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1.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the performance of the cropping system model (CSM)-CERES-Rice to simulate growth and development of an aromatic rice variety under irrigated conditions in a semiarid environment of Pakistan and to determine the impact of various plant densities and nitrogen (N) application rates on grain yield and economic return. The crop simulation model was evaluated with experimental data collected in experiments that were conducted in 2000 and 2001 in Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with three replications and included three plant densities (one seedling hill−1, PD1; two seedlings hill−1, PD2; and three seedlings hill−1, PD3) and five N fertilizer regimes (control, N0; 50 kg ha−1, N50; 100 kg ha−1, N100; 150 kg ha−1, N150; and 200 kg ha−1, N200). To determine the most appropriate combination of plant density and N levels, four plant densities from one seedling hill−1 to four seedlings hill−1 and 13 N levels ranging from 0 to 300 kg N ha−1 (52 scenarios) were simulated for 35 years of historical daily weather data under irrigated conditions. The evaluation of CSM-CERES-Rice showed that the model was able to simulate growth and yield of irrigated rice in the semiarid conditions, with an average error of 11% between simulated and observed grain yield. The results of the stimulation analysis result showed that two seedlings hill−1 along with 200 kg N ha−1 (PD2N200) produced the highest yield as compared to all other scenarios. Furthermore, the economic analysis through the mean gini dominance also showed the dominance of this treatment (PD2N200) compared to the other treatment combinations. Thus, the management scenario that consisted of two seedlings hill−1 and 200 kg N ha−1 was the best for high yield and monitory return of irrigated rice in the semiarid environment. The mean monetary returns ranged from 291 US $ ha−1 to 1 460 US $ ha−1 to 1 460 US  ha−1 among the 52 production options that were simulated. This approaching was demonstrated as effective way to optimize the density and N management for high yield and monetary return. It will help the rice production.  相似文献   

2.
Precise management of nitrogen (N) using canopy color in aerial imagery of corn (Zea mays L.) has been proposed as a strategy on which to base the rate of N fertilizer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between canopy color and yield response to N at the field scale. Six N response trials were conducted in 2000 and 2001 in fields with alluvial, claypan and deep loess soil types. Aerial images were taken with a 35-mm slide film from ≥1100 m at the mid- and late-vegetative corn growth stages and processed to extract green and red digital values. Color values of the control N (0 kg N ha−1) and sufficient N (280 kg N ha−1 applied at planting) treatments were used to calculate the relative ratio of unfertilized to fertilized and relative difference color values. Other N fertilizer treatments included side-dressed applications in increments of 56 kg N ha−1. The economic optimal N rate was weakly related (R 2 ≤ 0.34) or not related to the color indices at both growth stages. For many sites, delta yield (the increase in yield between control N and sufficient N treatments) was related to the color indices (R 2 ≤ 0.67) at the late vegetative growth stage; the best relationship was with green relative difference. The results indicate the potential for color indices from aerial photographs to be used for predicting delta yield from which a site-specific N rate could be determined.  相似文献   

3.
Understanding spatial variability of indigenous nitrogen (N) supply (INS) is important to the implementation of precision N management (PNM) strategies in small scale agricultural fields of the North China Plain (NCP). This study was conducted to determine: (1) field-to-field and within-field variability in INS; (2) the potential savings in N fertilizers using PNM technologies; and (3) winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) N status variability at the Feekes 6 stage and the potential of using a chlorophyll meter (CM) and a GreenSeeker active crop canopy sensor for estimating in-season N requirements. Seven farmer’s fields in Quzhou County of Hebei Province were selected for this study, but no fertilizers were applied to these fields. The results indicated that INS varied significantly both within individual fields and across different fields, ranging from 33.4 to 268.4 kg ha−1, with an average of 142.6 kg ha−1 and a CV of 34%. The spatial dependence of INS, however, was not strong. Site-specific optimum N rates varied from 0 to 355 kg ha−1 across the seven fields, with an average of 173 kg ha−1 and a CV of 46%. Field-specific N management could save an average of 128 kg N ha−1 compared to typical farmer practices. Both CM and GreenSeeker sensor readings were significantly related to crop N status and demand across different farmer’s fields, showing a good potential for in-season site-specific N management in small scale farming systems. More studies are needed to further evaluate these sensing technology-based PNM strategies in additional farmer fields in the NCP.  相似文献   

4.
A fuzzy inference system (FIS) was developed to generate recommendations for spatially variable applications of N fertilizer. Key soil and plant properties were identified based on experiments with rates ranging from 0 to 250 kg N ha−1 conducted over three seasons (2005, 2006 and 2007) on fields with contrasting apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa), elevation (ELE) and slope (SLP) features. Mid-season growth was assessed from remotely sensed imagery at 1-m2 resolution. Optimization of N rate by the FIS was defined against maximum corn growth in the weeks following in-season N application. The best mid-season growth was in areas of low ECa, high ELE and low SLP. Under favourable soil conditions, maximum mid-season growth was obtained with low in-season N. Responses to N fertilizer application were better where soil conditions were naturally unfavourable to growth. The N sufficiency index (NSI) was used to judge plant N status just prior to in-season N application. Expert knowledge was formalized as a set of rules involving ECa, ELE, SLP and NSI levels to deliver economically optimal N rates (EONRs). The resulting FIS was tested on an independent set of data (2008). A simulation revealed that using the FIS would have led to an average N saving of 41 kg N ha−1 compared to the recommended uniform rate of 170 kg N ha−1, without a loss of yield. The FIS therefore appears to be useful for incorporating expert knowledge into spatially variable N recommendations.  相似文献   

5.
Spring barley was grown for 4 years (2001–2004) in field trials at two sites on morainic soil in central SE Norway, with five N level treatments: 0, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha-1. Regression analyses showed that a selection of soil properties could explain 95–98% of the spatial yield variation and 47–90% of the yield responses (averaged over years). A strategy with uniform fertilizer application of 120 kg N ha−1 (U N120) was compared with two variable-rate (VR) strategies, with a maximum N rate of either 150 kg N ha−1 (VRN150) or 180 kg N ha−1 (VRN180). These strategies were tested using either Norwegian prices (low price ratio of N fertilizer to yield value; PN/PY), or Swedish prices (high PN/PY). The VRN180 strategy had the highest potential yield and net revenue (yield value minus N cost) at both sites and under both price regimes. Using this strategy with Norwegian prices would increase the profit of barley cropping as long as at least 40 and 31% of the estimated potential increase in net revenue was realized, respectively. Using Swedish prices, uniform application appeared to be as good as or even better economically than the VR methods, when correcting for extra costs of VR application. The environmental effect of VR compared with uniform application, expressed as N not accounted for, showed contrasting effects when using Norwegian prices, but was clearly favourable using Swedish prices, with up to 20% reduction in the amount of N not accounted for.  相似文献   

6.
Recent studies have demonstrated the potential importance of using soil texture to modify fertilizer N recommendations. The objective of this study was to determine (i) if surface clay content can be used as an auxiliary variable for estimating spatial variability of soil NO3–N, and (ii) if this information is useful for variable rate N fertilization of non-irrigated corn [Zea mays (L.)] in south central Texas, USA across years. A 64 ha corn field with variable soil type and N fertility level was used for this study during 2004–2007. Plant and surface and sub-surface soil samples were collected at different grid points and analyzed for yield, soil N parameters and texture. A uniform rate (UR) of 120 kg N ha−1 in 2004 and variable rates (VAR) of 0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha−1 in 2005 through 2007 were applied to different sites in the field. Distinct yield variation was observed over this time period. Yield and soil surface clay content and soil N parameters were strongly spatially structured. Corn grain yield was positively related to residual NO3–N with depth and either negatively or positively related to clay content depending on precipitation. Residual NO3–N to 0.60 and 0.90 m depths was more related to corn yield than from shallower depths. The relationship of clay content with soil NO3–N was weak and not temporally stable. Yield response to N rate also varied temporally. Supply of available N with depth, soil texture and growing season precipitation determined proper N management for this field.  相似文献   

7.
稳定氮肥用量对夏玉米产量和氮肥利用率的影响   总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1  
通过大田小区试验,研究了稳定氮肥不同用量对夏玉米产量、养分累积量、氮肥利用效率及经济效益的影响。结果表明,与不施稳定氮肥相比,稳定氮肥施氮量90、150、210 kg·hm-2和270 kg·hm-2分别增产36.7%、62.1%、76.6%和81.9%,地上部氮素总累积量分别增加39.0%、60.3%、79.0%和113.4%,经济效益分别增加36.1%、61.2%、72.7%和77.1%;与农民习惯施用氮肥相比,高量稳定氮肥用量210 kg·hm-2和270 kg·hm-2分别增产7.3%和10.5%,地上部氮素总累积量分别增加3.2%和23.0%,经济效益分别增加9.7%和11.4%。施用稳定氮肥促进夏玉米对氮素的吸收累积,高量210 kg·hm-2和270kg·hm-2处理较习惯施氮提高总吸氮量。施用稳定氮肥各处理氮肥表观利用率和农学效率显著高于农民习惯施氮,偏生产力高于农民习惯施氮,生理效率除270 kg·hm-2处理外,高于农民习惯施氮。稳定氮肥施氮量在210 kg·hm-2时,能较好地协调玉米高产与稳定氮肥合理利用的统一。  相似文献   

8.
Spatial and temporal variability of soil nitrogen (N) supply together with temporal variability of plant N demand make conventional N management difficult. This study was conducted to determine the impact of residual soil nitrate-N (NO3-N) on ground-based remote sensing management of in-season N fertilizer applications for commercial center-pivot irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) in northeast Colorado. Wedge-shaped areas were established to facilitate fertigation with the center pivot in two areas of the field that had significantly different amounts of residual soil NO3-N in the soil profile. One in-season fertigation (48 kg N ha−1) was required in the Bijou loamy sand soil with high residual NO3-N versus three in-season fertigations totaling 102 kg N ha−1 in the Valentine fine sand soil with low residual NO3-N. The farmer applied five fertigations to the field between the wedges for a total in-season N application of 214 kg N ha−1. Nitrogen input was reduced by 78% and 52%, respectively, in these two areas compared to the farmer’s traditional practice without any reductions in corn yield. The ground-based remote sensing management of in-season applied N increased N use efficiency and significantly reduced residual soil NO3-N (0–1.5 m depth) in the loamy sand soil area. Applying fertilizer N as needed by the crop and where needed in a field may reduce N inputs compared to traditional farmer accepted practices and improve in-season N management.  相似文献   

9.
Farmers account for yield and soil variability to optimize their production under mainly economic considerations using the technology of precision farming. Therefore, understanding of the spatial variation of crop yield and crop yield development within arable fields is important for spatially variable management. Our aim was to classify landform units based on a digital elevation model, and to identify their impact on biomass development. Yield components were measured by harvesting spring barley (Hordeum vulgare, L.) in 1999, and winter rye (Secale cereale, L.) in 2000 and 2001, respectively, at 192 sampling points in a field in Saxony, Germany. The field was stratified into four landform units, i.e., shoulder, backslope, footslope and level. At each landform unit, a characteristic yield development could be observed. Spring barley grain yields were highest at the level positions with 6.7 t ha−1 and approximately 0.15 t ha−1 below that at shoulder and footslope positions in 1999. In 2000, winter rye harvest exhibited a reduction at backslope positions of around 0.2 t ha−1 as compared to the highest yield obtained again at level positions with 11.1 t ha−1. The distribution of winter rye grain yield across the different landforms was completely different in 2001 from that observed in 2000. Winter rye showed the highest yields at shoulder positions with 11.1 t ha−1, followed by the level position with 0.5 t ha−1 less grain yield. Different developments throughout the years were assumed to be due to soil water and meteorological conditions, as well as management history. Generally, crop yield differences of up to 0.7 t ha−1 were found between landform elements with appropriate consideration of the respective seasonal weather conditions. Landform analysis proved to be helpful in explaining variation in grain yield within the field between different years.  相似文献   

10.
为探究不同施氮量下春玉米季土壤矿质态氮淋失特征及产量变化,以春玉米为研究对象,设置不同施氮量(0、90、180、270、360 kg·hm-2,分别用N0、N90、N180、N270、N360表示),采用地下淋溶原位监测的方法,测定了玉米生育期间的土壤氮素淋失动态、玉米产量及氮肥利用率.结果 表明:硝态氮(NO-3-N)是春玉米季旱地土壤矿质态氮淋失的主要形态,占总淋失量的90％～91％;施用基肥和苗期追肥后1～3周出现氮素淋失高峰,是防控氮素淋失的关键时期;随施氮量增加,矿质态氮淋失量呈指数上升趋势,表现为N360(70.46 kg·hm-2)>N270(39.65 kg·hm-2)>N180(26.33 kg·hm-2)>N90(18.55 kg·hm-2)>N0(6.54 kg·hm-2),各处理间差异达显著水平(P<0.05).氮肥表观淋失率随施氮量增加呈先降后升趋势,在N180处理下,淋失率最低,为10.99％,较N270、N360处理分别降低1.27、6.76个百分点;玉米籽粒产量先随施氮量增加而显著提高(P<0.05),施氮超过180 kg·hm-2后进入平台期,N180处理下氮肥表观利用率达到最高,较其他处理增加14.50～27.75个百分点.总体来看,该研究区域春玉米的最佳施氮量为180 kg·hm-2,既能稳产也能保肥,同时土壤的氮素淋失率最低.  相似文献   

11.
【目的】研究不同施氮量下,尿素与缓释氮肥掺混对大田玉米生长、干物质累积量、产量、氮肥利用率和土壤硝态氮残留的影响,为作物高效施氮管理提供理论依据。【方法】试验选用玉米品种郑单958,设置了3种氮肥类型(尿素(U)、缓释氮肥(S)、尿素缓释肥3∶7掺混(SU))和4个施氮水平(N1(90 kg·hm~(-2))、N2(120 kg·hm~(-2))、N3(180 kg·hm~(-2))、N4(240 kg·hm~(-2))),以不施氮肥(N0)为对照,共13个处理。生育期内对玉米株高、茎粗和叶面积指数进行观测,并统计干物质累积量、产量及产量构成因素。【结果】氮肥类型与施氮量及两者交互作用对玉米生长指标、干物质累积量、产量及产量构成要素都有显著的影响。尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)在N3施氮量下玉米最大干物质累积量和氮素累积吸收量分别为17 927.9 kg·hm~(-2)和156.1 kg·hm~(-2),较其他处理分别提高了16.0%—61.7%和8.1%—45.2%。尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)在N3施氮量下,产量达到最高,为6 200 kg·hm~(-2),比尿素(U)N3处理和缓释氮肥(S)N2处理的产量分别增加了19.8%和20.7%;其中,缓释氮肥处理(S)和尿素掺混缓释氮肥处理(SU)在N2施氮量下比尿素处理施氮量减少30%时,产量无显著性差异。玉米的产量并不是随着施氮量的增加而增加,尿素(U)和尿素掺混缓释氮肥处理(SU)在N3施氮量时玉米产量比N4施氮量分别增加了19.7%和19.0%,缓释氮肥处理(S)中N2施氮量的玉米产量比N3和N4施氮量分别提高10.9%和26.5%。尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)N3处理玉米吐丝期后营养器官中氮素向籽粒中转运量最大,比尿素(U)N3处理和缓释氮肥(S)N2处理分别增加了14.7%和8.2%,有利于促进籽粒的增产。土壤硝态氮的累积量随着施氮量的增加而增加,但是尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)处理的土壤硝态氮累积量比尿素(U)处理和缓释氮肥(S)处理分别平均减少21.2%和9.5%,尿素掺混缓释氮肥(SU)处理土壤硝态氮含量主要分布在0—40 cm土层,不仅促进玉米的吸收,更减少土壤氮素向更深土层的淋失,提高耕作层的土壤养分。【结论】尿素与缓释氮肥掺混,施氮量180 kg·hm~(-2)是试验区玉米高效生产的最佳施氮量。  相似文献   

12.
Several methods were developed for the redistribution of nitrogen (N) fertilizer within fields with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based on plant and soil sensors, and topographical information. The methods were based on data from nine field experiments in nine different fields for a 3-year period. Each field was divided into 80 or more subplots fertilized with 60, 120, 180 or 240 kg N ha−1. The relationships between plot yield, N application rate, sensor measurements and the interaction between N application and sensor measurements were investigated. Based on the established relations, several sensor-based methods for within-field redistribution of N were developed. It was shown that plant sensors predicted yield at harvest better than soil sensors and topographical indices. The methods based on plant sensors showed that N fertilizer should be moved from areas with low and high sensor measurements to areas with medium values. The theoretical increase in yield and N uptake, and the reduced variation in grain protein content resulting from the application of the above methods were estimated. However, the estimated increases in crop yield, N-uptake and reduced variation in grain protein content were small.  相似文献   

13.
Germination conditions are determined by hydraulic, thermal and mechanical properties of the soils. In heterogeneous fields, the most favourable seeding depth varies spatially. To investigate the influence of seeding depth on emergence and grain yield of corn, corn was planted in depths of 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 mm in three experimental years (2006–2008). The apparent soil electrical conductivity was measured with an EM38. The apparent electrical conductivity was used as a proxy for soil texture, top-soil thickness, effective root zone thickness, soil water content and soil structure. The spatial dependencies among emergence, yield and apparent electrical conductivity were considered by including spatial models into the statistical analysis. The results showed significant correlations of the apparent soil electrical conductivity, of the experimental year, and of the seeding depth with the emergence of corn. Deeper planted corn (80 or 90 mm) resulted in more emergence than shallow planted corn (+4.4% in 2006, +1.2% in 2007 and +1.5% in 2008). The emergence decreased with increasing apparent soil electrical conductivity values. The corn grain yield was significantly affected by the soil electrical conductivity, by emergence and by the experimental year. Increasing apparent soil electrical conductivity values were correlated with decreasing yield (from 7.5 to 3.4 Mg ha−1 in 2006, from 10.8 to 5.3 Mg ha−1 in 2007 and from 8.4 to 2.9 Mg ha−1 in 2008). Increasing emergence resulted in increasing yield.  相似文献   

14.
Tools to quantify the nitrogen (N) status of a rice canopy during inter-nodal elongation (IE) would be valuable for mid-season N management because N accounts for the largest input cost. The objective of this paper was to study canopy reflectance as a potential tool for assessing the mid-season status of N in a rice crop. Three field plot experiments were conducted in 2002 and 2003 on cultivars Wells and Cocodrie to study the canopy reflectance response of rice to plant N accumulation (PNA) during IE and to identify the wavelengths and vegetation indices that are good indicators of PNA. Each experiment included six pre-flood N treatments of 0, 33.6, 67.2, 100.8, 133.4 and 168 kg N ha−1. Rice canopy reflectance, biomass, tissue N concentration and PNA were measured weekly during IE. The wavelengths most strongly correlated to PNA at the beginning of IE were 937 and 718 nm. Several vegetation indices were examined to determine which were strongly correlated (>0.7) with PNA at the beginning of IE. Multiple linear regression models of PNA on selected vegetation indices explained 53–85% of the variation in PNA during the first week of IE. This study identifies the best combinations of vegetation indices for estimating PNA in rice.  相似文献   

15.
The main objective of this study was to calibrate a commercial capacitance probe for measuring pasture dry matter yields under Mediterranean conditions. The standard method of assessing pasture biomass is based on cutting all the forage within a specified area and requires great effort and expense to collect enough samples to accurately represent a pasture. The field tests were carried out in 2007, 2008 and 2009 on different dates (phenological stages), and on five dairy farms, representing typical pastures in the region (grasses; legumes; and bio-diverse flora, mixture of grasses, legumes and others species). The linear regression techniques used in 2007 to relate the weight of the herbage (direct measurements) to the meter reading of capacitance (indirect measurements) led to high regression coefficients in grasses (R2 = 0.90; P < 0.01) and heterogeneous botanical composition (R2 = 0.87; P < 0.001) and moderate regression coefficient in legumes species (R2 = 0.48; P < 0.05). The validation of the calibration equations in 2008 and 2009 in two sites showed RSME values of 130 kg ha−1 in heterogeneous botanical composition and 456 kg ha−1 in legumes. The results indicated that the capacitance probe together with a GPS receiver might support site-specific management of pastures which would be useful in large areas.  相似文献   

16.
沼液与有机肥配施条件下氮损失风险的研究   总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2  
本研究旨在探索沼液、有机肥配施等氮量替代化肥的模式,期望能够在保持产量稳定的前提下,降低稻田氮素损失的风险。本试验以太湖水稻土为研究对象进行盆栽试验,设置了空白对照(CK)、常规化肥(NPK)、100%沼液、75%沼液+25%猪粪有机肥、50%沼液+50%猪粪有机肥和100%猪粪有机肥六个处理,采用密闭室间歇通气法研究了不同生育时期的稻田氨挥发特性,同期测定稻田田面水氮含量,以及全施肥期径流流失量。试验结果显示,在等施氮量条件下,常规化肥处理水稻产量达12 752.70 kg·hm~(-2),其农田氨挥发总量为76.99 kg·hm~(-2),径流氮损失量39.11 kg·hm~(-2);100%沼液施用处理和75%沼液+25%猪粪有机肥配施处理氨挥发量较高,分别为120.66、88.01 kg·hm~(-2);而50%沼液+50%猪粪有机肥配施处理氨挥发总量和径流氮流失量均低于常规化肥处理,分别为58.03、22.00 kg·hm~(-2),其产量与常规化肥处理相比无显著性差异;100%猪粪有机肥施用处理尽管氨挥发总量和径流氮流失量表现最低,但其产量低于50%沼液+50%猪粪有机肥配施处理。综合比较而言,50%沼液+50%猪粪有机肥配合施用处理在保持一定产量的基础上又能减少氨挥发及氮流失风险,是一种比较适宜的施肥模式。  相似文献   

17.
Maximum benefit of a precise nitrogen application system for wheat   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Research is ongoing to develop sensor-based systems to determine crop nitrogen needs. To be economic and to achieve wide adoption, a sensor-based site-specific application system must be sufficiently efficient to overcome both the cost disadvantage of dry and liquid sources of nitrogen relative to applications before planting of anhydrous ammonia and possible losses if weather prevents applications during the growing season. The objective of this study is to determine the expected maximum benefit of a precision N application system for winter wheat that senses and applies N to the growing crop in the spring relative to a uniform system that applies N before planting. An estimate of the maximum benefit would be useful to provide researchers with an upper bound on the cost of delivering an economically viable precision technology. Sixty five site-years of data from two dryland winter wheat nitrogen fertility experiments at experimental stations in the Southern Plains of the U.S.A. were used to estimate the expected returns from both a conventional uniform rate anhydrous ammonia (NH3) application system before planting and a precise topdressing system to determine the value of the latter. For prices of $0.55 and $0.33 kg−1 N for urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) and NH3, respectively, the maximum net value of a system of precise sensor-based nitrogen application for winter wheat was about $22–$31 ha−1 depending upon location and assumptions regarding the existence of a plateau. However, for prices of $1.10 and $0.66 kg−1 N for UAN and NH3, respectively, the value was approximately $33 ha−1. The benefit of precise N application is sensitive to both the absolute and relative prices of UAN and NH3.This is journal paper AEJ-260 of the Oklahoma Agricultural Experiment Station, project H-2574.  相似文献   

18.
缓释肥侧条施肥技术对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
利用田间小区试验,系统研究了基于缓释肥料的侧条施肥技术对水稻产量和氮素利用效率的影响。试验结果表明:与农民常规施肥处理(FP)比较,侧条施肥技术高缓释肥处理(HF)水稻氮素投入比农民常规施肥处理(FP)降低约40%,水稻产量没有显著降低,穗粒数比农民常规施肥处理增加了8.36%。侧条施肥技术显著提高了水稻地上部吸氮量和氮肥偏生产力,降低了氮素的表观损失量。侧条施肥各处理氮肥偏生产力在39.1~67.8之间,显著高于FP处理的23.7。FP处理氮素表观损失量高达174.2 kg·hm-2,侧条施肥各处理表观损失量在23.2~61.9 kg·hm-2之间。综合考虑水稻产量和环境因素,基于缓释肥料的侧条施肥技术是一种资源节约和环境友好的施肥技术。  相似文献   

19.
In semi-arid regions, soil water and nitrogen (N) are generally limiting factors for corn (Zea mays L.) production; hence, implementation of appropriate N fertilization strategies is needed. The use of precision agriculture practices based on specific site and crop properties may contribute to a better allocation of fertilizer among management zones (MZ). The aim of this study was to develop a model for diagnosis of N availability and recommendation of N fertilizer rates adjusted to MZ for dryland corn crops growing in Haplustolls. The model considered variability between MZ by including site-specific variables [soil available water content at sowing (SAW) and Available Nitrogen (soil available N-NO3 at planting + applied N, Nd)] using spatial statistical analysis. The study was conducted in Córdoba, Argentina in Haplustolls and consisted in four field trials of N fertilizer (range 0–161 kg N ha−1) in each MZ. The MZ were selected based on elevation maps analysis. Grain yields varied between MZ and increased with larger SAW and Nd at sowing. Grain responses to Nd and SAW in any MZ were not different between sites, allowing to fit a regional model whose parameters (Nd, Nd2, SAW, SAW2) contributed significantly (p < 0.001) to yield prediction. Agronomical and economically optimum N rates varied among MZs. However, the spatial variability of optimum N rates among MZs within sites was not enough to recommend variable N fertilizer rates instead of a uniform rate. Variable N fertilizer rates should be recommended only if variability in SAW and soil N among MZ is greater than that found in this work.  相似文献   

20.
为了减少氨挥发带来的氮素损失和面源污染,寻求一种节水、节肥、稳产的水氮运筹模式,研究分析了氨挥发规律及春玉米籽粒产量对不同水氮运筹模式的响应。试验采用裂区设计,共15个处理。主区为灌水定额,设置3个水平,分别为525、750、975 m~3·hm~(-2);副区为施氮量,设置5个水平,分别为0、80、160、240、320 kg·hm~(-2)。于2014、2015年连续两年进行田间试验。采用通气法采集田间氨挥发量,并计算氨挥发速率、氨挥发损失量及损失率。结果表明:2014、2015两年同一处理追肥后的氨挥发速率峰值均大于该处理施入基肥后的氨挥发速率峰值,追肥后氨挥发速率峰值比施入基肥后的氨挥发速率峰值分别高出63.31%和62.06%。施氮量、灌水定额以及两者的交互作用均对NH_3-N损失量具有极显著影响,三者对田间土壤NH_3-N损失量的影响表现为施氮量灌水定额两者的交互作用。2014、2015两年各施氮处理施入基肥后平均NH_3-N损失量为5.71~13.95 kg·hm~(-2),追肥后平均NH_3-N损失量为8.70~18.66 kg·hm~(-2)。2014年各施氮处理NH_3-N总损失量为13.90~32.21 kg·hm~(-2),2015年各施氮处理NH_3-N总损失量为15.45~32.99 kg·hm~(-2)。处理W2N3(灌水定额750 m~3·hm~(-2),施氮量240 kg·hm~(-2))既能节水、节肥,又能保证获得高产,同时显著地降低了NH_3-N损失量,故推荐该处理为适用于当地的最优水氮运筹模式。  相似文献   

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