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1.
鲢鱼肉相变区间的热特性研究   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:3  
为提供淡水鱼加工的热特性参数,以鲢鱼肉为对象,采用差示扫描量热仪(DSC),研究鲢鱼肉在相变区间的不可冻结含水率、冰点、表观比热和热焓,以及食盐添加量对相变区间鲢肉热特性的影响。结果表明,鲢鱼肉的熔融相变温区为-2.8~-0.4℃,不可冻结含水率为13.76%,冰点为-0.8℃,相变热焓为203.2 J/ g,表观比热峰值为84.186 J/(g·℃)。随着食盐含量的增加,鲢鱼肉的相变温区向低温方向偏移,不可冻结含水率增加,冰点呈线性降低,相变潜热减小,表观比热峰值下降。  相似文献   

2.
亚麻籽粉含水率对其蛋白质变性温度的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文研究亚麻籽粉含水率对其蛋白质变性温度的影响,通过对亚麻籽热变性的研究,为下一步亚麻籽的脱毒试验研究奠定一定的理论基础.应用差示扫描量热(DSC)技术测定不同的亚麻籽含水率下的亚麻籽粉蛋白质变性温度,分析在不同的条件下亚麻籽粉蛋白质变性温度特性.试验表明,亚麻籽粉蛋白质的变性温度较高,在129~143℃之间;随着升温速率的提高,DSC曲线的峰幅增大,峰形尖锐,变性温度升高,吸热焓值变化不大;亚麻籽蛋白质的变性温度与含水率有密切的关系,随含水率升高而降低.研究为亚麻耔深加工和利用提供了一定的理论依据.  相似文献   

3.
茶多糖对面包粉及其淀粉糊化和老化特性的影响   总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0  
为探索茶多糖作为添加剂在面包制品中应用的可行性,该文利用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、X-衍射分析了1%~5%茶多糖的添加对面包粉及其淀粉糊化、老化的影响,结果表明:随茶多糖浓度的增加,面包粉及其淀粉糊化的吸热焓(ΔH1)、峰温不断增加。面包粉及其淀粉胶在4℃下贮藏20d的老化过程中,随贮藏时间的延长,吸热焓、老化速率不断增加;随茶多糖浓度的增加,老化热焓(ΔH2)、老化速率、结晶速率不断减少,但玻璃化温度随茶多糖浓度的增加而不断提高。综合结果表明,面包粉添加1%~2%的茶多糖而面包淀粉添加2%~3%的茶多糖,具有明显抑制样品的老化热焓、老化速率和结晶速率的作用。  相似文献   

4.
为探究热敏性饲料原料乳清粉及不同含量乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料的热物理特性,该文以仔猪料配方中的4种主要饲料原料玉米、豆粕、乳清粉和鱼粉为研究对象,采用混料设计的方法得到33种不同含量(0~30%)乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料,并利用差示扫描量热法(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)测定了4种单一原料在25~120℃范围内以及33种仔猪配合饲料在25~110℃范围内的比热,分析了乳清粉及高含量乳清粉(质量分数≥14.548%)的仔猪配合饲料的热变性过程.结果显示:玉米、豆粕和鱼粉的比热分别与温度(25~120℃)呈线性、对数和二次关系,而乳清粉的比热与温度(25~110℃)遵循三次多项式的关系;当配合饲料中含有≥6.25%的乳清粉时,其比热与温度遵循三次多项式的关系;配合饲料的比热显著受温度、原料配比以及二者交互作用的影响(P<0.001),其中,温度的影响最为显著,而乳清粉含量的影响次之.DSC热焓曲线上,乳清粉在109.79℃会出现吸热峰,为乳清蛋白的热变性导致;而随着温度由20℃升高到110℃,乳清粉颗粒由存在许多凸起与微孔的粗糙表面结构逐渐过渡为光滑、粘结的状态.与乳清粉相似,高含量乳清粉的配合饲料也会在77.95~87.69℃出现吸热峰.在仔猪配合颗粒饲料的加工过程中,为降低乳清蛋白的变性程度、减少环模制粒机的堵机现象,应将调质温度降低至70℃以下为宜.研究结果为高含量乳清粉的仔猪配合饲料的调质、制粒等热处理过程的工艺优化提供理论指导.  相似文献   

5.
淡水鱼低温相变区热特性参数预测模型的建立   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为了给淡水鱼冷冻冷藏加工、品质控制及设备开发提供基础数据,应用差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测定鲢鱼、鳙鱼、鲤鱼以及草鱼背部和腹部肌肉在低温相变区(-40~10℃)的冰点、表观比热和热焓,建立淡水鱼低温相变区热特性参数预测模型。结果表明,建立的基于淡水鱼肌肉水溶性成分含量的线性组合冰点预测模型、低温相变区表观比热的两段式预测模型和推导的淡水鱼肌肉热焓预测模型都有很高的拟合精度。鱼肌肉中含水率、可溶性固形物含量、蛋白质含量和脂肪含量等对冰点和冰点以上的表观比热有不同程度影响,其中可溶性固形物和含水率分别对冰点和常  相似文献   

6.
冷熏对高白鲑理化性质及肌球蛋白构象的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
以新疆塞里木湖高白鲑为研究对象,研究冷烟熏过程对鱼肉理化性质及肌球蛋白构象的影响。冷熏温度为(20±2)℃,发烟温度140℃,冷熏时间分别为0、6、12、18、24 h,研究冷熏鱼肉理化性质(含水率、水分活度、色泽、质构特性、TVB-N)及肌球蛋白构象(蛋白浓度、总巯基含量、Ca^2+-ATPase、表面疏水性)变化。研究结果表明,冷熏0~24h,鱼肉含水率由75.75%下降至53.03%,水分活度(Aw)由0.988下降至0.952;鱼肉亮度值(L^*)显著降低(P<0.05),红度值(a^*)缓慢增加,黄度值(b^*)显著增加(P<0.05);表征鱼肉质构特性的剪切力与韧性均呈明显上升趋势(P<0.05);鱼肉挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)由9.81上升至14.23 mg/100g;肌球蛋白浓度、总巯基含量、Ca^2+-ATPase活性均显著降低(P<0.05),表面疏水性增加(P<0.05);综上,控制冷熏时间12~18 h有利于提高冷熏鱼肉品质,降低鱼肉肌球蛋白变性与氧化程度。该研究为特色淡水鱼冷熏制品开发与烟熏过程中蛋白氧化调控提供理论依据与技术参考。  相似文献   

7.
莲子热风干燥过程对其淀粉热特性及凝胶化的影响   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
为解决莲子干燥过程中淀粉形态结构变化造成莲子结壳、硬化,不利于干燥以及复水难、易返生问题,该文利用差示扫描量热技术(differential scanning calorimetry,DSC)对新鲜莲子以及不同热风干燥(70、80、90℃)莲子的淀粉热特性与凝胶化过程进行了研究.研究发现,莲子淀粉在低水分环境(42.2%,以质量比计)时存在2个明显的吸热峰,高水分环境(71.1%,以质量比计)时存在1个明显的吸热峰;莲子在干燥过程中不断失水,并伴随着淀粉凝胶化.方差分析(analysis of variance,ANOVA)表明,高温干燥显著影响莲子淀粉的热特性,其淀粉凝胶化温度(峰起温度To、峰顶温度Tp以及峰止温度Te)部分显著升高.相同干燥条件下,莲子淀粉糊化焓ΔH受水分显著影响,但干燥温度、升温速率对其影响不显著(P>0.01).采用Kissinger、Crane方程获得了淀粉凝胶化动力学参数(活化能Ea、指前因子Z以及反应级数n).莲子淀粉的非等温凝胶化反应可近似为一级反应,高温干燥后其Ea值出现增加,并随着水分增加呈现降低趋势.研究结果可为确定莲子高品质干燥工艺以及干莲子、莲子淀粉后续加工过程提供技术支持.  相似文献   

8.
冻融期积雪覆盖下土壤水热交互效应   总被引:3,自引:4,他引:3  
为了研究季节性冻土区土壤水热时空分异特征,揭示冻融过程中的水热相互作用机理及其复杂性。在松嫩平原黑土区,以野外实测试验数据为基础,分别建立裸地、自然降雪、积雪压实和积雪加厚覆盖处理条件下20 cm土层土壤含水率和温度的耦合模型,并通过对比模型的预测效果研究土壤水热变化的复杂程度,采用差异性分析和基于小波变换的分形理论方法定量研究含水率与温度序列的变异波动性和分维指标,进而验证不同覆盖处理条件对于土壤水热空间变异复杂性的影响。结果表明:冻结期,积雪阻碍了环境因素对于土壤水热迁移过程的影响,土壤含水率和温度的耦合效果较好,并且预测值与实测值能够较好的吻合,裸地、自然降雪、积雪压实、积雪加厚处理条件下的相对误差分别为0.42%、0.31%、0.13%和0.06%,随着积雪厚度的增加和密度的增大,含水率和温度的差异性减弱,复杂程度逐渐降低;融化期,积雪覆盖区的融雪水入渗抑制了土壤温度稳定提升,含水率出现骤然升高的现象,自然降雪、积雪压实、积雪加厚条件下的含水率变化分别为14.31%、15.90%和16.91%,土壤温度变化范围分别为-5.9~5.3、-3.6~6.9和-3.1~3.8℃,二者的互作效应减弱,并且随着积雪覆盖量的增加,土壤的水热时空迁移复杂程度逐渐增强。同时,采用基于小波变换的分形理论研究土壤含水率和温度的时间序列复杂性精度较高、结果可靠。该研究对于揭示冻土区土壤水热迁移动态规律,准确预测春播期土壤温度和墒情,合理高效地利用松嫩平原的土壤水资源具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。  相似文献   

9.
使用造纸方法快速成功的制备了纳米纤维素,纳米二氧化硅复合材料,对并材料的力学性能,热性能和吸湿性能进行了分析。研究结果表明:随着纳米二氧化硅的添加量逐步提高,纳米复合材料的理论密度逐渐下降,材料的拉伸性能和模量值都有大幅度的下降。材料热解的初始降解温度和热解活化能随着纳米二氧化硅质量分数的增多提升,当纳米二氧化硅质量分数为20%时,材料初始热解温度为280℃。纳米复合材料的含水率随着吸湿时间的延长而增加,且随着纳米二氧化硅添加量的增多,材料的最终含水率不断提高,当纳米二氧化硅质量分数为20%时,纳米复合材料的最终含水率约26%,纳米复合材料的表面接触角值仅为40.4°。该研究结果可为制备了纳米纤维素/纳米二氧化硅复合材料提供参考。  相似文献   

10.
为研究不同水分含量冷冻莲藕片热特性的变化,采用差示量热扫描仪分析不同含水量莲藕片表观比热容的变化规律,对水分-表观比热容、温度-表观比热容进行曲线拟合得到表观比热容经验公式。结果表明,含水量87.26%、69.14%、55.61%的莲藕片在-30~15℃温度范围内表观比热容随温度升高先上升后下降,峰值分别为71.95、52.95、27.63 J·g~(-1)·℃~(-1)。莲藕片水分含量越高,熔融相变区的峰值和相变潜热越大,相变越快;在非相变区,水分含量越高,表观比热容越大,不同水分含量莲藕片的表观比热容均缓慢上升;在相变区,莲藕片的水分含量越高,峰形越尖锐,相变潜热越大,在0~1℃莲藕片中大部分冰晶融化,表观比热容达到最大值;采用分段计算拟合公式,得到以水分含量和温度为变量的表观比热容计算公式,R~2均大于0.85,拟合度较好。本研究结果为冷冻莲藕片加工和贮藏的品质控制提供了理论指导。  相似文献   

11.
为探讨盐渍化土壤在冻融过程中孔隙水及未冻水含量的变化规律,运用核磁共振仪(NMR)测定了不同盐渍土与不同NaCl饱和试样的孔隙水及未冻水含量,同时研究了不同土质对冻结过程中未冻水含量的影响,分析了冻融过程中的滞后现象。试验设置8个处理,即轻度盐渍化粉砂壤土、中度盐渍化壤土2种土壤类型和蒸馏水、0.2%、0.6%、1.0%NaCl 4种溶液。结果表明:(1)在盐渍土冻结过程中,大孔隙降幅速率小孔隙降幅速率,而盐渍土的融解先从小孔隙开始。(2)无论是轻度盐渍土还是中度盐渍土,1.0%NaCl饱和溶液的未冻水含量最大。饱和溶液为1.0%NaCl的中度盐渍土在冻融过程中出现二次突变,其二次突变温度点不一样,融解时二次突变温度高于冻结时二次突变温度。(3)比较不同土质对冻融过程中未冻水含量可知,壤土未冻水含量粉砂壤土未冻水含量。在冻融过程中,结合T_2分布曲线可知,孔隙水的减少先从大孔隙开始,孔隙水的增多先从小孔隙开始;NaCl饱和溶液的浓度越高,其未冻水含量越大,冻结温度越低;不同土质对土壤未冻水含量有所影响,壤土的未冻水含量明显高于粉砂壤土的未冻水含量;盐渍土壤在冻结和融化过程中存在滞后现象,在冻融过程中的滞后现象明显区间,随浓度的增大,所处的温度范围有降低趋势。  相似文献   

12.
龙须草分蘖特性与禾本科多数植物类似,但是其分蘖能力极强,一颗种子苗一年可分百蘖以上。龙须草分蘖的多寡、快慢与品种、播种期、移栽期、温度、水分、光照、坡向和养分等因素有关,其中温度和水分是主导因子。龙须草耐旱性虽强,但以70%左右的田间持水量对分蘖最为有利。水热同步的夏季为龙须草分蘖高峰期。  相似文献   

13.
This article addresses the effect of moisture content (0.8-9.9%) during dry-heating (80 degrees C) on selected physicochemical (solubility, turbidity, residual denaturation enthalpy, aggregation, surface hydrophobicity, and sulfhydryl content) and functional (foaming ability, foam density, and stability) properties of freeze-dried egg white (FDEW). Moisture content during dry-heating proved to be a parameter determining the functionality of the resulting egg white powder. The degree of conformational changes induced in the egg white proteins by dry-heating was strongly dependent on the amount of water present. Preferentially, dry-heating at 80 degrees C should be performed on egg white powder with a moisture content below 6.8%, as the loss of protein solubility above this value is extensive. In addition to insoluble aggregates, soluble, strongly stabilized aggregates were also formed, especially at higher moisture contents. The decrease in denaturation enthalpy, increase in surface hydrophobicity, and exposure of SH groups previously hidden in the protein core and their subsequent oxidation were more pronounced at prolonged dry-heating times and at higher moisture contents. These conformational changes resulted in improved foaming ability and foams with lower density. No effect of dry-heating on the foam stability was observed.  相似文献   

14.
短粒型稻谷热容的实验测定   总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2  
热容是稻谷的重要热物性参数,被广泛应用在干燥工艺设计和干燥过程的计算机模拟中。稻谷的热容不仅受其含水率的影响,还受其品种甚至产地的影响。该研究根据混合测定法原理,用磁力搅拌式水卡计、电位计以及数字温度计等,组成一套测定装置,对我国南方产短粒型稻谷的热容进行测定,着重研究了稻谷的含水率对热容的影响。根据测定结果,通过回归分析的方法,建立起短粒型稻谷的热容随着含水率变化的数学方程。分析结果表明,利用此方程来计算不同含水率短粒型稻谷的热容,比利用国外的经验计算公式计算得到的数值具有更高的准确度。  相似文献   

15.
The present paper addresses the question of thermotolerance of in planta synthesized heterologous enzymes using phytase as a model. Two individual transgenic wheat materials expressing an Aspergillus fumigatus phytase with a low denaturation temperature (62.5 degrees C) but a high refolding capacity, and a rationally designed consensus phytase engineered to a high denaturation temperature (89.3 degrees C), were evaluated. High levels of endosperm specific expression were ensured by the wheat high molecular weight glutenin 1DX5 promoter. Immunodetection at the light and electron microscopical level shows unequivocally that the heterologous phytase is deposited in the vacuole, albeit that the transformation constructs were designed for secretion to the apoplast. Evaluation of heat stability properties and kinetic properties unraveled that, under these deposition conditions, heat stability based on high unfolding temperature is superior to high refolding capacity and represents a realistic strategy for improving phosphate and mineral bioavailability in cereal-based feed and food.  相似文献   

16.
The effects of initial water content, maximum heating temperature, amylopectin crystallinity type, and annealing on the glass transition of starch gels were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The glass transition temperatures of the frozen gels measured as the onset (T(g,onset)) or midpoint temperature (T(g,midpoint)), heat capacity change during the glass transition (deltaC(p)), unfrozen water of starch gels, and additional unfrozen water (AUW) arising from gelatinization were reported. The results show that T(g,onset) and T(g,midpoint) of the partially gelatinized gels are independent of the initial water content, while both of the T(g) values of the fully gelatinized gel increase as the initial water content increases. These observations might result from the difference in the level of structural disruption associated with different heating conditions, resulting in different gel structures as well as different concentrations of the sub-T(g) unfrozen matrix. The amylopectin crystallinity type does not greatly affect T(g,onset) and T(g,midpoint) of the gels. Annealing at a temperature near T(g,onset) increases both T(g,onset) and T(g,midpoint) of the gels, possibly due to an increase in the extent of the freeze concentration as evidenced by a decrease in AUW. Annealing results in an increase in the deltaC(p) value of the gels, presumably due to structural relaxation. A devitrification exotherm may be related to AUW. The annealing process decreases AUW, thus also decreasing the size of the exotherm.  相似文献   

17.
仔猪配合料比热预测模型的构建   总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0  
为探究调质、制粒等热处理过程中仔猪配合粉料传热的基本特性,有效控制热量供给并实现调质温度、时间等工艺参数的优化评估,该文以4种粉碎粒度(粉碎筛片孔径:Φ1.0、Φ1.5、Φ2.0和Φ2.5 mm)的仔猪配合粉料为研究对象,采用DSC (differential scanning calorimetry,差示扫描量热法)的方法测定了其在不同含水率范围(10%~18%,湿基)和不同温度范围(25~100℃)的比热,并分析了3个变量对比热的影响规律,构建了比热关于研究变量的预测模型。结果显示:仔猪配合粉料的比热受含水率、温度、粉碎粒度的显著影响,其中含水率的影响最为显著,温度及粉碎粒度次之;比热亦受含水率与粉碎粒度及其与温度的交互作用影响。比热随含水率和温度的增加在1.533~2.881 kJ/(kg·K)范围内升高,且与含水率呈线性关系,与温度呈非线性关系。粉碎过Φ2.5和Φ2.0 mm的仔猪料比热较粉碎过Φ1.5和Φ1.0 mm的大,在高温(60~100℃)和高含水率(18%)时表现尤为明显。基于试验数据建立了比热关于含水率、温度、粉碎粒度的多元回归模型(R2>0.993),可以有效预测仔猪配合料在此研究变量范围内的比热。研究结果为仔猪配合料调质过程传热方程的建立提供基础数据,并为其热处理工艺参数的优化提供理论依据。  相似文献   

18.
The properties of frozen and unfrozen water in two different wheat flours (hard and soft), and in their main components (gluten, starch, damaged starch, water‐soluble and water‐insoluble pentosans), were described using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). As a reference, enthalpy values of crystallization (298 J/g) and melting (335 J/g) of pure water were determined from the total heat flow curves. The separation of thermal events between the reversing and nonreversing heat flows with modulated DSC was not effective due to disturbances in the modulated temperature scan. For wheat flours and their components, linear regressions described well the changes in frozen water content calculated from enthalpies of freezing (R2 = 0.970–0.982) or melting (R2 = 0.783–0.996). The unfrozen water content (UFWC) calculated for the hard wheat flour (29–31%, db) was close to that calculated for the soft wheat flour (30–32%). The UFWC of wheat gluten (38–47%), starch (38–42%), damaged starch (37–40%), water‐soluble pentosans (51%), and water‐insoluble pentosans (40–44%) were higher than the corresponding values for the flours. The simple summation of the contributions of each component cannot be used to estimate the overall behavior of flours.  相似文献   

19.
The influence of succinylation on lysozyme is studied using circular dichroism, fluorescence spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The spectroscopic data reveal that at room temperature the structures of succinylated lysozyme and native lysozyme are similar. However, the calorimetric results show that the thermal stability of succinylated lysozyme is lower than that of native lysozyme. For succinylated lysozyme, the denaturation temperature (Td) varies in the range of 325-333 K (52-60 degrees C) and the associated denaturation enthalpy (DeltadenH) varies between 225 and 410 kJ/mol. For lysozyme, Td is 342-349 K (69-76 degrees C) and DeltadenH is 440-500 kJ/mol. From these data, the change in the heat capacity (DeltadenCp) upon thermal denaturation is derived. For lysozyme, DeltadenCp is 7.5 kJ/mol/K, and for succinylated lysozyme, it is 16.7 kJ/mol/K. The value of DeltadenCp for lysozyme is comparable to previously reported values. The high value of DeltadenCp for succinylated lysozyme is explained in terms of an extended degree of unfolding of the secondary structure and exposure of the apolar parts of the succinyl groups. Furthermore, the Gibbs energy of denaturation, as a function of temperature, derived from the thermodynamic analysis of the calorimetric data, indicates a cold-denaturated state of succinylated lysozyme below 20 degrees C. However, because a denatured state at low temperatures could not be detected by CD or fluorescence measurements, the native state may be considered to be metastable at those conditions.  相似文献   

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