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1.
A report is given on the development of the subsidies granted by the "Nieders?chsische Tierseuchenkasse" für BVD/MD since 1973. The article shows the cyclic procedure and regional differences as well as the participation of vaccinations and embryo transfer at the frequent occurrence of persistent viraemic animals in single herds. According to the authors' opinion the struggle against BVD/MD must have two aims: 1. to search for and to cull out persistent viraemic animals 2. to prevent the arise of new persistent viraemic animals.  相似文献   

2.
A prerequisite for the success of any eradication programme is the accurate determination of the initial herd prevalence as well as a herd-specific prediction of prevalence development. This prerequisite is not currently given for the eradication of paratuberculosis in infected herds. In the work presented a method to predict the initial paratuberculosis prevalence in infected herds is presented; it is based on the formation of two groups (ELISA-positive and negative) and the determination of generally applicable factors (positive predictive value [ppvn] of the ELISA and sensitivity of fecal culture in the ELISA-negative group [senF]). The ppvn of the ELISA was determined to be 0.6 based on the cultural examination of the ileocaecal lymph node of 64 ELISA-positive animals; the value for senF was set to be 0.64 based on the cultural examination of feces and ileocaecal lymph nodes of 40 ELISA-negative animals. To calculate the initial herd prevalence the number of animals in each of the groups was multiplied with the ppvn of the ELISA or with the reciprocal value of senF (1.5). The values were added and divided by the size of the herd. The practicability of this model was examined on nine herds with a total of 708 animals. The development of herd prevalence was modelled based on the examination scheme given in the paratuberculosis control programme of the "Nieders?chsische Tierseuchenkasse" (local board for infectious disease control in food animals in the state of Lower Saxony, Germany). For the calculation a yearly turnover-rate of 33% with restocking from within the herd and a possibility of paratuberculosis diagnosis only in animals two years and older were assumed. The development of herd prevalence is exemplarily presented for four herds with different initial prevalences.  相似文献   

3.
This study examines LEIBNIZ' idea of Veterinary medicine in a biographical context. It is based on material from the Leibniz-Archives of the Nieders?chsische Landesbibliothek Hannover, primary sources as well as the correspondence between LEIBNIZ and F. HOFFMANN and B. RAMAZZINI. Critical analysis of LEIBNIZ' proposal to establish a medical administrative authority and an analysis of further sources corroborate the view of LEIBNIZ as a progressive thinker who included the epidemiology of veterinary medicine (the preventive approach) in his conception. In this way he conceived of veterinary medicine in scientific terms which is going to be the relevant approach today.  相似文献   

4.
The aim of this study was to describe animal production on small farms in the Kaski district of Nepal, with the goal of identifying areas where animal health and productivity could be improved. Eighty-five randomly selected farms from four different Village Development Committees were visited. Farmers were interviewed and premises and animals visually inspected on all farms. Feed samples were collected from a subset of farms. The most commonly kept species were water buffalo (used for milk and meat), cattle (used for milk and labor), and goats (used for meat). Average milk production levels were 4.7?kg/day for water buffalo and 1.9?kg/day for cattle. All animals were milked manually, no calves were weaned, and only one farm practiced artificial insemination. A majority of cattle and goats had access to pasture, and a majority of farms fed their working or producing animals concentrates; however, nutritional input was insufficient in terms of energy, protein, and micronutrient content to increase levels of production. Goat-raising was the most profitable endeavor, followed by water buffalo and cattle. We conclude that animals have the potential to contribute significantly to improved livelihoods of farmers in terms of both income generation and non-tangible benefits. However, we found that significant constraints on animal production exist, including insufficient nutritional levels and a lack of preventative care resulting in animal disease. Furthermore, cultural considerations reflecting attitudes toward cattle shape farming in ways that may limit production. Nevertheless, targeted interventions that improve animal health and productivity are possible without being cost prohibitive.  相似文献   

5.
The communication gives an overview on the epidemiological situation of bovine salmonellosis in Germany. Bases for the data presented are the information of the officially confirmed outbreaks of salmonellosis in cattle collected in the National Animal Disease Reporting System since 1995. From 1995 to 2003 the number of annually registered outbreaks of salmonellosis in cattle in Germany amounted on an average to 221,2 +/- 26,5. Because of the decrease in cattle population in this period the number of reported outbreaks of salmonellosis increased significantly (P < or =) in ratio to the number of cattle keeping farms. In Germany, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Typhimurium var. copenhagen caused approximately 50 % of the annually reported outbreaks of bovine salmonellosis between 1995 and 2002 and therefore represent the most important serovars. The cattle adapted Salmonella serovar Dublin was responsible for about 15 % to 20 % of the outbreaks from 1995-2000, afterwards its share increased continuously to 38 % in 2003. Between 1995 and 2003 Salmonella Abony was the causative agent of 7 % to 21 % and Salmonella Enteritidis very constantly of 5 % to 6 % of the annual outbreaks. Numerous other serovars also may cause outbreaks of bovine salmonellosis, however, that were mostly single cases which did not result in further outbreaks in other years of the period observed. The temporal distribution of the reported cases of salmonellosis reveals a strong correspondence over the years. The lowest number of new cases is registered annually in months April/ May. Afterwards the number of outbreaks increases steadily until September/ October, followed by an decrease in the monthly reported cases of salmonellosis in cattle.  相似文献   

6.
Fifty-nine Hereford cattle susceptible to tick-borne diseases were used as tracer animals to assess the tick challenge and pathogenicity of Theileria parva under field conditions in Zimbabwe. They were moved periodically in groups of five to three commercial farms (one group consisted of four) during seasons of Rhipicephalus appendiculatus nymphal and adult activity. All tracer cattle were herded together with the farm cattle but were not dipped. The nymphal tick counts were high on two of the farms (up to 2000 per animal) but were very low on the third farm (less than ten per animal). On the three farms, 19 out of 24 (76%) tracers had patent Theileria schizonts. There was a range of clinical manifestations of theileriosis with acute and fatal infections occurring on one farm. The adult R. appendiculatus infestations during the wet season numbered 120-800 per animal on the three farms. The disease transmitted by the adults was very pathogenic on the three farms; 30 out of 35 (86%) had severe theileriosis infections. Cattle, which survived the nymphal diseases challenge, showed various degrees of immunity to subsequent T. parva challenge transmitted by adult ticks. Therefore, 13 out of 18 (72%) of these cattle had a second disease episode and the case fatality rate on the three farms was 46%. The factors which determined the epidemiological status of Theileria challenge on the farms, such as the farming systems and presence of wild animals, are discussed.  相似文献   

7.
A 2-year cohort study was conducted to investigate the probability of disease introduction into Dutch dairy farms. The farms were tested regularly for diseases and were visited biannually to collect management data. Ninety-five specific pathogen-free (SPF) dairy farms were selected from a database of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV1)-free farms to study the probability of, and risk factors for, introduction of BHV1, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Dublin (S. dublin), and Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo (L. hardjo).Although most of the 95 SPF farms had a low risk on introduction of infectious diseases, one disease was introduced into 12 farms and two diseases were introduced into one farm. Three farms experienced an outbreak of BHV1, one farm an outbreak of L. hardjo, two farms BVDV, six farms S. dublin, and one farm both BHV1 and S. dublin. The total incidence rate was 0.09 (0.06-0.12) per herd-year at risk. The results suggest that the "non-outbreak" farms were significantly more closed than the "outbreak" farms. Direct animal contacts with other cattle should be avoided and professional visitors should be instructed to wear protective clothing before handling cattle.  相似文献   

8.
Extract

The wintering of sheep on outdoor straw or sawdust pads is a recent innovation which is being used increasingly on farms in Otago and Southland where the winter spelling of pasture under conditions of high stocking rates and wet soils is required. Where stock are confined on such pads for prolonged periods, the control and recognition of infectious diseases becomes of utmost importance. One such disease is salmonellosis and this paper records features of an outbreak of this disease which occurred in sheep being wintered on straw and sawdust pads in Otago. In addition, a survey was undertaken to determine the extent of salmonella infection amongst fomites and wild animals in the vicinity of the pens in which the salmonellosis occurred.  相似文献   

9.
2021年—2022年云南省寻甸县肉牛科技特派团成员对寻甸县肉牛主要疫病进行系统调查及疫病防治研究,2年来共完成了16个乡(镇)175个肉牛养殖场(户)的现场调查,并随机在全县16个乡镇71个肉牛养殖场(户)、1个屠宰场和1个大牲畜交易市场采集样品3267份,进行了口蹄疫、牛结节性皮肤病、牛蓝舌病、巴氏杆菌病、牛支原体、牛结核分枝杆菌、牛病毒性腹泻、牛传染性鼻气管炎、牛布鲁氏菌病、巴贝斯虫10个病的病原学检测,结果显示：牛结节性皮肤病、蓝舌病病毒、牛巴氏杆菌病、牛支原体、牛结核病、巴贝斯虫病6个病种的病原监测均为阴性;在73个养殖场(户)1394份棉拭子中检出牛病毒性腹泻阳性3份、牛传染性鼻气管炎阳性2份;在29个养殖场(户)899份全血样品中检出牛巴贝斯虫病12份,样品阳性率分别为0.22%,0.14%,1.33%;场阳性率分别为1.37%、1.37%,24.13%。通过2年持续地边监测边排查隐患,精准指导养牛户科学防控疫病、规范使用兽药、强化生物安全等措施,使养殖户掌握了科学养牛和科学防病技术,切实提高肉牛疫病防控和养殖水平,提高肉牛养殖效率和肉牛产品品质。  相似文献   

10.
G Froyd 《The Veterinary record》1975,97(25-26):492-495
Over a period of 15 months data were collected from abattoirs in Great Britain on 213,082 cattle and 362,838 sheep livers to determine the distribution and prevalence of damage by Fasciola hepatica. The stock came from 8239 farms, and from livestock markets in 81 counties. 53 per cent of the farms had sent affected stock, with significant percentages in eastern as well as the western counties of England and Scotland. 21 per cent of all cattle and 7 per cent of all sheep livers examined were affected. In both species, the percentage of adult stock affected was more than double that of young stock. The condemnation rate in cattle was relatively constant throughout the year. The effects of infestation are more widely distributed than has been generally recognised. Greater emphasis should be placed on the control of chronic fascioliasis in cattle.  相似文献   

11.
自2020年1月以来,新型冠状病毒(简称“新冠”)肺炎疫情在局地爆发,隔离、封锁和交通管制已成为阻断人间传染源传播的重要防控措施。为摸清现阶段这些疫情防控措施对养牛业的影响,我们对全国38个养殖单位进行调查。调查结果显示,交通管制给绝大部分养牛场饲料、兽药和疫苗等生产物资的供应带来障碍,湖北省尤其严重;并且产品(奶、牛、肉)加工和上市受阻。同时,有可能因牛群防疫计划不能正常实施、牛病不能及时处置等原因导致动物疫病爆发、长期倒奶导致环境污染等次生灾害。据此,我们对相关部门和养殖企业提出了应对措施和政策建议,以期为当前新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情下保持养牛业稳定发展提供数据和政策支持。  相似文献   

12.
Helminth infections of cattle affect productivity in all classes of stock, and are amongst the most important production-limiting diseases of grazing ruminants. Over the last decade, there has been a shift in focus in the diagnosis of these infections from merely detecting presence/absence of infection towards detecting its impact on production. This has been facilitated by studies observing consistent negative correlations between helminth diagnostic test results and measures of productivity. Veterinarians are increasingly challenged to consider the economic aspects of their work, and the use of these tests should now be integrated in economic evaluation frameworks for improved decision making. In this paper, we review recent insights in the farm-specific economic impact of helminth infections on dairy cattle farms as well as in farmer attitudes and behaviour regarding helminth control. Combining better economic impact assessments of helminth infections together with a deeper understanding of the non-economic factors that drive a farmer’s animal health decisions should result in more effective control strategies and increased farmer satisfaction.  相似文献   

13.
Commercial poultry production is one of the flourishing ventures of animal production in Ethiopia. It has been providing to the demands of proteins at least to the urban population, though concurrent health constraints are hampering its intended potential. This study reports the influence of infectious diseases in commercial broiler farms in central Ethiopia. In this study, clinical signs, gross lesions, laboratory tests (serology, bacterial culture, histopathology and parasitology) and farm management data were used to identify major causes of outbreaks in an age specific manner in broiler chickens in three poultry farms in Debre Zeit, Central Ethiopia. The outbreaks detected in the farms were due to mycoplasmosis, salmonellosis, colibacillosis, coccidiosis and infectious bursal disease. It is observed that the occurrence of concurrent diseases in the farms significantly affects the productivity and health status of broilers. The risk factors that predispose birds to the various infections in the different farms studied were also recorded. In addition, recommendations were also provided.  相似文献   

14.
Anaplasma marginale and Babesia bigemina are important tick-borne pathogens of cattle. A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to determine the seroprevalence of A. marginale and B. bigemina infections and identify associated risk factors on traditional smallholder farms in Machakos County, Kenya. A total of 421 cattle from 127 farms from four divisions in the county were sampled and visited between September and November 2007. The farms were selected by a proportional allocation approach based on the number of farms in the four divisions previously selected by stratified random sampling method. Information on animal and individual farm management variables was obtained using standardized questionnaires. Prevalence of serum antibodies due to A. marginale and B. bigemina pathogens was determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. The relationship between the seropositivity and associated risk factors was assessed by multivariable analyses using standard logistic regression models. The overall estimation (and their 95% confidence intervals) of A. marginale and B. bigemina seropositivity at the animal level was 53.4% (48.5%, 58.2%) and 40.6% (35.8%, 45.4%), respectively. Two variables, “animal age” and “administrative division,” were significantly associated with the A. marginale seroresponse. Three variables, “animal age” “grazing system” and “administrative division” were significantly associated with the B. bigemina seroresponse. These findings suggest possible indicators of existence of endemic instability for the two infections. The study identifies characterization of environmental suitability for the vectors and how they interact with grazing systems to cause the infections as an area for further studies, for improved understanding of the infections and in designing disease control programs.  相似文献   

15.
《活兽慈舟》（清·李南晖）是继《元享疗法马集》之后,受到我国畜牧兽医界普通重视的一部清代中兽医专著,也是我国现存中兽医古书中内容比较全面的一部著作。《活兽慈舟》继承和发扬了中医药事业,辩证正确,立法恰当,遵循自然规律,集诊治牛、马、羊、猪、犬、猫等六畜疾病和它们的正确饲养方法,及相牛和相马常识于一体,主要流传于四川南部,甘肃通渭县乃至全国,为畜牧养殖生产发展保驾护航,一直为中兽医爱好者和学者提供兽疾病治疗的思路和方法。  相似文献   

16.
牛肺疫是比较常见的一种牛接触性传染病症,严重危害着牛机体。随着近些年国内畜牧业的迅猛发展,牛养殖场规模与数量随之不断扩大,我国养殖业呈现繁荣发展局面。然而,牛养殖期间也会突发各种疫病,带给畜牧生产巨大的经济损失。所以,有效的牛肺疫诊断防控措施对我国养殖业的发展极具重要意义。  相似文献   

17.
The efficacy of a morantel sustained release bolus was evaluated during the 1980 summer grazing season in 216 yearling, second-season cattle in nine trials in West Germany. In five trials individual farms were used, in which medicated and control groups could be grazed on adjacent pastures. In four additional trials medicated and control groups were maintained on separate farms where the sites and management practice were matched as far as possible. Faecal worm egg counts, herbage larval counts and weight gain were monitored at regular intervals throughout the season. The faecal output of gastrointestinal nematode eggs was reduced by 55.8 percent in the medicated animals during the period from May to early August, while worm egg counts were equal to that of the control animals during the later part of the season. Herbage larval counts were similar on pastures grazed by medicated and nonmedicated cattle. In the five trials where individual farms were used the average daily weight gains over the entire grazing period were 900 (+/- 222) g/animal/day in the medicated group compared with 826 (+/- 263) g/animal in the nonmedicated cattle, a non-significant advantage. No advantage for the treated over the control groups was detected in the additional 4 trials but this was attributed largely to the difficulty in obtaining comparable groups of animals in comparable grazing conditions in "matching" farms, leading to inter-farm variation.  相似文献   

18.
In 69 dairy and beef herds in the district of Kamenz, Saxony, with a total number of 21,783 and 89.6% of the district's cattle, a voluntary BVDV eradication protocol was implemented from 2000 to 2007. The aim was to achieve eradication as comprehensive as possible and to prepare the herds for the mandatory eradication program. Essential preconditions for the accreditation of a herd as "free of BVD virus" were the antigen test of all cattle and their offspring for 12 months including completeness check and a negative serological random sampling of young cattle. Mean eradication period of infected herds lasted 45.6 months, herd size, and the number of newly purchased cattle were found to have a significant influence. In five infected farms calf losses significantly decreased after termination of the eradication. further examination of the 126 antigen test positive animals from 15 herds resulted in 87 persistently infected (PI) and 15 transiently infected (TI) individuals, 24 animals missed the second test. Furthermore, out of the 87 PI's 30 individuals (34%) had antibodies against BVDV. Eight farms vaccinated their whole herd, seven only the young stock before first breeding, and 54 herds did not vaccinate, respectively. Concluding from this study, the epidemiological particularities of the farms should be taken in account. Testing of all cattle in a minimum of time including, official monitoring of immediate culling of PI's, immediate epidemiological research, and serological monitoring of the eradication process is necessary.  相似文献   

19.
Network modeling of BVD transmission   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
ABSTRACT: Endemic diseases of cattle, such as bovine viral diarrhea, have significant impact on production efficiency of food of animal origin with consequences for animal welfare and climate change reduction targets. Many modeling studies focus on the local scale, examining the on-farm dynamics of this infectious disease. However, insight into prevalence and control across a network of farms ultimately requires a network level approach. Here, we implement understanding of infection dynamics, gained through these detailed on-farm modeling studies, to produce a national scale model of bovine viral diarrhea virus transmission. The complex disease epidemiology and on-farm dynamics are approximated using SIS dynamics with each farm treated as a single unit. Using a top down approach, we estimate on-farm parameters associated with contraction and subsequent clearance from infection at herd level. We examine possible control strategies associated with animal movements between farms and find measures targeted at a small number of high-movement farms efficient for rapid and sustained prevalence reduction.  相似文献   

20.
The aim of this study was to investigate the cattle—exposure factors associated with the risk of a bovine animal reacting to a bovine tuberculosis (bTB) skin test at a whole herd test. There were 148 study farms enrolled. These were located in six counties of the south west of England in an area considered endemic for bovine tuberculosis (bTB): 24% were restocked after foot and mouth disease (FMD) in 2001; all farms were located within the Randomised Badger Culling Trial (RBCT) area. Data on cattle on these farms were sourced from the bTB Vetnet database from 1996 to 2004 and from the British Cattle Movement Scheme database. Individual animal records were created that included data on whether or not an animal became a reactor at a full-herd bTB test between 1 June 2001 and 19 August 2004, their prior exposure to cattle with bTB (defined by presence at a bTB test where at least one reactor was detected), whether the animal was homebred, the farm history of bTB and the farm restocking status. Data from 144 farms were used, 4 farms had no data.Cattle were more likely to react to the bTB skin test when they had been present at a previous bTB herd test (or tests) where other cattle had reacted to the skin test. This positively correlated with age and the number of bTB tests an animal had had. Cattle on restocked farms were less likely to react to the skin test compared with cattle on continuously stocked farms. These results highlight the likely importance of exposure to infected cattle at a previous test as a source of infection to cattle that subsequently became reactors and suggest that there was a lower risk of exposure to bTB to cattle in newly formed herds.  相似文献   

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