Ensiling of manured crops—effects on fermentation   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

C. RAMMER  C. ÖSTLING†  P. LINGVALL  S. LINDGREN† 《Grass and Forage Science》1994,49(3):343-351

The quality of silage from crops fertilized with cattle manure and an inorganic fertilizer was compared in experiments from 1985 to 1989. Manure was spread either as farmyard manure (FYM, 25t ha⁻¹) or as slurry (20-50t ha⁻¹). Crops were direct cut (approximately 200 g DM kg⁻¹) or wilted (approximately 300 g DM kg⁻¹), precision chopped and ensiled in experimental silos. Silage was treated with 4 kg 85% fonnic acid t⁻¹ fresh matter (FM), an inoculant or no additives. The use of manure, particularly FYM, resulted in more Bacillus spores on crops at harvest compared with fertilized crops. Clostridium spores increased as a result of manuring in 1989 only on FYM-treated crops. Differences in the chemical composition of crops were usually small between fertilizer treatments. The quality of silage from slurry-dressed crops, compared with that of silage from fertilized crops, varied between years. The FYM resulted in reduced silage quality, i.e. high pH values (> 4·5), high ammonia N (> 150 g kg⁻¹ total N) and butyric acid (> 6·3 g kg⁻¹ water) concentrations, and high numbers of Bacillus (10⁵ g⁻¹ FM) and Clostridium spores (10⁵ g⁻¹ FM). The concentration of lactic acid was low (≤ 12 g kg⁻¹ water). Wilting and additives generally improved silage quality and reduced the differences between treatments. However, the efficiency of the inoculant on farmyard manured crops was limited.  相似文献   

Quality of grass silage infected with spores of Clostridium tyrobutyricum     

CHRI RAMMER 《Grass and Forage Science》1996,51(1):88-95

The influence of adding clostridial spores to silage was studied in 2 successive years. Direct-cut, precision-chopped herbages were infected with spores of Clostridium tyrobutyricum in doses varying from 0 to 10⁶ g^−l fresh material (FM), and ensiled in experimental silos. The material was treated with or without 4 ml formic acid (85%) kg⁻¹ FM. Silo contents were studied after 4.20 (or 50) and 100 days of ensiling.
Contents of dry matter, water-soluble carbohydrate, nitrate as well as buffering capacity of FM varied between the 2 years at harvest, whereas the numbers of clostridial spores were about the same (< 10² g⁻¹).
Infecting the crop with clostridial spores negatively affected the quality of silage in the first year. After 50 days spore numbers in the silages had increased by 40 × 10³ to 150 × 10³ times in the infected silage, compared with 5 × 10³ in the uninfected silage. No effect was seen in the second year.
Silage with high spore counts showed no residual nitrate content. Formic acid improved silage quality from a chemical point of view but had no anti-clostridial effect. Ensilability of a crop seems to be more important than the initial count of Clostridia for a successful ensiling process.  相似文献   

Fermentation and nutritive value of Zea mays and lucerne forage ensiled with added rolled barley     

J. H. HARRISON  R. L. KINCAID  K. A. LONEY  R. E. RILEY  J. CRONRATH 《Grass and Forage Science》1994,49(2):130-137

The effect of adding rolled barley on the ensiling characteristics and nutritive value of lucerne and corn ( Zea mays ) forage was studied using 19-1 plastic mini-silos. Other factors evaluated with lucerne were the effect of wilting and added lactic acid bacteria. Rolled barley was added at rates of 0, 50, 100 and 150gkg⁻¹ (wet weight) to lucerne or corn forage. Lucerne was ensiled at 170–330 g kg⁻¹ dry matter (DM) and lactic acid bacteria were applied at 10⁵g⁻¹ wet forage. Addition of rolled barley consistently improved the fermentation of lucerne by lowering the pH and decreasing the concentration of acetate and ammonia nitrogen. Wilting of lucerne had variable effects on fermentation in two experiments. The addition of lactic acid bacteria improved fermentation by decreasing the concentrations of acetate and ammonia nitrogen, improved the nutritive value by increasing the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and was associated with decreased amounts of lactic acid. Corn was ensiled at 250 g kg⁻¹ DM, and added rolled barley had little effect on the fermentation of corn silage. The digestibility of all silages determined in vitro was improved by the addition of rolled barley.  相似文献   

Some changes associated with the field drying of lucerne and timothy   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

I. ALLI  E. ROBIDAS  E. NOROOZI  B. E. BAKER 《Grass and Forage Science》1985,40(2):221-226

Lucerne (approximately 10% flowering, 270 g dry matter kg⁻¹) and timothy (boot stage, 310 g dry matter kg⁻¹) were harvested and allowed to wilt for a period of 52·5 h. During the early stages of wilting of lucerne there were increases in the proportion of leaf material (dry weight basis), as well as increases in total available carbohydrate and water soluble carbohydrate concentrations. Approximately 50% of the leaf material in lucerne and in timothy was lost after a drying period of 52·5 h and after tedding and raking operations prior to baling of the hay. This resulted in considerable reduction in the protein content of both lucerne and timothy.  相似文献   

Influence of bacterial inoculant and substrate addition to lucerne ensiled at different dry matter contents   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

B. A. JONES†  L. D. SATTER  R. E. MUCK 《Grass and Forage Science》1992,47(1):19-27

Field-wilted lucerne was chopped with a forage harvester at 33 ± 1·5, 43 ± 2·0 and 54 ± 1·8% dry matter, treated and ensiled in laboratory silos during four cuttings in each of two years. Treatments were control (C), sugar addition at 2% of fresh weight (S), inoculum applied at 3 × 10⁵ bacteria g⁻¹ herbage (I), and sugar and inoculum combined (IS). Duplicate silos were opened and analysed after 1, 2, 3, (4 or 5), 7, 14 and 60 d of fermentation. The initial rate of proteolysis of lucerne protein decreased with increasing dry matter (DM) content of the lucerne, and was not influenced by the year, cutting or silage treatment. Inoculation increased ( P <0·05) the rate of pH decline for all silage dry matters, and shortened the lag time prior to pH decline with 33 and 43% dry matter silages. Sugar addition had no effect on rate of pH decline or lag time. Inoculation and sugar addition both lowered final pH, acetic acid, ammonia (NH₃), free amino acids (FAA) and soluble non-protein N (NPN) in silages ( P <0·01) and increased lactic acid content with 33 and 43% dry matter silages. Only inoculation was beneficial at 54% DM with no difference between I and IS. The influence of forage characteristics (epiphytic lactic acid bacteria, buffer capacity and sugar:buffer capacity ratio) on treatment effectiveness varied with dry matter content.  相似文献   

Influences of enterobacteria on the fermentation and aerobic stability of grass silages     

C. ÖSTLING  S. LINDGREN 《Grass and Forage Science》1995,50(1):41-47

Grass (220 g DM kg⁻¹ was ensiled after adding 10⁶ and 10⁸ enterobacteria (90% Rahnella aquatilis , 9·9% Hafnia alvei and 0·1% Escherichia coli g⁻¹ fresh mutter. The silages were exposed to aerobic conditions alter 125 d of storage. In all treatments H. alvei rapidly superseded the initial high number of Enterobacter agglomerans (naturally present) and R. aquatilis. The maximum number of enterobacteria was detected about I d after initiation of fermentation. After 4 d of fermentation, when concentrations of undissociated lactic and acetic acids ranged from 52 to 36 mM and 41 to 51 mM respectively, no enterobacteria were detectable. Inoculating the crop with enterobacteria restilted in a temporarily retarded rate of production of lactic and acetic acids and a 50% increase in the concentration of ammonia-N. The concentration of endotoxin in the silages was 6–7 μg g⁻¹ fresh matter. There was no change in the level of endotoxin during ensiling. High numbers of enterobacteria at the beginning of the fermentation improved the aerobic stability of the silages. There was a lag in the decrease in concentrations of acids and delays in the increase in pH, respiration rate and numbers of yeast and Bacillus spores, in uninoculated silages the pH increased from 4·1 to 5·0 after 8 d of aerobic storage, whereas in inoculated silages a pH of 5·0 was not reached until after 16 d of storage.  相似文献   

Prediction of lactic acid bacterial numbers on lucerne     

R. E. MUCK 《Grass and Forage Science》1990,45(3):273-280

The numbers of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), as measured by Rogosa SL agar, on lucerne ( Medicago sativa ) chopped for ensiling were predicted using two methods. The first prediction method consisted of regression equations developed from two previous harvesting seasons and required inputs of wilting time between mowing and chopping, average wilting temperature and moisture content of the lucerne at chopping. The second method simulated the growth of LAB on the lucerne during wilting and needed similar inputs. The former method predicted LAB counts within one order of magnitude more than 95% of the time except for lucerne samples drier than 60% dry matter. The prediction of the simulation model had more variation than those of the regression equations, but the simulation model was applicable over a wider range of conditions. These results, together with earlier studies, provide a preliminary basis for determining when a silage inoculant containing LAB will be most beneficial.  相似文献   

The effect upon fermentation and nutritive value of silages produced after treatment by three different inoculants of lactic acid bacteria applied alone or in combination     

J. A. ROOKE †  F. KAFILZADEH ‡ 《Grass and Forage Science》1994,49(3):324-333

Silages were made from the first cut of a predominantly perennial ryegrass sward. The silages were either untreated (W) or treated with formic acid (31 t⁻¹, F) or with 10⁶ lactic acid bacteria (LAB) g⁻¹ grass of each of three strains alone (A. Lactobacillus plantarum MTD1; B, Pediococcus species 6A2; C, L. plantarum 6A6) or in combination (AB. AC) to give seven treatments. The silage fermentation in 10-kg silos was followed chemically and microbiologically and the nutritive value of selected treatments evaluated using 2-t silos.
The control silage (W) fermented well. Addition of formic acid restricted fermentation and produced a silage with a high ethanol concentration. After day 4, all inoculated silages had lower pH values and higher lactic acid concentrations and a higher ratio of lactic acid to acetic acid than the control silage. Chemically there was little difference between the inoculated silages in terms of final composition. Microbiologically the LAB applied in treatments B and C dominated the LAB populations in those silages when applied alone; however, they were suppressed when applied in combination with inoculant A.
When fed to sheep, the intake of the formic acid-treated silage was significantly ( P < 0·01) lower than that of the other silages and the intake of silage treated with inoculant A significantly ( P < 0·001) higher than that of silages treated with inoculants B and C. The apparent organic matter ( P < 0·001) and nitrogen ( P < 0·01) digestibilities of the formic acid-treated silage were also significantly lower than those of the other silages.  相似文献   

The future of sainfoin in British agriculture: an economic assessment     

C. J. DOYLE  D. J. THOMSON  J. E. SHEEHY 《Grass and Forage Science》1984,39(1):43-51

In view of the revived interest in sainfoin, an economic assessment of the prospects for an expansion of its area in Britain has been attempted. It is estimated that potentially it could be grown on 950 × 10³ ha of the agricultural area of England and Wales, though it is unlikely in the near future that it would exceed 20 × 10³ ha, even if economic conditions were favourable. Comparison of the energy and protein yields of sainfoin, red clover and lucerne under conservation management indicates that one of the attractions of sainfoin is its high protein content. However, an assessment of the costs of production and utilization of sainfoin indicate that, for it to be a more widely used legume, sustainable dry matter (DM) yields would need to be increased by 35% to about 11.5 × 10³ kg DM ha⁻¹. At the same time, although growing sainfoin as a mixture with grass appears to improve the economic attractiveness of the crop, silage production costs (kg DM)⁻¹ are still about 15% lower on pure grass swards. However, trials in the UK, Canada and Rumania have shown that, compared to current UK levels, sainfoin yields can be significantly increased.  相似文献   

Laboratory studies on the effect of potassium carbonate solution on the drying of cut forage     

L. JONES 《Grass and Forage Science》1991,46(2):153-158

The potential drying rate of cut forage grasses and legumes, following treatment with a 2% potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) solution, were compared with those of untreated crops under laboratory conditions. Material was fully exposed to a flow of conditioned air (20°C; 50% relative humidity). Treatment with K₂CO₃ had little effect on the drying rate of a range of cultivated grass species. The drying of legume species, particularly lucerne was accelerated. The average reduction in lucerne drying time, following K₂CO₃ treatment, was 63% and was similar for a range of varieties. The differential drying of lucerne leaf and stem fractions was reduced following treatment, and reduced further by selective treatment of the stem. Potassium carbonate treatment was superior to traditional mechanical conditioning for accelerating water loss from cut lucerne. The practical implications are discussed.  相似文献   

Influence of maceration at cutting on lactic acid bacteria populations, silage fermentation and voluntary intake and digestibility of precision-chopped lucerne silage   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

E. Charmley  P. Savoie  & R. E. McQueen 《Grass and Forage Science》1997,52(1):110-121

Laboratory experiments with lucerne (Medicago sativa) have shown that maceration at cutting improves silage fermentation. Samples taken during wilting and after various ensiling periods were analysed for lactic acid bacteria (LAB) numbers and indices of silage fermentation. In Experiment 1, in which maceration was tested in unwilted and wilted lucerne, there was an additive effect of maceration and wilting on LAB numbers at ensiling, thus LAB numbers were approximately 108 colony-forming units (cfu) g^?1 fresh crop for wilted, macerated forage compared with 103 cfu g^?1 fresh crop for unwilted, unmacerated forage at ensiling. Initially, maceration reduced pH (P < 0·001) and increased lactic acid (unwilted comparison only; P < 0·001) and insoluble N (wilted comparison only; P < 0·001) concentrations. After 70 d ensiling, beneficial effects of maceration were associated only with the wilted silage. In Experiment 2, macerated lucerne was compared with unmacerated material, which was either ensiled after a wilting period of similar length or after wilting had proceeded to the same DM concentration as in the macerated forage. During wilting, LAB numbers were significantly higher in macerated than unmacerated forage (P < 0·05). This was also the case during the first 16 h of ensiling (P < 0·01). A decline in pH was observed earlier in macerated silage. Two days after ensiling, lactic acid concentration was higher in macerated silage (P < 0·05), but insoluble N concentration was not different. In a third experiment, unconditioned forage was compared with forages ensiled after regular conditioning or maceration. Although drying rate over 30 h was not influenced by degree of conditioning, LAB numbers during wilting increased with the degree of conditioning. In silages made from these treatments after 6 h wilting, there were no major effects on fermentation characteristics. In a fourth experiment, digestibility and voluntary intake of precision-chopped silage were measured in sheep and found not to be increased by maceration. It was concluded that maceration per se resulted in marginal improvements in fermentation; however, when maceration also increased DM concentration, fermentation was markedly improved. In these precision-chopped silages, maceration had no effect on intake or digestibility.  相似文献   

Effects of treating lucerne with an inoculum of lactic acid bacteria or formic acid upon chemical changes during fermentation, and upon the nutritive value of the silage for lambs   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

L. E. PHILLIP  L. UNDERHILL  H. GARINO 《Grass and Forage Science》1990,45(3):337-344

A second cut of lucerne was wilted to 500 g DM kg⁻¹ and either left untreated (control) or treated with formic acid (4.5 1 fresh forage t⁻¹) or with a commercial inoculum of lactic acid bacteria (10⁵ colony forming units (cfu) g forage⁻¹). The forages were ensiled in 2-t capacity silos for 8 months, and later fed to six lambs (mean initial weight 27.7 ±1.60 kg) in a 3x3 duplicated Latin square with 27-d periods. Portions of the untreated and additive-treated forages were also ensiled in laboratory silos at 25 ° C for intervals up to 42 d. Results from the laboratory silos showed that the major increase in ammonia-N in silage occurred between 40 h and 7 d of fermentation; during this period, both formic acid and the inoculant produced a smaller increase in ammonia-N, than did the control. The pH of inoculated silage declined from 5.74 to 4.57 in 7 d, but it took 14 d for the pH of the control silage to fall below 5.0. Formic acid treatment immediately reduced the silage pH from 5.74 to 5.10 ( P < 0·01); the pH then remained unchanged until 21 d, after which it decreased slightly. When compared with control, lambs fed formic acid-treated silage consumed more ( P < 0·05) digestible organic matter; the response was associated with a trend towards decreased concentration of ammonia in plasma. Inoculation of lucerne silage did not ( P < 0·05) affect voluntary intake but increased ( P <0.05) apparent digestibility of fibre and tended to increase N retention.  相似文献   

A study of the potential of lucerne as a silage crop in a high-rainfall area     

D. REID 《Grass and Forage Science》1987,42(2):185-190

The results are reported of a 2-year plot experiment investigating the potential of lucerne as a silage crop in a comparatively high-rainfall area (annual average of about 900 mm). The performance of the lucerne on the remainder of the field in which the plot experiment was located is also discussed. With below-average rainfall in the sowing year a good establishment was obtained and a single cut to a stubble height of 75 mm in August gave a dry matter yield of 3 t ha^-1. In the first harvest year, summer rainfall was again below average and a total dry matter yield of 13·8 t ha^-1 resulted from three cuts to 75 mm above ground level. However, the total yield was reduced to 10·11 ha^-1 in the second year when the rainfall was considerably above average. Attempts to increase the feeding value of the lucerne herbage by increasing cutting frequency and by increasing cutting height showed little effect over the standard system of three cuts to a stubble height of 75 mm. The effects of applying potassium fertilizer at rates supplying 100,200 or 300 kg K ha^-1 either as a single spring dressing or in equally divided dressings were not significant in either of the two years  相似文献   

Growth performance, appetite and plasma ammonia concentrations in heifers fed inoculated lucerne prior to ensilage, then supplemented with sodium bicarbonate     

L. E. PHILLIP  L. UNDERHILL  H. GARINO 《Grass and Forage Science》1992,47(1):28-35

A study was conducted to explore the possibility of a synergistic effect of an inoculum of lactic acid bacteria and sodium bicarbonate in improving the nutritive value of lucerne silage. Twenty Holstein heifers (live weight 183 ± 9·4 kg) were assigned to four dietary treatments consisting of: lucerne uninoculated or inoculated prior to ensilage and then either unsupplemented or supplemented with NaHCO₃ (40 g kg⁻¹ dry matter (DM)). The lucerne silage contained 320 g kg⁻¹ DM and constituted 600 kg⁻¹ diet DM. The animals were fed once daily for 90 d and samples of jugular blood were analysed for plasma ammonia and indices of blood acid-base status. Inoculation of Lucerne reduced ( P <0·01) silage pH but had no other effect on silage composition. In the absence of NaHCO₃, liveweight gain and organic matter intake were improved by inoculating lucerne prior to ensilage; however, in the presence of NaHCO₃, inoculation reduced growth rate but had no major effect on intake. Dietary treatment did not (P>0·05) affect the concentration of plasma ammonia or measures bf blood acid-base status. The results suggest that NaHCO₃ may have nullifled any potential benefit of inoculating lucerne silage to improve its nutritive value for heifers.  相似文献   

A non-destructive method for estimating lucerne shoot weights     

R. G. SIMONS 《Grass and Forage Science》1995,50(1):68-70

Estimates of leaf and internode weight, leaf appearance rate and shoot number are not appropriate for non-destructive determinations of lucerne ( Medicago sativa ) growth rates as they are too variable. In an experiment involving four cultivars of lucerne harvested on two dates, a good relationship was found between linear measurements and the dry weight of shoots. An equation of the form W^1/3= a.(dl*d2*length)^1/3, where W = dry weight; dl, d2 = two diameters of the basal end of the shoot; length = maximum length of the shoot; and a = constant, gave a good fit to the data. The value of a varied between cultivars and sampling dates, and in the proportion of shoot harvested. The product of estimated shoot weight and shoot number can be used to give an estimate of plot yield.  相似文献   

The productivity of four forage legumes sown alone and with each of five companion grasses   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

J. FRAME  R. D. HARKESS 《Grass and Forage Science》1987,42(3):213-223

Four legumes—white clover cv. Blanca, red clover cvs Violetta (diploid) and Hungaropoly (tetraploid) and lucerne cv. Europe—were established as pure-sown swards and with each of five companion grasses: timothy cv. Timo, meadow fescue cv. Bundy, sweet brome cv. Deborah and perennial ryegrass cvs Talbot (diploid) and Barlatra (tetraploid), both ryegrasses being of 'intermediate' heading date. Two 'silage' crops and an 'aftermath grazing' crop were harvested in each of three successive years.
In the first harvest year, total herbage DM production of red clover ranged from 15·03 to 17·01 t ha^-1. White clover and lucerne swards produced considerably less at 7·12 to 11·01 t ha^-1. In the second harvest year, lucerne swards were the highest producing at 15·54 to 17·14 t ha^-1, while DM production from red clover and white clover swards ranged from 6·75 to 11·87 t ha^-1. Lucerne swards maintained their production superiority in the third year at 16·48 to 17·87 t ha^-1, while production from white clover swards ranged from 6·41 to 10·23 t ha^-1. However, red clover swards declined to 3·30 to 5·81 t ha ^-1; this above-average decline was mainly caused by the onset of red clover necrotic mosaic virus which affected all red clover plots uniformly in the second harvest year, and by winter conditions before the third harvest year. Total herbage DOM and CP yields of the swards were influenced in a similar manner to DM production.  相似文献   

The deposition of Caesium 137 on grassland at a site in SW England following the Chernobyl accident     

J. GILBEY  S. BRADLEY  D. E. WALLING 《Grass and Forage Science》1987,42(4):439-442

Following the Chernobyl accident in April 1986 ¹³⁷Cs was detected in samples of grass collected at AGRI, North Wyke, Devon, UK. Samples of grass from permanent and reseeded swards under uniform management were taken on three occasions. The ¹³⁷Cs content of the samples was assessed as both Bq kg^-1 of sample and Bq m^-2, Samples taken from the same site in 1985 were used as a control group; these contained no measurable ¹³⁷Cs. The samples taken on 8 May 1986 had a ¹³⁷Cs content of approximately 30 Bq kg^-1; by 31 July 1986 the content had dropped to 1% of this value. The permanent pasture initially showed a higher level of ¹³⁷Cs than the reseeded sward. Analysis of soil cores from the sampling area showed a much higher level of ¹³⁷Cs than that found in the herbage. This was attributed to the atmospheric testing of nuclear devices in the early 1960s: the short-lived ¹³⁷Cs isotope was found in the 1986 herbage samples but not in the soil cores.  相似文献   

Drying and physical characteristics of matted ryegrass     

P. SAVOIE  L. R. BURGESS†  A. C. KNIGHT†  M. B. McGECHAN‡ 《Grass and Forage Science》1994,49(3):257-263

Fresh ryegrass and lucerne were macerated and compressed into thin mats over a 4-week period at two yield levels. The mats were left lo dry outside during the day. and inside overnight, and compared with unconditioned crops. Under a low swath yield of 4 t DM ha⁻¹, mats required 0·7-1·4 mm pan evaporation lo reach 70% moisture, suitable for wilted silage, compared with 1·8-3·8 mm pan evaporation for unconditioned crops. On an average non-rainy day. mats were ready to harvest as wilted silage after 2–5 h, whereas the unconditioned crop required between 6 h and 36 h of wilting. With a high swath yield of 8 t DM ha⁻¹, mats required 1·4-3·0 mm pan evaporation to reach 70% moisture compared with 2·4-5·1 mm for unconditioned windrows. Low-yield mats reached 20% moisture, suitable for hay, in 2 d of drying, after 4·5-5·3 mm of pan evaporation. The thickness and cohesion of the mats were measured to assess their sensitivity to mechanical handling. The effect of controlled rainfall on mats was also investigated. Since mat making was most effective in low-yield crops, it could become a useful complement to low-input, extensive forage production. Mat making could eliminate most silage effluent losses; it could re introduce haymaking of ryegrass as a viable system under certain circumstances.  相似文献   

The effect of dry matter content on the preservation of big hale grass silages made during the autumn on commercial farms in South Wales 1983-87     

P. M. HAIGH 《Grass and Forage Science》1990,45(1):29-34

A total of eighty-nine big-bale (BB) silages made on commercial farms in South Wales during the autumn in 1983-87 were analysed to discern the effect of dry matter (DM) content on fermentation. Silages were made predominantly in late September, during fine weather from permanent pasture or perennial ryegrass pastures, which had not been grazed for 9 weeks. On average 7·8 ha of pasture were cut; most farmers attempted to pre-wilt grass for an average of 36 h prior to ensilage in individual plastic bags. Silage making was usually completed within 4 d of starting to cut. Silage ammonia-N content was inversely correlated with DM content. The results indicated that a DM content of about 280 g kg⁻¹ was needed to produce well-preserved silage with an ammonia-N content of 100 g (kg total N)⁻¹. Silages were, therefore, generally poorly preserved because the DM increase from wilting was only 2·3 g kg⁻¹ h⁻¹.  相似文献   

A comparison of unwilted and wilted grass silages offered to beef cattle without and with monensin sodium     

R. W. J. STEEN 《Grass and Forage Science》1984,39(1):35-41

A randomized block experiment was conducted to compare unwilted and wilted grass silages and the effects of the feed additive monensin sodium on the silage intake and performance of finishing beef cattle. Two regrowths from a predominantly perennial ryegrass (cv. S24) sward were ensiled either without wilting or after field wilting for 3 d (dry matter (DM) concentrations 161 and 266 g kg⁻¹ respectively). Both silages were treated with formic acid (2·6 and 30 litre t⁻¹ respectively) and were well preserved. The silages were offered ad libitum to forty-eight Charolais-cross cattle (thirty-two steers and sixteen heifers, mean initial live weight 351 kg) for 145 d. All animals received 2·2 kg concentrates per head daily and half of those on each silage treatment received in addition 200 mg monensin sodium per head daily. Silage DM intake was 5.04, 504. 5·48, 5·63 ± 0.134 kg d^−l; fasted liveweight gain was 0·69, 0·77. 0·64 and 0·73 ± 0.033 kg d^−l and carcass gain was 0·47, 0·50, 0·40 and 0·45 ± 0·020 kg d⁻¹ for the unwilted silage without and with monensin and the wilted silage without and with monensin respectively. It is concluded that wilting grass of low DM concentration for 3 d prior to ensiling reduced the performance of finishing beef cattle below that obtained from well-preserved unwilted silage in spite of a higher DM intake being achieved with the wilted silage. The inclusion of monensin sodium in a silage-based diet increased performance without significantly affecting feed intake.  相似文献