation was to assume that aggregate breakdown happens sequentially and consistently, and that the aggregate breakdown between any two aggregates in the same aggregate size fractions is equal in percentage. Applying these two assumptions, this equation was developed: x_i=(W_ai×D_i)/(W_ai+D_i−1), where x_i is the weight of aggregate breakdown in aggregate size fraction i, W_ai is the weight of the aggregates in aggregate size fraction i before wet-sieving, and D_i and D_i−1 are the weight of aggregates that have passed through sieve i and i−1, respectively. This equation was tested with five soil series. The soils were separated into six aggregate size fractions: 4.76–8.0, 2.83–4.76, 2.0–2.83, 1.0–2.0, 0.5–1.0 and 0.3–0.5 mm. For every soil, each of their aggregate size fraction was separately wet-sieved to determine the actual aggregate breakdown. The separate wet-sievings results were then combined in such a way to simulate the usual wet-sieving method; that is, to construct the data that would have been produced if each of the aggregate size fractions was wet-sieved together in the same nested sieves. Paired sample t-test showed that the differences between the actual and estimated aggregate breakdown values were significant at 5%. However, there was very close correlation between the actual and estimated values (r=0.974; p<0.001); thus, the equation was calibrated by simple linear regression. The calibrated equation was: _i=100 sin²_i, where _i is the calibrated breakdown estimate for aggregate size fraction i, and _i is 0.0166x_i+0.1 in unit radians. This calibrated equation was highly significant at 1% (F=766.039; p<0.001), with the values fitting very tightly along the regression line (R²=0.961), and with very small standard error (std. error=0.023). The calibrated equation was validated with three additional soils. Paired sample t-test showed there was insignificant differences between the actual and calibrated breakdown estimate values. Moreover, using fewer aggregate size fractions did not affect the accuracy of the calibrated equation, as this equation still predicted the actual values with very small errors.  相似文献