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1.
A study was undertaken to determine the effect of body position on ultrasonographic bladder measurements and volume estimations. Of the 42 dogs studied, 15 were fresh canine cadavers without urological disease and the remaining 27 were undergoing investigations for disorders of the lower urinary tract. Bladder volume was estimated using a formula described previously. Irrespective of whether all dogs were considered together or only live animals were included, measurements made in dorsal recumbency tended to underestimate bladder volume while those made in right lateral recumbency resulted in overestimation. This was due to significant differences in all linear measurements, apart from width, between body positions. Measurements in right lateral recumbency were higher than those in dorsal recumbency. In all animals and in living dogs alone, bladder measurements in dorsal recumbency appeared to give a more accurate estimation of actual bladder volume.  相似文献   

2.
The maximum length and depth of the longitudinal section, and the maximum width and depth of the transverse section of the gall bladders of 32 dog cadavers were measured ultrasonographically; the contents of the gall bladder were then aspirated and its actual volume measured. The volume of the gall bladder was estimated from the ultrasonographic measurements by using formulae suggested for assessment of the volumes of the urinary bladder in human beings and the gall bladder of dogs, and these formulae were compared with a formula derived from the measurements made in this study. In 21 of the dogs, the measurements were repeated twice so that their reproducibility could be evaluated. All the formulae gave good estimations of the volume of the dogs' gall bladders, but the formula for the human urinary bladder volume was better than the other two. The actual volume of the gall bladder was related to the dogs' bodyweight. There were no significant differences between the repeated measurements of the maximum length and depth of the longitudinal section or the width of the transverse section of the gall bladder, but there were significant variations in the depth of the transverse section.  相似文献   

3.
The purpose of this study was to compare the linear dimensions of the bladder measured by ultrasonographic and radiographic methods and the accuracy of these methods for evaluation of bladder volume. Forty dogs were included in this study. Each dog was placed in right lateral recumbency and a plain lateral caudal abdominal radiograph was made. The bladder length and depth were measured in centimetres from the radiograph, taking into account magnification errors. Immediately after radiography was completed, ultrasonographic measurements of bladder length and depth on longitudinal section were measured in centimetres. The bladder was then emptied by catheterisation and the actual urine volume measured. 'Best subsets' analysis indicated that radiographic and ultrasonographic bladder lengths were the best predictors of actual bladder volume. Formulae were derived from radiographic and ultrasonographic bladder dimensions for estimating bladder volume. The formula using radiographic measurements was found to be a better predictor of actual bladder volume than the formula derived from ultrasonographic measurements, since it had higher F and lower error mean square values.  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of this study was to determine the best method to ultrasonographically monitor renal size changes associated with acute allograft rejection in dogs. Qualitative changes in renal cortical and medullary echogenicity were also evaluated, although this was not a major focus of the study. Four unrelated, mixed-breed dogs underwent bilateral nephrectomies and heterotopic renal allograft transplantation. Ultrasound examinations of transplanted kidneys were initiated at 3 days after surgery and continued at 2–3 day intervals until death (38±2 days). Ultrasound measurements of kidney length, width, height, cross-sectional area, and estimated volume were used to assess relative changes in renal size associated with transplantation and rejection. Transplanted kidneys had a rapid increase in volume and cross-sectional area that averaged 103% and 83% above baseline levels, respectively, by 17 days after transplantation. The increased size was attributed to a combination of hypertrophy and acute rejection, the latter of which was confirmed at postmortem. Kidney volume decreased to approximately 35% above baseline volume by day 34 as rejection became more advanced. Qualitative changes associated with rejection included medullary enlargement with decreased echogenicity early in the study, followed by increased cortical thickness and echogenicity with poor cortical medullary definition in the latter stages of the survival period. It was concluded that relative changes in renal allograft size can be easily monitored with ultrasound. In regard to linear measurements, changes in renal width were more pronounced than changes in height or length with acute rejection. Therefore measurements that incorporate the width, namely volume or cross-sectional area, appear to be the most sensitive for monitoring changes in allograft size. Renal cross-sectional area measurements are preferred because they are simple to perform using the automated calculation capability of most newer ultrasound units.  相似文献   

5.
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6.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of Coccidioides infection among dogs residing in a region in which the organism is endemic (Pima and Maricopa counties, Arizona) and estimate the rate of clinical illness. DESIGN: Community-based longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. ANIMALS: 124 healthy 4- to 6-month-old seronegative puppies (longitudinal study) and 381 4- to 18-month-old dogs with unknown serostatus (cross-sectional study). PROCEDURE: Dogs in the longitudinal study were tested at 6-month intervals for at least 1 year for anticoccidioidal antibodies. Dogs that became ill were evaluated for coccidioidomycosis. Dogs in the cross-sectional study were tested for anticoccidioidal antibodies once, and clinical abnormalities were recorded. RESULTS: 28 of the 104 (27%) dogs that completed the longitudinal study developed anticoccidioidal antibodies. Thirty-two of the 381 (8%) dogs in the cross-sectional study had anticoccidioidal antibodies. Five seropositive dogs in the longitudinal study and 13 seropositive dogs in the cross-sectional study had clinical signs of disease. The remaining seropositive dogs were otherwise healthy and were classified as subclinically infected. Survival analysis indicated that the cumulative probability of infection by 2 years of age was 28%, and the cumulative probability of clinical infection by 2 years of age was 6%. Titers for clinically and subclinically infected dogs overlapped. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that young dogs living in the study area had a high likelihood of becoming infected with Coccidioides spp, but few developed clinical illness. Serologic testing alone was insufficient for a diagnosis of clinical disease because of the overlap in titers between clinically and subclinically infected dogs.  相似文献   

7.
The aim of this study was to find an ultrasonographic method to estimate pleural fluid volume in dogs. Nine canine cadavers of mixed breed were studied. Using a transsternal view, linear measurements from the pleural surface of the midline of the sternebra at the center of the heart to the furthest ventrolateral point of both right and left lung edges were recorded. Isotonic saline was injected using ultrasound guidance into both right and left pleural spaces and the measurements were repeated using standard increments until 1000 ml total volume was reached. No relationship was identified between mean distance and injected volume up to 100 ml. Thereafter, the mean distance increased in an approximately linear relationship with the cube root of fluid volume. There was a high correlation ( r ≥0.899) between the ultrasonographic measurement and fluid volume within individual dogs, but it was not possible to produce a useful equation to calculate absolute pleural fluid volume for new subjects. Nevertheless, ultrasonography may be used to semiquantitatively monitor pleural fluid volume, so that a decrease in the mean linear measurement obtained reflects a decrease in the total fluid volume.  相似文献   

8.
The repeatability of ultrasonographic measurements of the canine thyroid gland was evaluated. The variability of three different parameters (the maximal length, width, and height) within observer, between observer and between dogs was assessed based on three different measurements made by each of three observers infive healthy beagle dogs. From the three parameters, the volume of the gland was estimated using a formula of a rotation ellipse. The height and the volume had the lowest intra- and interobserver variability, while measurements of the length had the biggest intra- and interobserver variability. The mean values, with their 90% confidence interval were: height = 0.53cm [0.33-0.73], length = 2.45cm [2.04-2.85], width = 0.62cm [0.46- 0.78], volume = 0.38 cm3 [0.20-0.55].  相似文献   

9.
Water-filling and serial computed tomographic (CT) imaging techniques were used to measure normal middle ear cavity volume (MECV) in 18 dogs (10 live dogs, eight cadavers; 36 ears in total). The specific aims of this study were to (1) compare MECV measurements by water-filling and CT techniques and (2) define a model of MECV vs. body weight (BW) from CT values. There was a significant difference between the two techniques (P = 0.02). The volume obtained by water filling was consistently greater than that obtained by computed tomography. MECV (expressed in ml) increased with BW (expressed in kg) according to the following formula: MECV = -0.612 + 0.757 (In BW) (P<0.01, R2 = 0.74).  相似文献   

10.
Ultrasonographic linear and area measurements were performed on both kidneys of 15 clinically healthy dogs. Renal volumes were calculated from linear and area data applying three prolate ellipsoid models. Ultrasonographic volumes were then compared using linear regression analysis with kidney volumes measured in vitro by water displacement. In vivo ultrasonographic volumes had a statistically significant relationship with the in vitro volume. The highest correlation was provided by the single plane area method. There was also a correlation between body weight and ultrasonographically detected renal volume, suggesting that ultrasound imaging may be a useful method for assessment of renal volume changes in dogs with renal disease.  相似文献   

11.
Left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEF) of 8 pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs were calculated by gated equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography (RVG) and by M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography (2-DE) prior to and during constant IV infusion of isoproterenol. Mean LVEF (+/- SD), determined with RVG by use of an automatic edge detection algorithm (RVG-auto) to define the left ventricular region of interest, increased from a resting value of 53.5% (+/- 4.9%) to 71.9% (+/- 6.8%) during isoproterenol infusion. Mean LVEF, determined with RVG by use of visual inspection (RVG-manual) to define the left ventricular region of interest increased from a resting value of 51.6% +/- 3.8% to 67.0% +/- 5.6% during isoproterenol infusion. Using 2-DE and the bullet formula to calculate left ventricular volume (LVV = 5/6 x cross-sectional area x length), mean LVEF increased from 52.3% (+/- 3.50) to 74.7% (+/- 5.0%). Using 2-DE area measurements and Teicholz formula, mean LVEF increased from 48.9% (+/- 5.1%) to 69.5% (+/- 6.0%). Using M-mode echocardiographic left ventricular diameter measurements and Teicholz formula, mean LVEF increased from 52.3 (+/- 9.0%) to 78.3% (+/- 8.1%). Before and during isoproterenol infusion, the mean LVEF values calculated by RVG agreed closely with mean LVEF values calculated from M-mode and 2-DE. Correlation coefficients determined from linear regression analysis of LVEF by echocardiography vs LVEF by radionuclide ventriculography ranged from 0.79 to 0.88. Correlation coefficients were higher and SEM were lower when LVEF was determined by RVG-manual, rather than by RVG-auto methods and when LVEF was calculated from 2-DE measurements, rather than from M-mode measurements.  相似文献   

12.
The prostate gland from cadavers of 12 intact adult male dogs euthanized less than 3 hour were used to compare prostatic volume measured by ultrasonography to volume measured by water displacement, and to determine specific gravity of the canine prostate. Prostate glands were scanned by transabdominal ultrasonography with a 4-7 MHz curved linear array transducer. The greatest craniocaudal (L), transverse (W), and dorsoventral (D) diameters of the prostate were recorded. Prostatic volume was calculated using formulas for an ellipsoid and for a box. Prostate glands were removed, and the prostate weight was measured and prostatic volume was measured by water displacement. The mean +/- SD specific gravity of the prostate was 1 +/- 0.05 (range = 0.90 to 1.09) g/cm. There were positive correlations (R2 = 0.94) between prostatic volume calculated from ultrasound measurement and measured volume. Measured prostatic volume (VM) can be predicted using the formula: VM = [1/2.6 (L x W x D)] + 1.8 (cm3).  相似文献   

13.
The aim of the present study was to establish which adrenal gland measurement was characterized by the least variations. To do this, we quantified the variability of seven different size measurements of the canine adrenal gland (maximal length, maximal height at the cranial and caudal poles on longitudinal and transverse images, and maximal width of the cranial and caudal poles) within observer, between observer, and between dogs based on three different measurements made by each of the three observers in six healthy Beagle dogs. The height of the caudal pole of both adrenal glands measured on longitudinal images had the lowest intra‐ and interobserver variability, while measurements of the length had the highest intra‐ and interobserver variability. Other measurements that were characterized by low intra‐ and interobserver variability were: height and width of the caudal pole on transverse images and height of the cranial pole on longitudinal images only. These results provide a basis for further study of the changes in adrenal gland size in dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism.  相似文献   

14.
Weight tapes and body weight estimation formulas are routinely used to determine the body weight of a horse when a scale is not available. The established formula to estimate body weight in mature horses is weight (kg) = (heartgirth2 × body length)/(11,880 cm3). Two variations of the body length measurement have been used, measuring distance from the point of the shoulder to the ischial tuberosity (Point) or to the midpoint of the distance between the widest part of the stifle and the tail when viewed from the rear (Stifle). The objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of a commercial weight tape and the body weight estimation formula using both body length measurements in estimating weight of adult horses. Horses (n = 145) were weighed on a portable livestock scale, and measured for height at the withers, heart girth circumference, and body length by using the Point and Stifle measurements. A commercial weight tape was used to estimate body weight on 110 horses. The two formula weight estimations and the weight tape estimation were significantly different from the actual weight and from each other. The mean difference between actual weight and tape weight (n = 110) was 65.81 kg, whereas the differences between actual weight and the formula estimations (n = 145) were 17.25 kg for the Point measurement and 45.26 kg for the Stifle measurement. The estimation formula using body length measurement with the ischial tuberosity endpoint most closely estimates the actual body weight of the horses.  相似文献   

15.
Canine kidney measurements were obtained in vivo using ultrasound before and after anesthesia and were compared with direct caliper measurements at laparotomy. Following excision, the kidney dimensions were also measured ultrasonically in a water bath and the results were used to calculate kidney -volume by a modified parallel planimetric method and three variations of a prolate ellipsoid method. The calculated volume was compared with actual kidney volume determined by volume displacement. All methods were found to underestimate actual volume so that a linear correction of ultrasonically calculated volume was required to predict actual volume. The modified parallel planimetric method and a prolate ellipsoid method using height and width determinations cranial and caudal to the renal pelvis were the best models. The prolate ellipsoid model was chosen for subsequent kidney volume calculations because of its simplicity. The noninvasive calculation of kidney volume using ultrasound was sufficiently accurate to be clinically useful, particularly when serially evaluating kidney size changes in the same dog.  相似文献   

16.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate potential risk factors for Coccidioides infection among dogs living in a region in which the organism is endemic (Pima and Maricopa counties, Arizona). DESIGN: Community-based longitudinal and cross-sectional studies. ANIMALS: 104 healthy 4- to 6-month-old puppies (longitudinal study) and 381 4- to 18-month-old dogs with unknown serostatus (cross-sectional study). PROCEDURE: Dogs in the longitudinal study were tested 3 times at 6-month intervals for anticoccidioidal antibodies; dogs in the cross-sectional study were tested only once. Owners of all dogs completed a questionnaire on potential environmental exposures. RESULTS: In the longitudinal study, the relative risk of infection for dogs that were outdoors during the day was 4.9 times the risk for dogs that were kept indoors. Seropositive dogs in the cross-sectional study were 6.2 times as likely to have access to > 1 acre to roam as were seronegative dogs. Logistic regression analysis indicated that the odds of infection increased with age (odds ratio [OR], 1.1), amount of roaming space (OR, 2.4), and walking in the desert (OR, 2.2). Walking on sidewalks had a protective effect (OR, 0.4). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggest that in regions in which the organism is endemic, dogs that spend more time outdoors or have more land in which to roam are at greater risk of infection with Coccidioides spp.  相似文献   

17.
Ischial ostectomy in conjunction with direct end-to-end anastomosis of the pelvic urethra was performed after prostatectomy in cadavers of 10 male dogs with normal bladder and urethra, and in a mongrel dog with an enlarged prostrate and transection injury of the pelvic urethra. In the cadavers, tension on the suture line was assessed from the intravesical pressure (IVP) and volume of normal saline solution (NSS) instilled into the bladder to cause dehiscence of the anastomosis before and after the ostectomy. The experiment found that the IVP and instilled NSS volume after the ischial ostectomy were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those before the ostectomy, suggesting the ostectomy can reduce tension on the suture line and risk of dehiscence. Clinically, the dog had uneventful recovery with normal urination. Fluoroscopic examination of the caudal abdomen at 3 and 16weeks after surgery revealed urethral continuity without perforation and narrowing of the anastomosis site.  相似文献   

18.
The general skull morphology of the head of the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) was examined and compared with cephalometric indices of brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, and dolichocephalic heads. Measurements were taken from computed tomography images. Defined landmarks for linear measurements of were identified using three‐dimensional (3D) models. The calculated parameters of the CKCS were different from all parameters of mesaticephalic dogs but were the same as parameters from brachycephalic dogs. However, the CKCS had a wider braincase in relation to length than in other brachycephalic breeds. Studies of the etiology of the chiari‐like malformation in the CKCS should therefore focus on brachycephalic control groups. As Chari‐like malformation has only been reported in brachycephalic breeds, its etiology could be associated with a higher grade of brachycephaly, meaning a shorter longitudinal extension of the skull. This has been suggested for other breeds.  相似文献   

19.
Partial laryngectomy, arytenoid disarticulation/lateralization, and arytenoidopexy were performed on cadavers from normal dogs. The change in glottic cross-sectional area was calculated from photographs. Partial laryngectomy and unilateral lateralization resulted in a 70 to 80% increase in glottic area. Bilateral lateralization resulted in a significantly greater increase (180%).  相似文献   

20.
The left and right kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra of 29 female clinically healthy Saanen goats were examined via transcutaneous and transrectal ultrasonography. In order to establish reference values the examinations were performed using a 5.0 MHz linear transducer to scan the right caudal costal part of the abdominal wall, right and left dorsal flanks and right and left inguinal regions of standing goats. A 5.0 MHz intracavity probe was used for transrectal ultrasonographic examination of the urinary bladder and urethra. The kidneys were examined in longitudinal and cross section and assessed subjectively. They could usually be seen from the 12th intercostal space on the right side and dorsal right flank. The right kidney was 8.0 ± 0.67 cm long and the left was 8.4 ± 0.64 cm long. The ureters could not be visualized in any of the goats. The length of the urinary bladder was 5.1 ± 1.38 cm, and its largest cross-sectional diameter was 2.6 ± 1.01 cm. The urethra was seen in 23 goats and appeared as echogenic lines with no visible lumen. The transition from the neck of the bladder to the internal urethral orifice extended beyond the brim of the pelvis in only one goat.  相似文献   

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