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H. De Haan 《Euphytica》1954,3(3):188-194
Summary The varietal assortment of Dutch round blue pea varieties has changed considerably. At the beginning of this century their cultivation was based entirely on the varieties bred by Dr R. J. Mansholt at Westpolder (Gr.). Since 1937 the Unica pea produced by P. J. Hijlkema, Mensingeweer (Gr.), has gained ground. Mansholt's G.E.K. and Unica were dominant for many years, and were also used abroad.A remarkable change in the varietal assortment of the round blue peas occurred since the appearance of varieties less susceptible to the Fusarium solani foot disease. Particularly the Rondo C.B. pea of the Plant Breeding Station C.B. (Dir.: Ir C. Koopman) at Hoofddorp has become widely grown (Fig. 2).In addition, it was this same station that succeeded in breeding a variety entirely resistant to fusarium wilt.It is clear that, in the course of the past few years, new varieties have been bred by the breeders. The new varieties excelled the established ones in one or more respects.Some varieties were widely distributed, others were discarded by the breeders after a couple of years, or (since 1924, the year when the first List of Varieties appeared) written off the List.Widely cultivated varieties had to retire in their turn when better ones came on the market.Even at present time Dutch plant breeders are working hard to improve the yield, quality and reliability of peas. 相似文献
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H. de Haan 《Euphytica》1963,12(2):130-136
Founded in 1912, the Plant Breeding Institute (I.v.P.) has been active in a wide field, particularly since 1923. Many projects have been initiated and developed in this time.Research and instruction in plant breeding have been important items in its working programme. They are supported by a well-organized library.Breeding work and the maintenance of varieties developed by the Institute have been carried out on a modest scale for instructional purposes. Many hybrid populations have been placed at the disposal of Dutch breeders and some important varieties were raised from them.The need of establishing and maintaining international contacts is met by the editing of Euphytica and the co-operation in the European Association for Research on Plant Breeding, Eucarpia.Advice to breeders of agricultural crops, the composition of the List of Varieties of Field Crops, legalisation of varieties and the seed inspection of these varieties were left to the authority of other institutions which were specially founded for those purposes. Close contacts with these organisations were maintained leading to much fruitful co-operation.The successive directors (O. Pitsch, C. Broekema, J. C. Dorst, J. Sneep) have aimed at developing a balanced combination of plant breeding, research on varieties and seed production. 相似文献
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J. C. Dorst 《Euphytica》1954,3(3):212-220
Summary In the Netherlands the home-bred varieties are developed almost entirely by private establishments. The Government institutes (Institute of Agricultural Plant Breeding and Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding) at Wageningen give advice to the breeders of field crops.The private plant breeders are informed of the results obtained and the working methods. They receive plant material for their breeding programme.The List of Varieties is the reference guide not only for the farmers but also to the plant breeders and the seedsmen. In the case of field crops it forms the basis for the seed inspection. A close connection exists between the breeding, variety-list and seed inspection. 相似文献
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H. Zingstra 《Euphytica》1954,3(3):229-232
Summary The rapid growth of the number of potato breeders in the Netherlands was favourably influenced by a wide spread interest for all problems concerned with potatoes, by financial support and advice.In 1954, the number of potato breeders was 193; 46 of them can be considered professional breeders, while of 20 breeders one or more varieties figure in the Dutch List of Varieties 1954.The creation of the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding resulted in the enhancement of the level of potato breeding and the increase of the number of potato seedlings raised every year. 相似文献
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J. C. Dorst 《Euphytica》1960,9(3):265-271
In the course of ages and under widely different conditions nature, through mutation, spontaneous crossing and natural selection, has presented mankind with a great wealth of material.After mentioning the source of resistance for many cases the writer has grouped them into the catagories existing varieties, land races and gene centres.In former years taxonomists searched for new species to collect them for herbariums, nowadays living collections are planted. Plant breeders now are hunting for new valuable genes.
Lecture read at the A-course Resistance in agriculture, 12–14 Jan. 1959, organised by the Royal Society of Agricultural Science and the Netherlands Society of Graduates in Agriculture at Wageningen. 相似文献
Lecture read at the A-course Resistance in agriculture, 12–14 Jan. 1959, organised by the Royal Society of Agricultural Science and the Netherlands Society of Graduates in Agriculture at Wageningen. 相似文献
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G. A. Thijn 《Euphytica》1964,13(3):239-244
Although in the period 1938–1948 the number of potato breeders in the Netherlands increased to ±200 there was not a well designed plan, with the exception of the programmes of breeding for wart disease resistance. In most years the second-year seedlings were severely attacked by diseases because the healthy-born first-year crop had been lifted too late.In 1948 the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding at Wageningen was started, leading to the foundation of the Potato Breeding Station Prof. Broekema Hoeve at Marknesse (N.E.Polder). The seedlings were raised in glasshouses and kept free from diseases. The virus-free clones were distributed to the Dutch potato breeders. In 1963 some 88,000 clones and some 600,000 true seeds were distributed.In developing parent material the Potato Breeding Station depends to a large extend on the work of the departments of potato breeding of the Institute and the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding. The parent material is evaluated through population analysis; annually ca 30,000 seedlings raised from clones are assessed.The distribution of starting material by governmental institutes, has furthered potato breeding in the Netherlands. 相似文献
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H. De Haan 《Euphytica》1962,11(2):115-125
The author gives a survey of the 71 Netherlands plant breeding establishments mentioned in the List of Varieties of Field Crops while also the research workers engaged in breeding agricultural crops have been included.The Plant Breeder's Decree 1941 stimulated plant breeding in the Netherlands so that the number of plant breeders increased considerably. The work of the existing plant breeding establishments was intensified accordingly.On a map of the Netherlands the location of these breeding establishments has been indicated.The article concludes with reflections on the plant breeding establishments in the Netherlands. 相似文献
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H. De Haan 《Euphytica》1956,5(1):8-12
Summary Various Dutch breeders have devoted themselves to winter barley breeding; the local variety Groningen Winter Barley used always to be the foundation material for breeding work. In the course of years 8 new varieties have been derived from it by line selection which demonstrates clearly the degree of variation.The varietal range (fig. 1) shows the peculiarity that the leading variety Vindicat has almost completely been superseded by Urania within some years. If ever, the slogan the Dutch farmer readily accepts new varieties applies here.Its sister variety Vinesco makes a favourable impression.The varieties of winter barley are now for 97 percent based on homebred material. 相似文献
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Frieda Garretsen 《Euphytica》1962,11(1):11-18
One of the many characters for which new breeding products are tested at the Institute of Horticultural Plant Breeding, Wageningen, is the consumption quality. This can only be properly done if suitable methods and experienced tasters are available.Some known organoleptic methods are described, together with their objectives. As the trials at the above Institute were mainly carried out to analyse the flavour of various selections or varieties of certain crops, the method of the analytical appraisal found the widest application. It is described in this paper.Members of staff were tested for tasting ability and selected with the aid of the four basic tastes (sweet, sour, salt, bitter) and aroma.The method of preparing and serving the samples, as well as some typical experiences gained with a number of crops are briefly summarized. 相似文献
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J. C. Dorst 《Euphytica》1965,14(2):139-142
The author draws our attention to the book Production et fixation des variétés dans les végétaux published 100 years ago.This book gives us a clear picture of the knowledge and ideas prevailing in plant breeding at that time.
Production et fixation des variétés by Carrière, 1865相似文献
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Since the discovery of the use of colchicine in plant breeding, breeders have created tetraploid sugar and fodder beet. The results obtained were not very encouraging and therefore they soon proceeded to develop varieties containing triploids.At the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding, Wageningen, polyploidy breeding was started in 1950. The initial material comprised two sugar beet varieties and five fodder beet varieties. By cytological examination of the aberrant individuals in the first and the second year after colchicine treatment, seed was obtained which produced a high percentage of tetraploids. In total 793 C2 families were tested on trial fields and from these 32% appeared to be better than the original diploid material.The breeders interested in the material were provided with seed and stecklings of all the families in the C1, C2 or C3 stage. With the distribution of this material the building up of tetraploid families at the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding has been closed. 相似文献
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H. Zingstra 《Euphytica》1963,12(1):41-48
Since 1950 an extensive system of trials for new potato varieties has been set up in the Netherlands. The author gives a scheme of testing the potato seedlings.The potato breeders in the Netherlands start annually with ± 500 to 600,000 seedlings. In late years on average 4 new potato varieties are placed on the List of Varieties. In spite of the small chances to breed potato varieties which are better than the existing ones, at 9 large, 25 medium and some 170 small establishments breeders are engaged in improving the potato in the Netherlands. 相似文献
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H. de Haan 《Euphytica》1962,11(1):1-4
The writer gives a survey of the essential features of the Plant Breeder's Decree which has been in force now for 20 years. The protection of the breeder's work and its remuneration has exerted a stimulating influence on the development of plant breeding in the Netherlands.In discussing the rate of compensation for breeders the potato has been taken as an example. More than 480,000 guilders was paid to potato breeders as a compensation for the seed potato production of their varieties in harvest year 1958.The Plant Breeder's Decree also holds for varieties developed by foreign breeders provided that reciprocal arrangements exist with the country concerned. 相似文献
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John E. Bradshaw 《Euphytica》2017,213(3):60
Plant breeders can help farmers increase food production by breeding new cultivars better adapted to their chosen farming systems, but these must be capable of providing the necessary plant inputs for the required levels of crop production in 2050. Until 200 years ago the farmers themselves were the plant selectors. Plant domestications, extensive crop dispersions and farmers’ selections produced thousands of locally adapted landraces of cultivated plants. During the twentieth century these were largely replaced by relatively few high yielding cultivars and the natural habitats of many of their wild relatives became endangered. Hence in situ and ex situ conservation, and evaluation and use of plant genetic resources is vital for future plant breeding. The development of scientific breeding from the beginning of the twentieth century was based on understanding the mechanism of inheritance and the mating systems of crop plants. The types of genetically uniform, high yielding cultivars that have been bred from genetically heterogeneous landraces were determined by the mode of reproduction and mating system of the cultivated plant species: inbred line (wheat) and hybrid (rice) cultivars for inbreeding species, hybrid (maize) cultivars for outbreeding species, and clonal (potato) cultivars for vegetatively propagated species. When genetically heterogeneous crops are desired, mixtures of cultivars and synthetic cultivars can be produced. Future progress in crop improvement will come from three complementary approaches: use of hybridization and selection in further conventional breeding, base broadening and introgression; mutation breeding, cisgenesis and gene editing; and genetically modified crops. 相似文献
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A. M. Osman C. J. M. Almekinders P. C. Struik E. T. Lammerts van Bueren 《Euphytica》2008,163(3):511-522
Main stream commercial onion breeders do not select varieties for organic farming, but solely for conventional farming. Seed
companies consider the organic market too small to justify investments in breeding for this sector. In order to study if their
varieties also suit organic farmers’ needs we interviewed four Dutch commercial onion breeders on their breeding programme
and selection criteria and compared the outcome with a variety profile composed of the priority traits of Dutch organic farmers.
Breeders gave priority to the same storage and bulb quality traits that are demanded by organic farmers, because organic onions
are exported to conventional supermarkets that apply the same quality standards to organic and conventional onions. However,
organic farmers also need varieties that perform well in the field. Breeders give low priority to field selection. Furthermore,
three of the four seed companies only breed hybrids. The cytoplasmic male sterility system used to produce these hybrids does
not comply with organic principles. We conclude that at present breeders can provide varieties that meet organic farmers’
demands for storability and quality traits, but they should give higher priority to field selection to also improve required
field traits. The latter will only occur, if in future the organic seed market will grow. If the organic sector wants varieties
developed according to its own principles, it should either set up its own onion breeding programme or seek alliances with
breeding companies that are prepared to harmonize their breeding methodology with the organic principles. 相似文献
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Summary Club root (Plasmodiophora brassicae) is a destructive disease of several cruciferous crops in practically all countries. The cultivation of resistant varieties offers the best possibility for control.This disease causes in some areas of the Netherlands considerable damage to turnips which are frequently grown as a catch crop in many regions; other cruciferous crops are generally grown on a much smaller scale.On badly infested plots we found a yield reduction ranging from 35–80%, depending on the method of calculation. In foreign literature (Findley, Van Slijcken andLindfors) figures ranging between 15–100% are reported.Crops and varieties with an abundant foliage give with an equal infection a smaller yield reduction than crops and varieties with a smaller amount of leaves.The affected part has a somewhat higher dry matter content and a higher N-content in the dry matter. The content of sugar is considerably lower.Resistance of some crops and of many turnip and swede varieties has been investigated by means of field experiments, carried out in several years. The infection by club root fluctuates, so that a great many replications are required.Table 1 gives a summary of the susceptibility of some fodder crops. Contrary toKarling and others we found that Chinese radish is not immune.As to the turnip types we refer to Table 2. The varieties belonging to the types Halflong green top yellow, Halflong purple top white, Flat round yellow turnip, and Round yellow-fleshed turnip are less susceptible than varieties belonging to the other types. Within the type Halflong purple top white to which the principal varieties of the Netherlands can be ranged, there appears to exist the greatest variation in susceptibility. Several foreign varieties stated as resistant were more or less badly affected (Table 3).The percentage of destroyed plants correlates with the percentage of affected plants.Resistance may correlate with sweet taste. Some resistant varieties are now being investigated in the Netherlands.The results of some of our trials suggested the existence of physiological strains of club root within the crop turnips. Several examples of such physiological races in various crops have been mentioned in literature.In breeding work we consider it advisable to allow for the existence of physiological strains of club root within the crop turnips.
Samenvatting Knolvoet (Plasmodiophora brassicae) is in praktisch alle landen een belangrijke ziekte voor verschillende kruisbloemige gewassen. De verbouw van resistente rassen biedt nog de beste perspectieven voor de bestrijding, omdat andere maatregelen vaak op practische bezwaren stuiten.Deze ziekte veroor zaakt in sommige streken van Nederland nogal schade bij het gewas stoppelknollen, dat in tal van streken veelvuldig wordt verbouwd; andere kruisbloemige gewassen worden gewoonlijk minder intensief verbouwd.Op zwaar besmette percelen constateerden wij een opbrengstderving van 35–80 %, afhangende van de wijze van berekening. In de buitenlandse literatuur (Findley, van Slijcken enLindfords) vindt men opgaven van 15 %– 100 %, verband houdende met vatbaarheid der rassen en zwaarte van besmetting. Schade kan veroorzaakt worden door wegvallen van zeer jonge planten, groeiremming, aantasting van het te oogsten deel of door snelle rotting.Bladrijke gewassen en bladrijke rassen geven bij gelijke aantasting een geringere oogstderving dan minder bladrijke gewassen en rassen.Het aangetaste deel heeft een wat hoger drogestofgehalte en een hoger N-gehalte in de drogestof. Het suikergehalte is belangrijk lager.Door middel van veldonderzoek op een achttal percelen, uitgevoerd in verschillende jaren, is de resistentie van enkele gewassen en bij stoppelknollen en koolrepen van vele rassen nagegaan. De besmetting door knolvoet is per perceel wisselvallig, zodat zeer veel herhalingen gewenst zijn.Tabel 1 geeft een indruk van de vatdaarheid van enkele voedergewassen.In tegenstelling metscKarling en anderen voden wij, dat Chinese zomeramenas niet immuun is. Bij koolrapen waren de ,,Gele groenkoppen enigszins resistent in vergelijking met andere rassen.Voor de stoppelknollentypen zij verwezen naar tabel 2. De rassen behorend rot de typen ,,Halflange gele groenkop, ,,Halflange witte blauwkop, ,,Platronde gele, Platronde gele en Ronde gele (Gele boterknollen) zijn minder vatbaar dan ressen behorende tot de overige typen. Binnen het type Halflange witte blauwkop, waaronder de belangrijkste rassen in Nederland gerangschikt kunnen worden, blijkt de grootste variatie in vatbaarheid te bestaan. Verschillende buitenlandse, als resistent beoordeelde rassen werden meer of minder zwaar aangetast (tabel 3).Het percentage weggevallen planten correleert met het percentage aangetaste planten.Resistentie lijkt wel verenigbaar met zachte smaak. In Nederland zijn thans enige resistente rassen in onderzoek.Op enkele proefvelden gaven de uitkomsten ons aaleiding tot de veronderstelling, dat er physio's bestaan binnen het gewas stoppelknollen.Er zijn verschillende voorbeelden in de literatuur vermeld van physio's bij verschillende gewassen.Er is verder nog een voorbeeld gegeven, waaruit blijkt, dat men voorzichtig moet zijn met conclusies hierover.Bij de veredeling lijkt het ons gewenst met de mogelijkheid van het bestaan van verschillende physio's binnen het gewas stoppelknollen rekening en houden.相似文献