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1.
应用长白山针阔混交林2003-2005年空气温度和水汽压梯度观测资料,以4、7、10和1月分别代表春、夏、秋和冬季,分析不同季节典型晴天条件下林内气温、水汽压的垂直分布规律及其日变化特征,以冠层顶部的气温和水汽压为本底值构建林内气温和水汽压随观测高度变化的廓线函数,分析其变化特征。结果表明：(1)林内各观测高度的气温均具有单峰曲线形式的日变化特征,最高值出现在15：00左右,最低值出现在日出前,林内各高度气温日较差以秋季最大,冬季最小,各季气温日较差均随高度的增加而减小;(2)在春、秋和冬季,林内气温表现出随高度增加而升高的趋势,且具有明显的日变化规律,在正午前后林内气温的垂直梯度较小,甚至表现出气温随高度增加而减小的趋势,而其它时刻林内气温的垂直梯度较大,在夏季,各个时刻林内气温均随观测高度的增加而升高;(3)不同季节林内水汽压的日变化特征不同,春、秋和冬季各观测高度水汽压皆呈单峰曲线的分布规律,而夏季则呈双峰曲线形式的日变化规律;(4)同一时刻不同季节林内水汽压垂直分布规律存在显著差异,而同一季节不同时刻的水汽压垂直分布廓线形状相似,夏季林内水汽压随观测高度增加而降低的规律明显,其它季节水汽压的垂直梯度则较小;(5)林内气温和水汽压垂直分布廓线均近似满足对数曲线规律。 相似文献
2.
空气负离子是衡量一个地区空气清洁度的重要指标,对人体的心理和生理机能的调节发挥着重要作用。随着森林生态旅游的兴起,空气负离子的发生过程及影响机制已成为研究热点。本研究基于华北低丘山地森林植被主要生长季的气象数据和栓皮栎人工林空气负离子浓度观测资料,利用机器学习中随机森林模型从非线性角度全面分析确定影响空气负离子浓度变化的重要环境因子,通过独立样本对构建的随机森林模型进行模拟和检验,确定模型的预测精度,同时筛选出对空气负离子影响程度最大的环境因子。结果表明：随机森林模型在分析环境因子对空气负离子影响方面具有较高的精度以及较好的拟合效果,通过对模型的拟合值与实测值进行验证,均方根误差（RMSE）为59.349,决定系数R2达到了0.887。同时利用独立样本数据对随机森林模型进行十折交叉验证,决定系数R2均达到了0.904以上,且均方误差（RMSE）较小,为24.851。此外,模型筛选出影响空气负离子的主要因素,按重要性排序依次为颗粒物PM2.5（48.037）、饱和水汽压差（46.169）、土壤湿度（43.984）、风速（43.779）、紫外辐射（41.130）、土壤温度（40.107）、总辐射（36.838）、大气压力（34.532）,其中对模型重要性贡献相对较高的3个变量分别为颗粒物PM2.5、饱和水汽压差和风速,它们对空气负离子的影响起决定性作用。因此,随机森林模型适合分析环境因子对空气负离子影响,且拟合效果精度高,稳定性强。 相似文献
3.
Florencia Montagnini Howard S. Neufeld Christopher Uhl 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1984,21(1-4):317-321
The presence of acid rain in the remote Amazon rainforest of southwestern Venezuela suggests the possibility of long-range transport of industrial pollutants to that region. Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed in samples of bryophytes and epiphyllous organisms growing on leaves and on bark in this forest. Concentrations of Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cr were higher in leaves with epiphylls than in leaves without epiphylls. All heavy metal concentrations in bryophytes from the Amazon basin site were lower than in bryophytes from temperature zones. The results indicate that long-range transport of air pollutants from industrial centers to the remote Amazon basin is occurring at only extremely low rates. Heavy metal concentrations in bryophytes and epiphylls at this site may still be considered close to present day background levels. 相似文献
4.
M. J. Apps W. A. Kurz R. J. Luxmoore L. O. Nilsson R. A. Sedjo R. Schmidt L. G. Simpson T. S. Vinson 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1993,70(1-4):39-53
The circumpolar boreal biomes coverca. 2 109 ha of the northern hemisphere and containca. 800 Pg C in biomass, detritus, soil, and peat C pools. Current estimates indicate that the biomes are presently a net C sink of 0.54 Pg C yr?1. Biomass, detritus and soil of forest ecosystems (includingca. 419 Pg peat) containca. 709 Pg C and sequester an estimated 0.7 Pg C yr?1. Tundra and polar regions store 60–100 Pg C and may recently have become a net source of 0.17 Pg C yr?1. Forest product C pools, including landfill C derived from forest biomass, store less than 3 Pg C but increase by 0.06 Pg C yr?1. The mechanisms responsible for the present boreal forest net sink are believed to be continuing responses to past changes in the environment, notably recovery from the little ice-age, changes in forest disturbance regimes, and in some regions, nutrient inputs from air pollution. Even in the absence of climate change, the C sink strength will likely be reduced and the biome could switch to a C source. The transient response of terrestrial C storage to climate change over the next century will likely be accompanied by large C exchanges with the atmosphere, although the long-term (equilibrium) changes in terrestrial C storage in future vegetation complexes remains uncertain. This transient response results from the interaction of many (often non-linear) processes whose impacts on future C cycles remain poorly quantified. Only a small part of the boreal biome is directly affected by forest management and options for mitigating climate change impacts on C storage are therefore limited but the potential for accelerating the atmospheric C release are high. 相似文献
5.
南亚热带果园土壤二氧化碳释放变异性研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
LI Yue-Lin D. OTIENO K. OWEN ZHANG Yun J. TENHUNEN RAO Xing-Quan LIN Yong-Biao 《土壤圈》2008,18(3):273-283
Temporal variability in soil CO2 emission from an orchard was measured using a dynamic open-chamber system for measuring soil CO2 effiux in Heshan Guangdong Province, in the lower subtropical area of China. Intensive measurements were conducted for a period of 12 months. Soil CO2 emissions were also modeled by multiple regression analysis from daily air temperature, dry-bulb saturated vapor pressure, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, soil moisture, and soil temperature. Data was analyzed based on soil moisture levels and air temperature with annual data being grouped into either hot-humid season or relatively cool season based on the precipitation patterns. This was essential in order to acquire simplified exponential models for parameter estimation. Minimum and maximum daily mean soil CO2 effiux rates were observed in November and July, with respective rates of 1.98 ± 0.66 and 11.04 ± 0.96 μmol m^-2 s^-1 being recorded. Annual average soil CO2 emission （FCO2） was 5.92 μmol m^-2 s^-1. Including all the weather variables into the model helped to explain 73.9% of temporal variability in soil CO2 emission during the measurement period. Soil CO2 effiux increased with increasing soil temperature and soil moisture. Preliminary results showed that Q10, which is defined as the difference in respiration rates over a 10 ℃ interval, was partly explained by fine root biomass. Soil temperature and soil moisture were the dominant factors controlling soil CO2 effiux and were regarded as the driving variables for CO2 production in the soil. Including these two variables in regression models could provide a useful tool for predicting the variation of CO2 emission in the commercial forest Soils of South China . 相似文献
6.
安徽省参考作物蒸散模型参数化 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
模型参数优化是准确估算参考作物蒸散(reference crop evapotranspiration,ET0)的关键问题之一。该研究基于安徽省81个地面气象站点1961—2011年逐日气象数据和合肥、武汉、南京、杭州和南昌5个辐射站1993—2011年的逐日辐射数据,评估日尺度的净长波辐射、气压和水汽压模型在安徽地区的适用性;并结合已有研究获得的最优逐日太阳辐射参数化估算模型,建立安徽省本地化逐日ET0模型的最优参数化方案,探讨模型参数优化对ET0估算的影响。结果表明:7种净长波辐射估算参数化方案中,邓根云法的精度最高,在安徽地区的适用性优于其他方案,建议作为安徽本地化方案使用;FAO56 Penman-Monteith公式中推荐的气压估算模型和基于实测平均气温和相对湿度估算水汽压的模型在安徽省基本适用,但该研究认为在资料能够获取的情况下直接使用实测值为最优。与基于实测资料计算的ET0相比,该研究建立的本地化最优模型估算的ET0在日、月和年尺度上的相对误差分别为15.5%、9.05%和6.12%,能较好地适用于安徽地区。FAO56 Penman-Monteith公式推荐的参数化方案由于高估了安徽地区的太阳辐射,低估了净长波辐射,导致其与基于实测资料计算的ET0值相比,在日、月和年尺度上高估ET0达40.0%以上,不推荐安徽地区直接使用。研究可为安徽省准确估算作物需水量、农业旱涝评估和合理调度水资源等提供依据。 相似文献
7.
Statistical models calibrated from field measurement data are used to reconstruct the past terrestrial carbon (C) storage from pollen data for the last 13 000 yr BP in Europe. The pollen-based climatic and biome reconstructions provide the input data for these statistical models, i.e., annual mean temperature, total annual precipitation, annual actual evapotranspiration, annual potential evapotranspiration and biome type with a spatial resolution of 0.5°×0.5° longitude/latitude. Our reconstructions indicate that the last 13 000 yr BP were characterized in Europe by variations of terrestrial biome and net primary productivity (NPP) at various temporal and spatial scales. For the considered region, our results also suggest that changes in climate have significantly altered the distribution of terrestrial biomes and affected the uptake of CO2 for NPP. However, these changes did not translate into significant C storage change in potential terrestrial biosphere during the Holocene. The largest decrease of terrestrial C storage (compared to modern levels) is found during the late-Glacial period mainly due to the persistence of ice sheets and the small extension of forest. 相似文献
8.
探究多年冻土区白桦次生林蒸腾特征对影响因子的响应,为准确评估该地区森林生态系统水文效应提供科学参考。运用热扩散式探针法,从2021年5—9月对多年冻土区的白桦树干液流进行监测,并同步观测影响因子变化情况。结果表明：整个观测期,白桦次生林蒸腾表现出明显的小时、日、月变化。(1)白桦次生林小时蒸腾特征表现为优势木>中等木>被压木,蒸腾动态在晴天呈单峰曲线,在雨天呈双峰曲线。日尺度上,白桦次生林蒸腾平均值为1.47 mm/d,且最大值出现在7月。在整个观测期,林分蒸腾表现出明显的月变化,即7月>6月>8月>9月>5月,分别为65.08,62.43,54.27,22.92,19.84 mm;(2)林分累计蒸腾量共计224.54 mm,占同期降雨量的32.41%,其中优势木为林分蒸腾的主要贡献者,占林分总蒸腾量的62.64%;(3)在小时尺度上,林分蒸腾量主要受大气温度和饱和水汽压差所影响;日尺度上,林分蒸腾与潜在蒸散、空气温度、太阳辐射、饱和水汽压差、叶面积指数以及土壤温度极显著正相关(p<0.01);与空气相对湿度极显著负相关(p<0.01);... 相似文献
9.
Robert G. Amundson Robert J. Kohut John A. Laurence 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1990,54(1):175-182
Ninety potted red spruce saplings enclosed in open-top fumigation chambers were exposed to O3 (charcoal-filtered air, non-filtered air, 1.5 × ambient, or 2 × ambient) and simulated rain (pH 3.1, 4.1 or 5.1) for two growing seasons (June to October). Foliage was sampled for mineral nutrients, total soluble sugars, and starch in September 1988 at the end of the second season of exposures. The development of cold tolerance of individual trees was assessed using the electrolyte leakage technique. Ozone and simulated rain treatments had marginal effects on mineral nutrient concentrations of current and 1 yr old foliage. Ozone did not affect foliar carbohydrate levels but the simulated rain treatments of pH 3.1 tended to depress levels of total soluble sugars and starch in 1 yr old foliage and of starch in current year's foliage. During mid to late October, the current year's foliage of trees receiving rain of pH 3.1 was less tolerant to cold than the current year's foliage of trees receiving rain of pH 4.1 or 5.1. Following the October period, trees in all three acidic rain treatments had similar tolerances to cold. 相似文献
10.
On the restoration of high diversity forests: 30 years of experience in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We present a review of more than 30 years of ecological restoration in the Brazilian part of the Atlantic Forest. Based on what has been done in this biome, we try to summarize the main findings and challenges for restoration in this highly threatened forest biome. We found that many past experiences did not result in self-perpetuating forests, for different reasons. Currently, most projects aim to construct self-sustaining communities and no longer see restoration as a deterministic process. We also found that the reconstruction of permanent forest with high diversity is feasible but it depends on the strategies applied and on the surrounding landscape. Although many new techniques have been created (e.g. seed rain management or promotion of natural regeneration), the most used one in the Atlantic Forest is still the planting of many native species from different functional groups. Native species are largely used and perform well even in highly disturbed environments. Today, many projects are trying to produce thousands of hectares of permanent forests and many technical advances are about to be incorporated. But restoration also faces some main challenges to become an effective and widespread means of conserving the Atlantic Forest which are, namely, reducing costs, planning restoration actions at landscape-level, and conforming to socio-political issues. The socio-political tools to overcome such barriers in practice have yet to be developed. 相似文献
11.
沿坝地区天然次生林对降雨再分配的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了探究天然次生林对降雨再分配的过程,通过对沿坝地区的北沟林场内天然次生林进行穿透降雨、冠层截留和树干径流3个方面进行监测,结果表明:（1）穿透雨量和林冠截留占林外降雨量的比例比较大,树干径流量的比例则非常小,分别为59.46%,37.33%,3.21%。（2）穿透雨量和林外降雨呈现线性关系（R2=0.980 4）,林冠截留量与林外降雨量也具有明显的幂函数关系（R2=0.823 4）,树干径流与林外降雨量具有明显的线性相关关系（R2=0.909 8）,并且都达到了极显著水平（p < 0.01）。（3）根据穿透雨与林外降雨的方程y=0.8034x-1.7939,当林外降雨量高于2.23 mm时会产生穿透雨;依据林外降雨与树干径流的方程y=0.0552x-0.1981,当林外降雨高于3.58 mm时会产生树干径流;林冠在降雨再分配过程中起到了很重要的作用,形成了二次降雨。 相似文献
12.
摘 要：为了研究不同利用方式草场水土和氮磷流失规律及原因,在呼伦湖流域选择传统放牧草场、草库伦草场、不放牧草场三种利用方式草场,用模拟降雨的方法进行了水土及氮磷随径流流失试验。结果表明：两种雨强下,传统放牧草场水土流失最严重。相同雨强下,总氮流失量：草库伦草场>传统放牧草场>不放牧草场;总磷流失量：传统放牧草场>草库伦草场>不放牧草场。同一种利用方式草场径流中总氮、总磷浓度与降雨强度关系不显著。草库伦草场可有效防止水土流失。传统放牧草场和草库伦草场的氮磷排放负荷与累积径流量之间存在线性关系,而不放牧草场的存在指数关系。该研究可为探讨呼伦湖流域草场合理利用、水环境的保护和面源污染的治理提供参考。 相似文献
13.
Rafael Matias Feltrin João Batista Dias de Paiva Eloiza Maria Cauduro Dias de Paiva Ralph Meissner Holger Rupp Heinz Borg 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(7):247
This study aimed to quantify the water balance components at a grassland and a forest site representative of the Atlantic Forest biome in southern Brazil using drainage lysimeters. Since it was not possible to place mature trees on the forest lysimeter, it was planted with young trees and understory vegetation. Data from this lysimeter and computations with the water balance and the Penman-Monteith equation were then used to assess the values of the water balance components for the mature forest.Total precipitation during the study period was 2308 mm. In the forest environment, 46% thereof was intercepted by the canopy from where it later evaporated. Hence, much less rain reached the ground than under grassland. Runoff from both sites was <1% of precipitation and therefore not a significant factor in the water balance. Cumulative drainage amounted to 1136 mm from grassland: from the mature forest, it was estimated to be 389 mm. There were two reasons for this low value under forest: Interception prevented a lot of water from reaching the ground, and the actual evapotranspiration from the mature forest was much higher than from grassland (1231 mm compared to 1964 mm). 相似文献
14.
The aim of this field experiment was to quantify the contribution of soil fauna to plant litter decomposition in three forest sites differing in C/N ratio under natural conditions in Xishuangbanna, southwestern China. We conducted a survey of soil fauna communities, the forest floor litter and investigated mass loss of mixed tree species leaf litter for two years in a tropical secondary forest, an evergreen broad-leaf forest and a tropical rain forest. Exclusion treatments of different sized soil fauna from the leaf litter by using varying mesh size litter bags (2 mm and 0.15 mm) were also performed. Mass loss and C and N concentrations in litter bag leaf materials were determined at monthly intervals. We found that: (1) the three forests differed in floor litter biomass and nutrient contents but not in soil fauna richness and abundance; (2) litter mass loss and decomposition rate were slower when soil macrofauna and most of mesofauna were excluded; and (3) greatest soil fauna contribution to plant litter decomposition occurred in the rain forest, where leaf litter C/N ratio was also highest (41.5% contribution: 54.8 C/N ratio), in comparison to 8.69% in the broad-leaf forest and 19.52% in the secondary forest, both with low leaf litter C/N ratios (<32). Our results suggested that, soil fauna played a more pronounced role in the decomposition of mixed leaf litter in tropical rain forest, and significantly bigger effects from fauna were ascribed to the enhancement of N concentration and decrease of C concentration of the initially high C/N ratio litter in this forest site. 相似文献
15.
为探究围封对灌丛草地土壤优先流的影响,以宁夏吴忠市盐池县典型荒漠草原区为研究区,通过野外入渗染色试验、图像处理分析等方法,对围封荒漠草原灌丛草地土壤优先流的影响进行评价。结果表明:(1)围栏封育与放牧管理样地土壤水分入渗特征存在差异,在围栏封育样地,草地、天然柠条林地、人工柠条林地的入渗染色图像分别在0—125,0—115,0—105 cm呈现均匀分布,而在125—240,115—150,105—140 cm呈现染色分支,在放牧管理样地,草地、天然柠条林地、人工柠条林地入渗染色图像分别在0—80,0—70,0—80 cm呈现均匀分布,围栏封育导致土壤优先流发生深度更大;(2)土壤剖面染色面积比表现为围栏封育草地＞围栏封育天然柠条林地＞围栏封育人工柠条林地＞放牧管理人工柠条林地＞放牧管理天然柠条林地＞放牧管理草地,土壤染色深度表现为围栏封育草地＞围栏封育天然柠条林地＞放牧管理草地＞放牧管理天然柠条林地＞围栏封育人工柠条林地＞放牧管理人工柠条林地,围栏封育管理会导致土壤剖面染色面积比及染色深度增大;(3)土壤优先流变异系数表现为放牧管理天然柠条林地＞放牧管理人工柠条林地＞围栏封育天然柠条林地＞放牧管理草地＞围栏封育人工柠条林地＞围栏封育草地,放牧管理导致土壤优先流程度增加,而围栏封育降低灌木林地及草地的优先流程度。因此,在荒漠草原等干旱半干旱地区,围栏封育可作为提升土壤水分均匀入渗深度、降低优先流发生程度、提高土壤水分利用效率的重要管理方式。 相似文献
16.
Jennifer S. Powers 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(6):580-584
The goal of this study was to examine spatial variation of soil organic C and its stable isotopic composition (δ13C) in 1-ha plots of mature rain forest and a cattle pasture dominated by C4 grasses in Costa Rica. Soil samples were taken from 80 mapped locations per plot and analyzed for organic C and δ13C. The range of values for soil C concentrations was similar between forest and pasture, although the mean values were higher in the forest. δ13C was narrowly constrained in the forest (from −27.96 to −26.09‰) but varied from −15.09 to −28.59‰ in the pasture. Variograms revealed spatial autocorrelation of soil C and δ13C in the pasture and organic C concentration in the forest soil. The large range and spatial variability of δ13C in the pasture site may be due to varying contributions of C3 and C4 vegetation to the soil C pool, which may limit the usefulness of the natural abundance technique as a precise tracer of soil C dynamics in this pasture. 相似文献
17.
Wang Zhijun 《Biological conservation》2003,110(2):231-243
This study took a comparative look at the relationship between human-altered landscapes and bird diversity in two mountainous swidden (slash and burn) agricultural sites in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China. Over the course of 3 years (1998-2000) the authors used line-transect identification surveys in the two regions, Mengsong and Jinuo, where four different habitats were surveyed: 6-year fallow fields; traditional economic forests; monsoon evergreen broadleaf forests; and montane rain forests. Data were analyzed for species diversity, richness (family, genera, species), co-occurrence (family, genera, species), characterization of migratory status and feeding habits. Both of these study areas are inhabited by minority groups (Hani and Jinuo) that employ swidden agriculture as their main form of economic activity. The forest landscape in the Jinuo ethnic region is quickly transforming due to changing agricultural practices, and as a result bird diversity and richness are declining, while the Hani ethnic region (Mengsong), with a stable form of traditional swidden agriculture, is maintaining a high diversity and richness of birds. The greatest differences in bird diversity between the two sites occurred in the traditional economic forests and the 6-year fallow fields where the Hani region had a much greater richness and diversity. The two natural forest types (monsoon evergreen broadleaf forests and montane rain forests) were more similar in richness and diversity and also maintained the greatest richness and diversity of the four forest types analyzed. The transformation of healthy forests into degraded landscapes is one of the major impacts of human activity on the natural environment, which is posing a great threat to biodiversity. This study looks at the bird diversity of the two regions and tries to take into account how humans can extract economic benefits while preserving ecological benefits, such as a landscape that allows biodiversity to thrive. 相似文献
18.
Linda S. Heath Pekka E. Kauppi Peter Burschel Heinz -Detlev Gregor Robert Guderian Gundolf H. Kohlmaier Susanne Lorenz Dieter Overdieck Florian Scholz Harald Thomasius Michael Weber 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1993,70(1-4):55-69
Temperate forests currently cover about 600 MHa, about half of their potential. Almost all these forests have been directly impacted by humans. The total living biomass in trees (including roots) was estimated to contain 33.7 Gt C. The total C pool for the entire forest biome was estimated as 98.8 Gt. The current net sink flux of biomass was calculated at 205 Mt yr?1, with a similar amount removed in harvests for manufacture into various products. The major cause of this C sink is forest regrowth. Forest regrowth is possible because fossil fuels are the major source of energy in temperate countries, instead of fuelwood. Future C in these forests will be greatly influenced by human activity. Options to sequester more C include conservation of forest resources, activities that increase forest productivity such as adopting rotation ages to optimize C production, afforestation, improvement of wood utilization, and waste management. 相似文献
19.
N. W. Foster 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1989,48(1-2):299-306
In this presentation research findings from the symposium and from the literature are utilized to examine some of the major hypotheses that link acidic deposition with impairment of forest health and productivity in central Europe and eastern North America. Although unequivocal evidence of acid rain damage may be lacking, there is a considerable body of knowledge that implicates air pollutants in recent interference with forest nutrition and health. The nature of the evidence and the inferences that can be drawn from it are still being vigorously debated. The problem of verifying the mechanisms by which air pollutants affect forests still remains. Reports that climatic irregularities have acted as inciting or triggering factors in forest declines are relevant to understanding regional damage. More emphasis on experimental studies that assess interactions of air pollutants and natural stresses with forests is needed. 相似文献
20.
M.C. Montes-Helu T. Kolb S. Dore B. Sullivan S.C. Hart G. Koch B.A. Hungate 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2009,149(3-4):491-500
We compared energy fluxes between a site converted from ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest to sparse grassland by a severe wildfire 10 years ago and a nearby, unburned forest. We used eddy covariance and associated instruments to measure total radiation, net radiation, albedo, and fluxes of energy into latent heat, sensible heat, and the soil. Total radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and air temperature were similar for each site. Compared to the unburned site, net radiation efficiency (net radiation/total radiation) was 30% lower and albedo 30% higher at the burned site. The magnitude of sensible and latent heats varied seasonally at both sites. Sensible heat was the major component of the energy balance in cold or dry seasons, whereas latent heat was the major component in the warm and wet season. Soil heat flux was the smallest in magnitude of the measured energy fluxes. Compared with the unburned forest, the burn-created grassland generally had lower sensible and latent heats, but greater soil heat flux for both soil cooling in winter and warming in summer. The grassland had similar maximum air temperature as the forest, and warmer surface soil temperature during the summer. Thus, the lower albedo and greater sensible heat of the forest did not produce a warmer site compared with the grassland, apparently because of the cooling effect of greater latent heat in the forest. Our results suggest only small changes in site air temperature, but larger changes in site surface soil temperature by shifts from forest to grassland caused by severe fire in northern Arizona ponderosa pine forests. 相似文献