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土壤熏蒸剂研究进展 总被引：12，自引：3，他引：9
土壤熏蒸剂可有效防治土传病虫害,但效果最好的熏蒸剂溴甲烷由于破坏臭氧层,已被禁止用在农业上(必要用途豁免除外)。碘甲烷、氯化苦、异硫氰酸甲酯、1,3-二氯丙烯、二甲基二硫、硫酰氟、棉隆及威百亩是国际上已经登记使用的土壤熏蒸剂;甲酸乙酯、乙二腈、糠醛、丙烯醛是有希望开发为新的土壤熏蒸剂品种。国内已经商品化的土壤熏蒸剂品种有4种,分别为氯化苦、威百亩、棉隆和硫酰氟,二甲基二硫正在登记当中。本文系统综述了上述熏蒸剂在应用、环境行为等方面的研究进展,在未来一段时间内,氯化苦、棉隆及威百亩将会占据着国内土壤熏蒸剂的主要市场。二甲基二硫的登记也将会改善国内熏蒸剂品种匮乏的局面。 相似文献
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美国EPA决定将Arysta生命科学公司申请的熏蒸剂-碘化钾的登记决定推迟到2007年。美国政府原计划于2006年第一季度就溴甲烷的取代品作出决定,但目前登记工作必须等到现有土壤熏蒸剂联合评估完成之后。今年1月份,EPA认为,没有必要对碘甲烷制订最大残留限量,因为其用作辣椒,草莓,西红柿的苗前处理,其残留物会被很快分解代谢成无毒物。然而,EPA要求Arysta提供更多数据以证明其对操作工人及接触者无健康风险。风险评估引来了众多反对碘甲烷登记的意见。对于EPA本年内不给予碘甲烷登记的决定,Arysta表示失望,并将就未来登记继续进行协商。该… 相似文献
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我国土壤熏蒸消毒60年回顾 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
熏蒸剂棉隆和氯化苦于20世纪60年代在我国曾用于棉花黄萎病的防治,由于缺乏施药机械、相关施药标准和方法,加之与国外交流甚少,虽然发现熏蒸剂对土传病害有一定的效果,但一直未形成规模化应用。我国大量使用熏蒸剂进行土壤消毒处理始于20世纪90年代,随着溴甲烷的引进与广泛应用,溴甲烷的替代技术及产品研发,开启了我国土壤熏蒸消毒的新纪元。伴随着土壤消毒技术与理论的不断丰富,新型配套机械装备的成功研发,社会化服务模式的广泛运用,土壤熏蒸消毒在我国进入快速发展时期,大批专业化服务组织应运而生,为我国农作物病虫害的绿色防控、实施乡村振兴战略提供了强有力的技术支撑。该文从土壤熏蒸剂的种类、发展历史、基础理论的建立与阐明3方面综述了我国土壤熏蒸发展情况,并对我国土壤熏蒸消毒未来发展方向提出了展望。 相似文献
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微生物菌肥对熏蒸剂处理后土壤微生态的影响研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤熏蒸是防治土传病害的有效手段,但化学熏蒸剂在杀死病原微生物的同时也会对有益微生物群落的组成与活性造成影响。微生物菌肥不仅能够减少农作物的病虫害侵染,而且能够改善农产品的品质与产量。将土壤熏蒸剂与微生物菌肥配合使用将有利于连作土壤修复、土壤-植物微生态环境的改良与重塑。一方面,土壤熏蒸剂用于消灭前茬作物遗留下的土壤病原物,给土壤进行消毒处理;另一方面,施用微生物菌肥给“纯净”的土壤环境输入有益菌群,引导更利于植物生长的土壤微生态环境(土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构)形成。本文简述了土壤熏蒸剂、微生物菌肥以及微生物菌肥介入熏蒸后的土壤对土壤理化性质、土壤酶系及土壤微生物群落变化的研究进展,旨在系统解析微生物菌肥对经熏蒸剂处理后土壤微环境变化的影响,以期为解决连作障碍、防治土传病害、恢复植物根际功能提供相关理论与技术参考。 相似文献
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土壤熏蒸对土壤氮循环及其功能微生物的影响研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤熏蒸凭借高效、广谱等优点已被广泛应用,但正因为其具有广谱性,熏蒸剂在杀死土壤中有害生物的同时,也影响着驱动土壤中各种元素循环、转化的非靶标微生物。土壤氮循环是连接大气、土壤和水体的重要枢纽,而与氮循环有关的关键过程主要由微生物所驱动,因此,土壤熏蒸势必会影响氮循环中的物质转化。已有研究表明,熏蒸剂可显著改变一些与土壤氮循环相关的功能基因及功能微生物的种类及丰度,其中一些熏蒸剂在进行熏蒸处理后,短期内均能提高土壤中氮的矿化速率,增加土壤中的氮素累积矿化量,而固氮、硝化和反硝化过程均受到抑制,可提高对氮素的利用率。本文就常用的几种熏蒸剂在进行土壤熏蒸后,对土壤中氮循环中的固氮、矿化、硝化和反硝化等反应中的各个关键过程和功能微生物产生的影响进行综述,可为研究土壤熏蒸的环境风险提供依据。 相似文献
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美国对毒死蜱采取限制使用措施 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
美国EPA将对有机磷农药毒死蜱采取严格的限制使用措施,该项措施旨在降低毒死蜱在喷雾施药时对儿童或其他相关人员的风险,农药登记申请人也已经同意EPA的做法。包括丹麦科麦农(Cheminova)、陶氏公司(Dow AgroScienes)、德雷克赛尔(Dr exel Chemical)、印度化学公司(Gharda Chemicals)和以色列阿甘公司(Makhteshim-Agan Industries)在内的5家企业表示,同 相似文献
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土壤熏蒸是防治土传病虫害的重要手段之一, 熏蒸剂在土壤中的散发直接影响其对土壤有害生物的防治效果。为明确二甲基二硫、顺式-1, 3-二氯丙烯、反式-1，3-二氯丙烯、异硫氰酸烯丙酯, 以及棉隆和威百亩的前体异硫氰酸甲酯等5种常用熏蒸剂在土壤中的散发情况, 本研究以北京顺义采集的沙壤土为材料, 按100 mg/kg剂量添加熏蒸剂, 在室内模拟田间熏蒸剂在土壤内的散发, 并在不同温度(15、25、35℃)和不同土壤含水量(6%、10%、15%)等条件下分别对5种熏蒸剂的散发进行监测。同时拟合出5种熏蒸剂的累计散发量随时间变化的Logistic模型, R2均高于0.98, 拟合度较好。本研究为熏蒸剂的合理化利用、减少农药滥用、减轻环境压力提供一定参考。 相似文献
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欧盟批准了多杀菌素在有机作物上使用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
欧盟委员会批准了美国陶氏益农公司的杀虫剂多杀菌素在有机作物上使用。同时制定了相应的合理使用准则以尽可能降低其对主要昆虫天敌生物和农药抗性的风险。欧盟于2007年．批准多杀菌素在常规作物上的登记使用（《Agrow》No．542）。 相似文献
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Metam sodium (metam) is a widely used soil fumigant. Combined application of metam and other available fumigants is intended to produce synergic pesticidal effects for a broad spectrum of pest control in soil fumigation. This study aimed to test the compatibility of metam with the halogenated fumigants 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), chloropicrin, methyl bromide, methyl iodide and propargyl bromide. Halogenated fumigants and metam were spiked simultaneously into organic solvents, water and moist soils, and metam-induced degradation of these halogenated chemicals was evaluated. In all three media, the halogenated fumigants were incompatible with metam and degraded via rapid chemical reactions. The degradation rate varied with halogenated fumigant species and increased as the amount of metam present was increased. In moist soil, 15-95% of the halogenated fumigants were decomposed within 72 h by metam at a 1:1 molar ratio. Combined application of Telone C-35 (62.5% 1,3-D + 35% chloropicrin) at 265 mg kg(-1) and Vapam (42% metam) at 567 mg kg(-1) in soil resulted in complete disappearance of the applied chloropicrin and 20-38% of the 1,3-D within 8 h. The results suggest that simultaneous application of halogenated fumigants and metam at the same soil depth will not maximize pest control. In practice, sequential treatment of soil or application at different soil depths is recommended when these two types of fumigants are used in combination. 相似文献
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Ajwa HA Trout T Mueller J Wilhelm S Nelson SD Soppe R Shatley D 《Phytopathology》2002,92(12):1349-1355
ABSTRACT Strawberry fields in California (9,500 ha annually) are pre-plant fumigated with methyl bromide and chloropicrin to prevent serious soil pest and disease problems. Although soil fumigation with methyl bromide has ensured stability of strawberry production, its use is being discontinued because of its effect on stratospheric ozone. The likely short-term alternatives such as 1,3-dichloropropene, chloropicrin, and metham sodium, although not ozone depleters, are potentially hazardous to the environment and humans if applied improperly. Water-soluble formulations of alternative fumigants can be applied through drip irrigation systems established to irrigate crops. In comparison to conventional shank methods of injection, application of soluble formulations through drip irrigation systems would be economical and environmentally friendly, reduce worker exposure, and allow for simultaneous or sequential application of a combination of fumigants. This paper discusses techniques developed to apply alternative fumigants through drip irrigation systems, and reviews ongoing studies to determine optimum application rates, soil conditions, plastic mulches, and amount of irrigation water used to apply these alternative fumigants. 相似文献
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A.F.H. Besemer 《EPPO Bulletin》1972,2(7):31-38
The effect of a soil fumigant on soil-borne pests and pathogens depends largely on a sufficient distribution through the top soil and the availability of the fumigant or the biologically active degradation products in the water phase. Nearly all the fumigants are dispersed in the soil mainly in the vapour phase and therefore the amount of air between the soil particles is very important. Consequently on light soils it is relatively easy to obtain an efficient control, but on heavy or wet soils and on soil types with a high humus content it is rather difficult to get reliable results. The concentration of the fumigant in the upper few cm. of the soil is often insufficient to get good control after injection of the material at 15–20 cm. depth. The effect may be improved by using a plastic cover or a «split plot>> application.
The elimination of most of the fumigant, to avoid a phytotoxic effect is a cause for concern on wet soils and on soil types with a high organic content. Factors influencing the decrease of the fumigant residue in the soil are discussed. The soil fumigant application gives rise to important changes in the whole ecosystem in the soil. Information on the influence on non-target organisms is scarce. The application of dichloropropene and of chloropicrin may lead to a noticeable effect on the nitrificating bacteria.
The soil application of fumigants may give rise to residues in plants of the parent chemical or, to a larger extent, to residues of metabolites e.g. Br- after soil disinfection with Br- containing fumigants such as methylbromide, EDB1 ), etc. The enrichment of the soil with Br- may cause phytotoxic effects on susceptible crops such as carnations. The fate of the metabolites arising from dichloropropene and related compounds has not been fully clarified. 相似文献
The elimination of most of the fumigant, to avoid a phytotoxic effect is a cause for concern on wet soils and on soil types with a high organic content. Factors influencing the decrease of the fumigant residue in the soil are discussed. The soil fumigant application gives rise to important changes in the whole ecosystem in the soil. Information on the influence on non-target organisms is scarce. The application of dichloropropene and of chloropicrin may lead to a noticeable effect on the nitrificating bacteria.
The soil application of fumigants may give rise to residues in plants of the parent chemical or, to a larger extent, to residues of metabolites e.g. Br
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为明确完全不透性膜(totally impermeable film,TIF)对熏蒸剂在田间应用时散发和残留的影响,采用静态散发箱技术测定了TIF与聚乙烯膜(polythene film,PE)对氯化苦、1,3-二氯丙烯(1,3-dichloropropene,1,3-D)和棉隆施用后所产生的异硫氰酸甲酯(methyl isothiocyanate,MITC)大气散发的控制效果,并应用气相色谱法检测了揭膜后3种熏蒸剂在土壤中的残留情况。结果表明,在20 g/m~2(棉隆为15 g/m~2)剂量下,氯化苦、1,3-D及MITC透过PE的累积散发率为施用量的6.42%、7.37%和22.27%,透过TIF的累积散发率为施用量的0、0.65%和2.05%,表明TIF极大地降低了熏蒸剂向大气的散发量,可有效控制熏蒸剂向大气扩散。揭膜后氯化苦及1,3-D在各处理土壤中的残留量均低于0.30 mg/kg,说明TIF没有增加土壤中氯化苦和1,3-D的残留量;但MITC(15 g/m~2)在TIF下10~20 cm土壤中的残留量在3.28~3.41 mg/kg之间,高于在PE下的残留量(0.46~0.47 mg/kg),表明TIF能提高MITC在土壤中的持效浓度。 相似文献
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近10年来, 随着人们对环境的关注, 绿色发展成为农业生产的主流。在土传病害的防治中, 要尽可能减少对环境和生态的影响, 同时保证取得更好的经济效益。因而, 一些环境友好的防治技术受到重视。农业防治技术如抗性品种利用和嫁接、阻截传播、深翻、轮作和无土栽培; 生物防治技术如生物熏蒸、厌氧消毒、生物防治制剂等; 物理防治技术如太阳能消毒、火焰消毒、微波消毒、电消毒、射频消毒也在不断地创新; 化学防治技术主要依赖土壤熏蒸剂, 一些新型的环境友好的熏蒸剂如异硫氰酸烯丙酯、二甲基二硫、乙二腈、乙蒜素等也在不断发展。熏蒸剂新剂型、新的施药机械也在不断创新。土壤熏蒸剂在防治土传病害时, 也会对土壤中的微生态造成不同程度的影响。此外, 我们也应该清醒地认识到任何技术都有两面性, 并正视不同防治技术中的不足。土传病害作为一类难以防治的病害, 也面临着巨大的挑战, 高传染性要求有高质量的种苗和高效的防治和阻隔技术, 土传病害的定量检测技术, 土壤中的病原菌数量与发病的关系、土壤微生态对发病的影响都是亟待研究和解决的问题。在防控土传病害时, 如何减少温室气体的排放、减少防治投入以及塑料薄膜的污染均为面临的环境和经济学挑战。 相似文献
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The movement of 1,3-dichloropropene and methyl bromide was monitored in various field situations involving fumigant application coupled with contemporary soil profile modification techniques. The soil moisture, temperature, texture and profile differences are reported in each case. A combination of soil modification and soil fumigation may provide for better plant response than either treatment alone. Spot and strip treatments may provide an efficient method of applying certain pre-plant fumigants to protect young perennials. 相似文献