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1.
为了提高海水养殖尾水的净化效率, 研究了利用高效脱氮菌强化挂膜后的生物滤器对静止和流动养殖尾水的净化效果。首先利用自主筛选的 3 株适应海水环境、可有效去除氨氮、亚硝酸氮及有机物的高效脱氮菌[花津滩芽孢杆菌(Bacillus hwajinpoensis)SLWX2、嗜碱盐单胞菌(Halomonas alkaliphila)X3 和麦氏交替单胞菌(Alteromonas macleodii)SLNX2]的不同组合强化挂膜, 根据成熟后的生物滤器对定量静止养殖尾水中 NH4+ -N、NO2– -N、NO3– -N、 总氮(TN)及化学需氧量(CODMn)的去除效果, 选出对各无机氮去除效果最佳的菌种组合作为强化菌种再次挂膜, 分析不同浓度强化菌种挂膜对流动养殖尾水中 NH4+ -N、NO2– -N 和 NO3– -N 的持续净化效果,以上实验均以自然挂膜组为对照。静止尾水处理实验结果表明, 各实验组中 NO3– -N 浓度先上升后下降, 对养殖尾水各项无机氮及有机物指标的去除效果均优于对照组。其中, SLWX2+X3+SLNX2 组合高浓度组对养殖尾水中的各项指标去除效果最佳, 在第 48 小时对 NH4+ -N、NO2– -N、CODMn 和 TN 的去除率分别达到 100%、100%、80.7%和 59.5%。而自然挂膜对照组的去除率分别为 95.5%、50.52%、38.1%、13.44%, 且 NO3– -N 浓度持续上升。说明脱氮菌强化挂膜可明显提高生物滤器对养殖尾水的净化效率, 有效降低养殖尾水中氮素和有机物的浓度。后期连续流动尾水净化实验结果表明, 实验组和对照组生物滤器出水的 NH4+ -N、NO2– -N、NO3– -N 浓度均低于进水的, 强化挂膜组的又均低于自然挂膜组的, 其中 106 CFU/mL 实验组对无机氮的去除效果均最佳, NH4+ -N NO2– -N NO3– -N 的最大去除率分别为 31.6%、11.33%、 15.6%; 105 CFU/mL 实验组次之, 且出水氮素浓度可长期维持在较低水平。说明脱氮菌强化挂膜对各项无机氮的去除效果持续优于自然挂膜。本实验的结果为脱氮菌在海水养殖尾水净化中的应用提供了理论基础和技术支撑。 相似文献
2.
凡纳滨对虾养殖塘叶绿素a与水质因子的多元回归分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2009年4-9月期间,对上海市奉贤区某凡纳滨对虾养殖场22个养殖池塘水体叶绿素a、水温、pH、溶解氧、透明度、悬浮物(SS)、总有机碳(TOC)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)等15项水质因子进行测定。取164组测定数据,进行描述性统计,分析叶绿素a与各项因子的相关性系数。分析结果显示,与叶绿素a呈极显著线性正相关的水质因子为SS、TOC、BOD5、CODMn、TN、TP;呈显著正相关的为DO;而叶绿素a与透明度呈极显著线性负相关,与PO3-4-P呈显著线性负相关;与水温、pH、NO-2-N、 NO-3-N、NH3-N则未呈现显著相关性。根据多元线性回归选择自变量的原则,选择了TOC、TN、PO3-4-P和TP4项水质因子,建立了叶绿素a与4项水质因子的逐步回归模型:Chl.a =-0.054 5+0.0034 9 TOC+0.015 3 TN-0.418 PO3-4-P+0.276 TP(r=0.715 5)。利用偏回归系数检验各水质因子对叶绿素a的影响,结果表明,对叶绿素a影响从大到小依次是TP、TOC、PO3-4-P和TN。研究结果对进一步探讨养殖池塘生态系统的变化规律及水环境质量保护提供了依据。 相似文献
3.
研究了 NH3-N、NO2 - -N与 NO3 - -N对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的毒性作用。获得了 NH3-Nt(NH3-Nm) 与 NO2 - -N对体长2．4cm幼虾的 24h、48h、72h、96h之 LC50值，两者对幼虾的安全质量分数分别为1．30 (0．101)mg/L和3．80mg/L。当 NH3-Nt(NH3-Nm)质量分数在1．3(0．101)~4．3(0．333)mg/L时，存活率为71．4% ~92．9%，体长增长率为36．3% ~57．1%，体重增长率为188．5% ~322．3%。当 NO2 - -N质量分数在3．00~21．00mg/L时，成活率为75．0% ~91．7%，体长增长率为21．2% ~59．2%，体重增长率为72．0% ~311．9%。NO3 - -N对体长7．37cm幼虾的亚急性毒性效应：NO3 - -N的质量分数在 30~195mg/L时，成活率为 35% ~100%，体长增长率为8．5% ~20．5%，体重增长率为29．6% ~56．8% 。三态氮在一定质量分数范围内均对幼虾的存活率和生长率产生影响。 相似文献
4.
中国西北地区次生盐碱水中NO2--N长期处于较高浓度,严重制约了盐碱水养殖产业的可持续发展。根据对甘肃省景泰县草窝滩渔农综合示范区（104°7''40″E,37°19''6″N）的定期定点监测,运用配对样本t检验、Duncan''s多重比较和Pearson相关性分析,研究了不同类型次生盐碱水体无机氮转化及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果表明：（1）次生盐碱水无机三态氮（NO2--N、NH4+-N、NO3--N）及总氮（TN）本底值高,全年均值分别是NO2--N（0.3±0.2）mg/L、NH4+-N（1.93±1.25）mg/L、NO3--N（2.92±1.5）mg/L、TN（13.91±5.85）mg/L;无机氮占TN比例不超过50%,说明有机氮在次生盐碱水体中所占比例更高;（2）环境因子pH与NO2--N正相关,与NO3--N负相关,盐度与NO3--N负相关,pH和盐度加剧了次生盐碱水NO2--N的积累;（3）水产养殖显著降低次生盐碱水体中NO3--N浓度和碳酸盐碱度,显示了盐碱水养殖对次生盐碱水的生态改良功能。本研究旨在为中国次生盐碱水的渔业开发利用提供科学依据。 相似文献
5.
为了解复合垂直流人工湿地系统对海水养殖尾水中各形态氮的处理效果, 以及植物与不同基质层微生物群落特征的相似性和差异性, 以互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)-细砂-煤渣-碎石构建的复合垂直流人工湿地系统为研究对象, 研究了该系统对海水石斑鱼养殖尾水中 COD、NO3 – -N、NO2 – -N、NH4 + -N 和总氮(TN)的去除效果, 并采用高通量测序技术分析了植物根际和不同基质层微生物群落特征。结果表明, 复合垂直流人工湿地系统对污染物有较好的去除效果, 出水中 COD、NO3 – -N、NO2 – -N、NH4 + -N 和 TN 的平均浓度分别为 4.00 mg/L, 0.15 mg/L, 0.16 mg/L, 0.04 mg/L, 0.64 mg/L。植物根际样品和细砂层样品的微生物群落丰富度和多样性较高, 与其他基质层样品具有明显差异; 在门分类水平上优势菌以变形菌门、拟杆菌门、放线菌门、绿弯菌门和厚壁菌门为主, 相对丰度分别为 53.7%、11.5%、11.9%、6.4%、3.7%; 在纲分类水平优势菌以 α-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、放线菌纲和拟杆菌纲为主, 相对丰度分别为 30.1%、20.9%、11.9%、10.3%; 人工湿地中丰度最高的脱氮功能菌包括亚硝化单胞菌属、硝化螺菌属、 芽孢杆菌属、假单胞菌属和不动杆菌属; 系统中微生物代谢功能丰富, 且所有样品功能组成相似; 相同基质层样品的微生物群落组成差异较小, 二级湿地单元各基质层样品微生物群落的差异程度与一级湿地单元相比较小。 相似文献
6.
室内集约化养虾池以低频率运转水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
采用低频率运转循环水处理系统(含粗滤器、臭氧仪、气液混合器,蛋白分离器、暗沉淀池等)联用池内设施(微泡曝气增氧机与净水网)开展凡纳滨对虾室内集约化养殖实验。研究了养虾池以水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支。结果表明,养虾水经系统处理后,NO2-N(53.4%～64.5%)、CODMn(53.4%～94.4%)与TAN(31.6%～40.4%)被显著去除,有效改进虾池水质;养殖周期内未换水与用药,虾池主要水化指标均控制在对虾生长安全范围,7号实验池(100 d)与8号对照池(80 d)主要水化指标变化范围:DO分别为 5.07～6.70 mg/L和4.38～6.94 mg/L,TAN 0.248～0.561 mg/L和0.301～0.794 mg/L,NO2-N 0.019～0.311 mg/L和0.012～0.210 mg/L,CODMn 10.88～21.22 mg/L和11.65～23.34 mg/L。7号池对虾生长指数优于8号池(80 d虾病暴发终止),单位水体产量分别为1.398 kg/m2与0.803 kg/m2。氮磷收支估算结果:7号与8号池饲料氮磷分别占总收入:氮93.70%与92.37%,磷98.77%与99.09%;初始水层与虾苗含氮共占总收入6.30%与7.63%,磷共占1.23%与0.91%。总水层(含排污水)氮磷分别占总输出:氮56.45%与59.86%,磷53.26%与55.79%;收获虾体氮磷分别占总输出:氮37.07%与31.94%,磷21.37%与13.11%。7号池饲料转化率较高;池水渗漏与吸附等共损失氮磷分别占总输出:氮7.00%与9.34%,磷25.37%与31.10%。实验结果表明,虾池以低频率运转循环水处理系统联用池内设施可有效控制水质与虾病,具较高饲料转化率。 相似文献
7.
循环水养殖系统生物滤池细菌群落的PCR-DGGE分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过模拟实验对循环水养殖系统中不同初始NH 4N浓度的生物滤池中生物膜上和水中的细菌数量及群落种类组成进行了研究。对成熟生物膜及水体样品中的异养菌、氨氧化菌、亚硝酸盐氧化菌的培养计数结果表明,随着生物滤池初始氨氮浓度增大,除异养细菌数量逐渐下降外,生物膜上的氨氧化菌和亚硝酸盐氧化菌数量呈逐渐增加趋势,且均高出水样3~4个数量级;同时对上述样品的16S rRNA基因片段的PCR扩增产物进行变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)分析及其序列同源性分析的结果表明,生物膜和水中都有较高的细菌多样性,同一初始氨氮浓度的滤池中生物膜上的细菌多样性高于水中的。生物滤池中的细菌主要由拟杆菌门的黄杆菌纲和变形菌门的α-、β-、γ-变形菌纲的15种细菌组成。生物膜上的优势菌包括奥雷氏菌属、湖饲养者菌属、泥滩杆菌属、沉积杆菌属、雷辛格氏菌属、冷蛇形菌属和亚硝化单胞菌属等;水体中的优势菌则有明显差异,主要有蛋黄色杆菌属、Nautella,玫瑰杆菌属和一种硫氧化菌等。初始氨氮越高的滤池中,亚硝化单胞菌属的细菌在生物膜上所占比例越高,逐渐成为优势菌之一。实验证实,挂膜初期,提高水体中初始氨氮浓度,有利于硝化细菌的富集和固着,提高生物滤池的除氮效率。 相似文献
8.
为了解过水型湖荡群浮游植物群落与水质变化特征,探究望虞河西岸湖荡群浮游植物时空分布及其环境影响因子,基于生物多样性分析、Pearson线性相关性分析、冗余分析(RDA)方法,于2018年9月—2019年7月对望虞河西岸湖荡群(宛山荡、嘉凌荡、鹅真荡、漕湖)的浮游植物和水环境因子进行采样调查分析,结果表明：①四个湖荡水质均处于GB3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》V类~劣V类水平,超标指标为TN和CODCr,春季优于其他季节。 ②湖荡群共鉴定浮游植物8门68属152种(含变种、变形),其中硅藻门、绿藻门、蓝藻门最多;主要优势种包括小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)、梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)、颗粒直链藻(Melosira granulata)、铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)、阿氏浮丝藻(Planktothrix agardhii)等;年均生物量为13.48 mg/L,年均藻细胞密度为15.25×106 cells/L;湖荡群浮游植物多样性指数呈秋高夏低趋势,处于中污染型至重污染型的过渡状态,其中Shannon-Wiener多样性指数多介于2~3之间,Pielou均匀度指数为0.5~0.8,Margalef丰富度指数处于1~2之间。 ③Pearson相关性分析与RDA分析结果表明,影响浮游植物的主要环境因子为WT(水温)、NH4+-N和NO3--N。 研究显示,望虞河西岸湖荡群浮游植物空间分布不均、季节特征明显,与太湖相比,优势种相近且多样性指数较好,但湖荡群水质较差,建议持续监测并加强针对性措施。 相似文献
9.
环境因子对鼠尾藻幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了揭示鼠尾藻幼苗的生态适应性,研究了温度(5~34 ℃)、盐度(10~50)和营养盐等环境因子对鼠尾藻幼苗叶绿素荧光参数的影响。结果表明,(1) 氮浓度高于8 mg/L或磷浓度高于1.2 mg/L,或温度高于28 ℃,对鼠尾藻幼苗的光合作用均有显著影响(P<0.05);(2) 短时间的5~15 ℃的低温胁迫或10~50盐度胁迫6 h对鼠尾藻幼苗的Fv/Fm值影响不明显;(3) 氮、磷浓度分别为2~4 mg/L和0.2~0.8 mg/L,且NH+4-N∶NO-3-N的比值为1~3时,较利于鼠尾藻幼苗光合作用的进行。 相似文献
10.
为比较单养、混养草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)养殖池塘的水质与生物组成特点，采取水质分析、环境DNA与传统鉴别方法对草鱼单养、混养(80:20)两类池塘的水质变化、浮游生物、底栖生物、菌群结构进行了分析。结果表明，混养池塘的水质优于单养池塘，混养池塘水体中总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、氨氮(NH4+-N)、亚硝态氮(NO2--N)的浓度比单养池塘分别低10.15%、3.78%、5.07%、80.18%，总磷(TP)和活性磷(SRP)的浓度分别低27.14%和56.26%；两类池塘中浮游植物均以绿藻门(Chlorophyta)、蓝藻门(Cyanophyta)、隐藻门(Cryptophyta)为优势种，但单养池塘中的藻类密度为30×106cells/L，低于混养池塘104×106cells/L；两类池塘中的浮游动物均以轮虫和原生动物为优势种，枝角类和桡足类生物数量较少，单养池塘中浮游动物密度高于混养池塘；在底栖动物方面，单养池塘存在螺类、水蚯蚓和摇蚊幼虫，而混养池塘仅有螺类和摇蚊幼虫。在菌群组成方面，单养池塘水体中以厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)为优势类群，混养池塘水体中以变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势类群；但在两类池塘底泥中，均以变形菌门为优势类群。以上结果表明，草鱼混养有利于改善养殖池塘水质，增加浮游植物丰富度，改变养殖水体菌群的结构。本研究为优化草鱼池塘养殖结构，改善水质，构建高效池塘养殖模式提供了依据。 相似文献
11.
Depuration system flushing rate affects geosmin removal from market-size Atlantic salmon Salmo salar
Common off-flavor compounds including geosmin (GSM) bioaccumulate in fish cultured in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) resulting in unpalatable fillets that are objectional to consumers. Most RAS facilities relocate fish from grow-out tanks to separate depuration systems with increased water flushing to remediate pre-harvest off-flavors, but certain aspects of this procedure have not been optimized including characterization of water exchange rates that effectively diminish off-flavor. To this end, a study was carried out to evaluate the effects of flushing rate and associated depuration system hydraulic retention time (HRT) on GSM removal from Atlantic salmon Salmo salar originally produced in a semi-commercial scale freshwater RAS. Twenty-six fish (5−7 kg each) were stocked into twelve replicate depuration systems operated with system HRTs of 2.4, 4.6, and 11.3-h, respectively (N = 4). Geosmin was assessed at intervals in system water and fish flesh over a 10-day feed withholding period. Waterborne GSM concentration was affected by flushing rate and associated system HRT (P < 0.05). Depuration systems operated with an 11.3-h HRT had greater waterborne GSM levels at 3, 6, and 10 days post-stocking compared to 2.4 and 4.6-h HRT. A similar trend was generally reflected in salmon flesh. Residual GSM levels were successively higher in fillets on Day 6 from depuration systems with increasingly longer HRT. Geosmin levels were greatest in salmon flesh from the 11.3-h HRT treatment on Day 10, but fillet GSM between the 2.4 and 4.6-h HRT was similar. This research indicates that lowest residual GSM is achieved in water and Atlantic salmon flesh in depuration systems with increased flushing and shorter HRT, i.e., 2.4–4.6-h under conditions of this study. Selection of optimal flushing rate to remediate off-flavor from RAS-produced Atlantic salmon may also be dictated by water and energy use metrics and site-specific water availability among other factors. 相似文献
12.
Data on operation and performance of cost-effective solutions for end-of-pipe removal of nitrate from land-based saltwater recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are scarce but increasingly requested by the aquaculture industry. This study investigated the performance of a (semi)commercial-scale fixed-bed denitrification unit using single sludge for treating effluent from a commercial, saltwater RAS used for production of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). A fixed-bed denitrification reactor was fed continuously with 3-days hydrolyzed sludge from the commercial RAS, and was operated at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs; 1.82, 3.64, 5.46, or 7.28 h) or influent C/N ratios (3, 5, 7, or 10). Twenty-four h pooled samples were collected from the inflowing RAS water and the hydrolyzed sludge as well as from the denitrification reactor outlet, and samples were analyzed for nutrients and organic matter content.Nitrate removal rates increased consistently with decreasing HRT (from 64.3 ± 5.2–162.7 ± 22.0 g NO3-N/m3/d within the HRTs tested) at non-limiting C/N ratios, while nitrate removal efficiencies decreased (from 99.6 ± 0.3–58.2 ± 8.9 %). With increasing influent C/N ratios at constant HRT (3.64 h), nitrate removal rates increased until the removal efficiency was close to 100 % and nitrate concentration in the denitrification reactor became rate-limiting. A maximum nitrate removal rate of 162.7 ± 2.0 g NO3-N/m3/d was achieved at a HRT of 1.82 h and an influent C/N of 6.6 ± 0.5, while the most efficient use of hydrolyzed sludge (0.19 ± 0.02 g NO3-N removed/g sCOD supplied) was obtained with a HRT of 3.64 h and a C/N ratio of 2.9. Removal rates of organic matter significantly and consistently increased with decreasing HRT and increasing C/N ratio. In addition, reducing HRT and increasing C/N ratios significantly improved removal of total phosphorus (TP) and PO4-P.In conclusion, optimal management of the operating parameters (HRT and C/N ratio) in a single-sludge denitrification process can significantly reduce the discharge of nitrogen, organic matter, and phosphorous from land-based saltwater RAS and thus contribute to increased sustainability. 相似文献
13.
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) discharge management limits the development of the aquaculture sector, because RAS do not automatically result in low nutrient emissions. Research has helped develop discharge management systems such as wetlands and woodchip bioreactors that have been adopted by Danish commercial model trout farms. To further develop the Danish concept, we have modelled and built a novel “zero-discharge” recirculating aquaculture system with an annual capacity of approximately 14 tonnes. The aim of this paper is to describe the entire concept and present the results from the start-up phase of the whole system. The concept includes the treatment of RAS effluent (overflow and sludge supernatant) using a hybrid solution of a woodchip bioreactor, constructed vertical wetland, and sand infiltration. Using this three-step process, the nitrate, phosphorus, and organic matter effluent are decreased to acceptable levels to reuse the water in the RAS process reducing the need for new raw water. In the first nine months of operation, a water treatment field was used as an end-of-pipe treatment to ensure the water was safe to recirculate for fish. During the winter, the water temperature dropped to 2.7 degrees in the sand filter, but the frost did not reach the water levels in any of the treatment processes. It therefore appears that a hybrid solution can operate sufficiently even in winter conditions. In the first year of operation, a woodchip bioreactor can remove 97 % of the nitrate, although the slow start-up of the RAS caused the bioreactor to be N-limited. On average, 79 % and 92 % of the inflow phosphate concentration was removed in the woodchip bioreactor and the entire hybrid treatment field respectively. The wetland and sand filter removed organic matter sufficiently (35 %), but because of the longer than designed actual water residence, it leached from the bioreactor more than was expected. Further experimentation is needed to identify the financial applicability and performance during higher feeding rates. 相似文献
14.
The effect of bioreactor design on nitrification efficiency has been well studied, but less is known about the overall impacts on water quality. Besides nitrification, submerged fixed bed bioreactors (FBBR) trap fine solid particles, whereas moving bed bioreactors (MBBR) grind solids, possibly increasing solids and particle accumulation in the system. In this experiment, the effects of different combinations of fixed bed and moving bed bioreactors on water quality, solids removal, particle size distribution, fish health based on histopathological changes and nitrification efficiency were studied in laboratory scale recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Three set-ups with triplicate tanks were used: 1. two consecutive fixed bed bioreactors (FF); 2. a fixed bed bioreactor followed by a moving bed bioreactor (FM) and 3. two consecutive moving bed bioreactors (MM). Fish performance was not influenced by the design of the bioreactor, specific growth rate (SGR) being between 1.59 and 1.64% d−1 and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between 0.95 and 0.98. Water nitrite concentration was higher in the FF systems compared to FM and MM systems, whereas the average total ammonia nitrogen concentration (TAN) was not influenced by the treatments. Nitrification rate, which was measured in the laboratory, followed the water nitrite levels, indicating highest total ammonium oxidation rates in the MM systems. UV254 absorbance and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were higher in the groups with moving bed systems, indicating accumulation of organic substances in the circulating water. The total volume of particles was higher in the MM systems as compared to the FF systems. The total solids balance was similar in all the bioreactor groups, since the removal of solids by the FBBR backwash was compensated by the drum filter in the FM and MM systems. In general, no significant histopathological difference in gill, kidney, heart and liver tissue were observed between the RAS treatment groups and the flow-through treatment. 相似文献
15.
Successful operation of recirculating aquaculture systems is dependent on frequent monitoring of the optimal function of water treatment processes in order to maintain environmental conditions for optimal growth and welfare of the fish. Real time monitoring of fish status is however usually not an integrated part of automatized systems within RAS. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of implanted acoustic acceleration transmitters to monitor Atlantic salmon swimming activity. Twelve salmon post-smolts were individually tagged and distributed in three tanks containing salmon at start density of 50 kg m−3. The tagging did not cause any mortality and all individuals increased their body weight during this study. Following initial recovery, acceleration data were continuously logged for one month, including treatment periods with exposure to hyperoxic (170% O2 saturation) and hypoxic (60% O2 saturation) conditions, and different tank hydraulic retention times (HRT; 23 and 58 min). Changes in-tank dissolved oxygen levels to hyperoxic and hypoxic conditions reduced the total activity of Atlantic salmon in this study. On the contrary, increased and reduced tank HRT increased the total activity levels. Feeding periods induced a sharp increase in the Atlantic salmon swimming activity, while irregular feeding caused larger oscillations in activity and also lead to increased swimming activity of the tagged fish. Atlantic salmon responded with a maximum recorded total activity to stress caused by technical problems within the system and consequent changes in the RAS environment. The results of this study indicate that Atlantic salmon respond quickly with changed swimming activity to changes in the water quality and acute stress caused by normal management routines within RAS. The use of acoustic acceleration transmitters for real time monitoring of swimming activity within aquaculture production systems may allow for rapid detection of changes in species-specific behavioural welfare indicators and assist in the refinement of best management practices. In addition, acceleration tag could potentially serve as a valuable research tool for behavioural studies, studies on stress and welfare and could allow for better understanding of interaction between fish and RAS environment. 相似文献
16.
The aquaculture industry is growing fast but facing two major challenges: a shortage of suitable locations for growth and the need to reduce environmental impacts. One solution for both these challenges is inland production through recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). The RAS technique is rather new, and several practical issues need to be solved. In this study, an experimental platform, consisting of ten individual RAS units, was built for small-scale testing of different RAS designs and operation methods, and two preliminary experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, the capability of different chemical additions (sodium nitrite, ammonium chloride and/or cane sugar) to fasten the startup of the nitrification bioreactor was tested. In addition, the suitability and reliability of an online water measurement system in monitoring nitrification process with was evaluated. We demonstrated that when using a combination of sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride in a concentration of 5 mg l−1, nitrification started one week before than when using only ammonium chloride or a clean start with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In the second experiment, the effect of different relative water renewal rates (RWR) on water quality, rainbow trout growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were examined at 16 °C. Based on the results, FCR increased when RWR went below 478 l kg−1, and the specific growth rate decreased when RWR went below 514 l kg−1. Furthermore, when RWR decreased, nitrate, nitrite and organic material accumulated in the circulating water. In conclusion, we showed using experimental RAS platform that online water quality monitoring is a useful tool in following the effect of different management practices. Furthermore, we demonstrated that chemical substrate additions provide the fastest biofilter startup, and that water management is still in the key role in defining the fish production in RAS. 相似文献
17.
Balakrishnan Soumya Ameer Ahna Pazhur Mohandas Sowmya Maliyekkal Sajeevan Ambadi Kannan Bhaskaran Sathyabhama Anoop Singh Bright 《Aquaculture International》2022,30(4):2129-2144
Diseases are one of the most critical limiting factors in aquaculture. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) are one of the most functionally viable sustainable aquaculture production systems adopted world over. In the event of any eventuality caused by bacterial pathogens, antibiotics or other antibacterial agents cannot be applied due to the vulnerability of biological filters which form an integral part of the RAS. Because of this, newer drugs are required for the effective control of diseases in RAS which would not interfere with the activity of nitrifying bacteria used in the biological filters. The antagonistic activity of pyocyanin, a bioactive compound produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, against vibrios is well established. The purpose of this study was to prove the effectiveness of pyocyanin as an aquaculture drug for application in RAS by employing a pilot-scale shrimp culture under RAS. It was noted that at the concentration of 5 mg L?1, pyocyanin could significantly bring down the population of Vibrio spp. in RAS without affecting noticeably the other natural heterotrophic bacteria. Also, pyocyanin at this concentration did not inhibit the activity of nitrifying bacterial consortia used in the SBSBR (stringed bed suspended bioreactor) of RAS. The reared shrimp (Penaeus monodon) showed 100% survival after the application of pyocyanin, besides exhibiting normal health signs. Pyocyanin was non-toxic to the shrimp hybrid cell line (PmLyO-Sf9) at the concentration required for its application in disease management (IC50?=?419.26 mg L?1). The present study has demonstrated that pyocyanin is effective as an environment-friendly and safe aquaculture drug for the application in RAS-based shrimp culture to control Vibrio spp. without impeding nitrification established through the deployment of nitrifying bioreactors.
相似文献18.
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) facilities subject to point-source effluent regulations need to implement cost-effective N remediation for their wastewater outflows. Relatively low-cost denitrifying “woodchip” bioreactors can effectively remove N from aquaculture effluents for at least one year, but questions remain about bioreactor lifespan for aquacultural wastewaters. Four pilot-scale bioreactors (L × W × D; 3.8 × 0.76 × 0.76 m), two with a conventional single distribution inflow manifold and two with an experimental multiple-header, feed-forward distribution manifold, were operated over 784 d to observe second-year N removal performance and to determine if the manifold design can influence bioreactor effectiveness. The study also quantified performance metrics for chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, and phosphorus. Manifold style did not have notable impact on bioreactor performance when treating wastewater under the facilities’ normal operating conditions, but the multiple distribution style demonstrated an 11 % increase in nitrate and 12 % increase in total suspended solids removal efficiency over the single distribution manifold toward the end of the study when bioreactors treated higher strength wastewater. Additionally, bioreactor performance in both manifold designs decreased from an average of 92 % total suspended solids removal efficiency under normal operating conditions to <76 % when treating the high-strength wastewater. The bioreactors provided N removal rates of 17−25 g NO3-N m−3 d−1 during the second year of study, demonstrating woodchip bioreactors can effectively treat aquaculture effluent for at least two years without major detrimental impacts due to clogging. 相似文献
19.
Formalin is applied in certain aquaculture systems to control parasites infestations as well as bacterial and fungal diseases. This study investigated the capacity of end-of-pipe denitrifying woodchip bioreactors to remove potentially harmful amounts of residual formaldehyde (FA) from aquaculture effluents. Formaldehyde was readily removed by experimental- and field-scale denitrifying woodchip bioreactors and the removal of FA was found to be a combination of an initial adsorption of FA to woodchip surfaces (52 ± 2.8 g FA/m3 woodchips) and microbial degradation. Volumetric FA removal rates reaching 261 ± 27 g FA/m3/d were found at FA inlet concentrations of 90 mg FA/L and hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 5 h. High FA removal efficiencies ranged from 88.3 ± 4.6–99.8 ± 0.2% found for FA inlet concentrations –up to 105 mg FA/L and HRTs between 3.4 and 15 h. Microbial FA degradation rates in woodchip bioreactors were positively correlated to temperature with a Q10 value of 2.27 and a corresponding Arrhenius temperature coefficient of 1.086 for the investigated temperature range of 7–23 °C. At a commercial, outdoor recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) three full-scale woodchip compartments, achieved an average volumetric FA removal rate of 29.4 ± 0.2 g FA/m3/d and a removal efficiency of 82.5 ± 0.8% during the first 24 h following addition of FA. The results demonstrated that woodchip bioreactors are efficient in removing residual FA from RAS effluents and that nitrate removal was transiently enhanced during FA removal. 相似文献
20.
Accumulation of fine suspended solids and colloids in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) can be avoided by integrating a membrane filtration unit into the system, where the inclusion of a membrane bioreactor (MBR) may be an alternative. The main purpose of the study was to identify how the feeding regime affected membrane performance and fouling phenomena caused by dissolved and submicron colloidal particles in the system, and how the membrane impacted general water quality and particle characterization. To be able to evaluate membrane performance and fouling behavior, transmembrane pressure (TMP) was monitored and assessed in relation to changes in rearing conditions and different water quality parameters observed. From this study the positive influence on the chosen water quality parameters was apparent, where an improved water quality was observed when including a membrane filtration in RAS. Selected water quality parameters and TMP changed during the experimental period in response to the feeding regime, where algae paste, decaying rotifers and dry feed seemed to contribute the most to membrane fouling. Analysis of the concentration of submicron particles and particle size distribution (PSD) (particles < 1 μm) showed both a higher concentration and a more spread distribution in the rotifer/algae paste and dry feed period compared to the Artemia period, which might explain the observed increase in fouling. This study also showed that adapted procedures for concentrate removal are important to prevent hydrolysis of retained particles in the concentrate and leakage of nutrients and organic matter back to the system. 相似文献