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1.
Hybridization among abalone species has been suggested as a possible means to increase their growth rates for aquaculture. As a first step to test the usefulness of the hybrids of Japanese abalone species (Haliotis discus discus, Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis madaka) for aquaculture, we characterized the genetic background and gonad development of hybrids that were produced by artificial insemination. The hybrid status of the resulting offspring was confirmed by assaying 14 allozymes and by RFLP analysis of the 16s rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) regions of mtDNA using 13 restriction enzymes. Histological examination of the gonads of the hybrids was conducted in comparison with those of the parental species. Cross‐breeding among the three species was conducted successfully in all combinations although with lower fertilization rates (means of 1.3–60.8%) than the parental species (34.3–90%). Crosses between H. discus discus and H. madaka had higher fertilization rates (22.4–60.8%) than those involving H. gigantea (1.3–19.9%). The hybrids were ascertained by the presence of both parental genotypes at the LDH‐A, ME‐A, MDH‐A and GPI loci. The maternal origin of the hybrid mtDNA was confirmed by digestion with DdeI, TaqI, HpaII of the COI region. No polymorphism was observed in the 16S rRNA region. The hybrids had gonadal development and maturity stages similar to the parental species up to fully mature oocytes and sperm. They spawned upon stimulation and produced viable offspring with high fertilization rates and successful development to the juvenile stage in back‐ and homologous hybrid crosses.  相似文献   

2.
The adoption of an upright posture in abalones is essential to enable them to use their foot, and hence to be able to move and seek shelter, as well as to avoid exposure of soft parts and possible predation. In mass restocking programs for abalone, juveniles are released by divers near the seabed, but without control over their posture when they reach the bottom. Thus, the time to recover the upright posture is an important consideration in abalone restocking programs as the quicker they assume this posture the higher the likelihood of survival. This study reports significant differences in the speed of recovering the upright posture between juveniles of the abalones Haliotis discus discus, H. gigantea and H. madaka and between tests conducted under stagnant and flowing water conditions. Longer times were required for recovery in all species in stagnant than flowing water. On average, juveniles of H. discus discus (17.16 and 10.43 s) and H. gigantea (22.54 and 11.89 s) recovered faster than those of H. madaka (161.13 and 49.02 s) under stagnant and flowing water conditions respectively. These results suggest that different species require different levels of care and that water flow or current at the time of release may affect post‐release survival.  相似文献   

3.
The Xishi abalone (Haliotis gigantea) is an economically significant aquaculture species in southern China. We identified a novel orange‐muscle mutation present in less than 2% of the cultured population. High‐performance liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry identified zeaxanthin and β‐carotene as the two main pigments present in the orange‐muscle abalone. The concentrations of zeaxanthin and β‐carotene detected in the orange‐muscle abalones were significantly higher than those detected in the common abalones (p < 0.01). Notably, the concentration of zeaxanthin was approximately 16.5 times higher in orange‐muscle abalones than in common abalones, which was also the species with highest carotenoid content reported in shellfish to date. Furthermore, the contents of total amino acids and essential amino acids in the orange‐muscle abalone were higher than that in the common abalone, though not significantly, while the content of non‐essential amino acids was significantly higher in the orange‐muscle abalone than that in the common abalone (p < 0.05). The saturated fatty acid content in the orange‐muscle abalones was slightly lower than that in the common abalones, and the unsaturated fatty acid content was higher in the orange‐muscle abalones than that in the common abalones. These results could provide a basis for characterizing the mechanism by which carotenoids accumulate in abalones and further guide the breeding of abalone with orange‐muscle mutants in the future.  相似文献   

4.
The food chain dynamics of three species of commercially important abalone — the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens), the green (H. fulgens) and the Japanese (H. discus) — were measured to determine their relative success in the multispecies aquaculture system at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. The abalone were fed sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca) used in the polyculture system to remove nutrients regenerated by the bivalves.This polyculture system was operated on a moderate-sized scale during the summer of 1973. Growth and feeding rates of the abalone were measured during a 112-day period and net growth efficiency was calculated (net production/food ingested). All three species grew during the experiment but H. rufescens had the lowest efficiency of 10.2%, and H. fulgens had the highest efficiency of 22.7%. These differences might be due to the temperature regime (16–23°C) during the experiment. H. rufescens is typically found in colder waters whereas H. fulgens is common in warmer Southern California waters. The results suggest the feasibility of the browsing role of abalone in polyculture systems.  相似文献   

5.
Oxygen consumption and ammonia excretion rates of three abalone species, Haliotis discus discus, H. gigantea, H. madaka and their hybrids were measured at 20 °C by incubating for 3 h under dark and light (N = 9–13 for each species and hybrid). Animals were fasted before and during the experiment and measurements were made first under dark followed by light on the next day. The rates increased with the increase in body weight and were higher under light than dark. On average, H. discus discus had higher oxygen consumption (DD; dark = 0.039, light = 0.04 ml/g/h) than H. gigantea (G; D = 0.033, L = 0.036) and H. madaka (M; D = 0.034, L = 0.035); the hybrids had varied patterns with respect to their parental species [DD × M (D = 0.032, L = 0.038); M × DD (D = 0.03, L = 0.038); G × DD (D = 0.035, L = 0.04) and DD × G (D = 0.03, L = 0.034), mother first]. M (0.261, 0.298 μmol/g/h) had the highest ammonia excretion rate while G (0.162; 0.264) and DD (0.229; 0.232) had the lowest under dark and light, respectively. The hybrids had varied patterns in comparison with their parents (DD × M = 0.247, 0.32;M × DD= 0.177, 0.28; DD × G = 0.249, 0.364 and G × DD = 0.116, 0.155). The O/N ratios under both conditions in all species and hybrids indicated that they had carbohydrate dominated metabolism. Results demonstrated physiological variability among the species and hybrids indicating necessity of different strategies for their management and aquaculture.  相似文献   

6.
Respiration, calcification, and bio‐deposition of hybrid abalone, Haliotis discus hannai × Haliotis discus discus, fed on different foodstuffs have been measured to evaluate the effect of hybrid abalone culture on carbon source/sink in coastal areas. Fed with Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, U. pinnatifida, and Ulva pertusa, alternated mutually, the carbon bio‐deposition rate of hybrid abalone was 24.29 ± 6.39, 65.40 ± 10.55, 21.48 ± 5.99, and 29.28 ± 6.47 µg/g/h, respectively. Hybrid abalone fed on U. pinnatifida had a higher carbon bio‐deposition rate compared to that fed on other foodstuff (P < 5%). Rate of CO2 released by respiration of hybrid abalone fed on the experimental foodstuff was 24.53 ± 8.57, 32.73 ± 7.99, 29.31 ± 6.39, and 33.67 ± 12.37 µg/g/h, respectively. Results indicated that calcification presented less relationship with body weight type of the foodstuff. The rate of CO2 released by calcification into seawater and atmosphere was 2.77 ± 1.89 and 6.53 ± 3.36 µg/g/h, respectively. The total rate of CO2 released because of bio‐deposition, respiration, and calcification processes was 16.19 ± 4.67 µg/g/h, while the total rate of carbon sequestered in shells and tissues was 8.94 ± 2.07 µg/g/h. The study revealed that hybrid abalone culture is a source of CO2.  相似文献   

7.
The effects on growth and body composition that result from tuna byproduct meal (TBM) substituted for fish meal in the diet of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus, were determined. One thousand two hundred sixty juvenile abalone were randomly distributed into 18 70‐L plastic rectangular containers. Six experimental diets were prepared in triplicate. The TBM0 diet included 28% fish meal and 13% soybean meal as the protein source. Twenty‐five, 50, 75, and 100% of the fish meal were substituted with TBM. Finally, salted sea tangle was prepared. The essential amino acids, such as isoleucine, lysine, and valine, tended to decrease with the dietary substitution of TBM for fish meal in the experimental diets. The weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) of abalone that were fed the TBM25 diet were higher than those of abalone that were fed the other diets. The crude protein content of the soft body of the abalone linearly decreased with the dietary substitution of TBM for fish meal. In conclusion, as much as 75% of the fish meal in the diet of abalone can be replaced with TBM without retardation in weight gain and SGR of the abalone when 28% fish meal was included.  相似文献   

8.
Interspecific hybrids between Haliotis discus hannai Ino and Haliotis gigantea Gmelin were produced in this study. The hybridity of the interspecific hybrids was confirmed by using the methods of amplified fragment‐length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite [simple sequence repeats (SSR)] markers. Five AFLP primer combinations were used to develop the AFLP profiles of H. discus hannai, H. gigantea and their reciprocal hybrids. AFLP analysis revealed that genetic variations of H. discus hannai and H. gigantea were relatively diverse and each species holds species‐specific bands. The AFLP profiles of reciprocal hybrids showed that all of the hybrids inherited bands specific to H. discus hannai and H. gigantea. Of a total of 20 microsatellite loci, which were selected from H. discus hannai microsatellite markers evaluated, eight loci were polymorphic in H. gigantea samples, with an average of 3.375 alleles per locus. Preliminary screening showed that, two of these eight microsatellite loci (Awb002 and Awb022) could be used as species‐specific markers to distinguish the hybrids and their parental species. Simple sequence repeats analysis showed that the reciprocal hybrids inherited one allele from each parent for both of the two SSR loci investigated. These data strongly suggest that the induced interspecific hybrid is a true hybrid between H. discus hannai and H. gigantea.  相似文献   

9.
为了研究皱纹盘鲍、西氏鲍、绿鲍和杂色鲍等4种鲍的核型特征,实验利用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization, FISH)技术比较定位了上述4种鲍的45S rDNA位点。皱纹盘鲍中约83%的中期细胞均检出2对45S rDNA位点,分别位于13号和16号染色体的长臂端部。西氏鲍中约75%的中期细胞均检出3对45S rDNA位点,分别位于6号染色体短臂端部、14号和17号染色体长臂端部。绿鲍中约85%的中期细胞均检出3对45S rDNA位点,分别位于4号、6号和8号染色体长臂的端部。杂色鲍中约65%的中期细胞均检出3对45S r DNA,位点,分别位于3号、4号和12号染色体短臂的端部。此外,4种鲍均有少数中期相的45S rDNA位点数高于众数,这提示,除了明确的45S rDNA位点外,4种鲍可能均有若干个不稳定的45S rDNA位点。实验结果丰富了鲍细胞遗传学研究资料,同时为鲍的遗传育种研究提供了基础数据。  相似文献   

10.
The small abalone (Haliotis diversicolor) is a mollusc and was cultured in south of china. Problems such as the decreasing pathogen‐resistance and their mass mortality during the summer. The increased immunity of small abalone populations is a key factor in resolving these problems. Thus, the study of immunity‐related genes in small abalone has become important. In this study, three bacterial species were initially isolated from small abalone carcasses. The regression of infection was analysed, which revealed that the bacteria species could cause rapid morbidity in small abalone. A QM‐like gene (HdiQM) was found and bacterial challenge tests showed that HdiQM gene expression was induced by the bacterial isolates from small abalone carcasses. Therefore, our results implied that HdiQM was found to be an inflammatory stress‐inducible gene associated with pathogen infection, with important functions in small abalone immunity.  相似文献   

11.
The behaviour of individual abalone in a population is known to vary, and higher levels of activity are linked to better survival rate and faster growth. Considering that continuous illumination at night may cause stress to the abalone which would affect their behaviour over time, in this study observations were made under brief and minimal illumination. The observation lasted for 30 days. The relationships between activity traits were analysed in juvenile Haliotis discus hannai Ino, such as forage frequency, duration and trajectories; flow preference; and aggregation size. The aim was to identify an indicator of the abalone activity status, with the ultimate objective being to provide activity‐related data that might be useful in farm rearing. Ten traits related to locomotion behaviour of 47 juvenile abalone were recorded under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the exploratory level varied between individuals. More exploratory individuals foraged more frequently, spent more time outside hides, started foraging earlier and preferred higher water flow rate than less exploratory individuals. More exploratory and less exploratory individuals also differed in their extensive movements, hide‐shift frequency and aggregation size.  相似文献   

12.
To improve shell pigmentation and growth performance of Pacific abalone, five extruded diets were prepared by supplementing a formulated control diet with 3% each of three species of algae (Pacific dulse, Porphyra yezoensis, Spirulina) and a pigment extract from the abalone shells (0.02%). Each of the five diets and a commercial feed were randomly assigned to three containers each stocked with 1000 juvenile Pacific abalone (2 g per individual) in a flow‐through seawater system for a 5‐mo feeding trial. Test results showed: (1) all the supplements significantly (P < 0.05) increased percentages of dark‐brown shelled abalone in the test treatments, relative to the control treatment; (2) the abalone fed the experimental diets achieved significantly (P < 0.05) greater final weight, shell‐length growth rates, and higher meat protein contents than those fed the commercial feed (P < 0.05); and (3) the abalone fed the Spirulina‐supplemented diet achieved the best overall growth, pigmentation performances, and feed conversion ratio; and the Pacific dulse supplement generated the highest protein content in abalone meat product (P < 0.05) among the tested diets. These results demonstrate the potential of locally made feed, which can generate desirable characteristics in abalone under aquaculture conditions.  相似文献   

13.
Effect of stocking density was studied in three abalone species Haliotis discus discus (HDD), H. gigantea (HG), and H. madaka (HM) and their hybrids [HDD × HM, HM × HG and HG × HM, mother first] by rearing individually marked abalones for 217 days at low (22 % of available surface area; LD), medium (53 %; MD), and high (126 %; HD) densities. Feeding rate (FR) and feed conversion rate were observed by measuring the amount of feed ingested at an interval of 2–3 days. Reduction of growth rate with the increment of density was found in all three species [Specific growth rate in weight (G W ) HDD, LD: 0.121, MD: 0.093, HD: 0.069; HM: 0.12, 0.082, 0.061; HG: 0.254, 0.222, and 0.131] and the hybrids HDD × HM (0.18, 0.109, 0.108). The medium density produced the highest growth rates in HM × HG and HG × HM hybrids (0.284, 0.342, 0.28). A growth spurt was observed in all three species and hybrids in the last 44 days of rearing. FR varied from 0.72 to 7.97 % body weight and decreased with the increase in density in all species and hybrids. The results indicate differences in density thresholds for the three abalone species and their hybrids suggesting requirement of different aquaculture management strategies for them.  相似文献   

14.
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15.
Presumed hybrids between Haliotis rufescens and H. fulgens abalones, produced in a commercial abalone laboratory, were evaluated for progeny viability, gonad characteristics and for their ‘true’ status as hybrids by means of allozyme and microsatellite analyses. Four out of 10 evaluated allozyme loci proved to be useful for the genetic certification of hybrids, Gpi, Mdh‐1, Mdh‐2 and Sod, as they had exclusive alleles for each of the abalone reference species from which the presumed hybrids were produced. Three microsatellite loci were also evaluated for their usefulness in abalone hybrid certification. Two were not useful for hybrid certification as the reference abalone species shared some of the same alleles. The third loci (Hka 56) also had shared alleles between the two species, but at very different frequencies. Therefore, this permitted a presumptive certification of hybrids, which, however, was not error‐proof as two allozyme certified hybrids were wrongly classified as H. rufescens rather than as hybrids. Progeny viability of the only female certified to be a hybrid was significantly lower compared with one viability of the other females spawned, which were certified as H. rufescens. However, the number of eggs spawned by the only certified hybrid female was as large as those spawned by females certified as H. rufescens. Gonads of abalones sampled for the macroscopic appearance of sterility indicated that in the absence of any gonad development, no distinctive difference allows for hybrid identification, as there were undifferentiated individuals that were both hybrid and non‐hybrid. On the other hand, two certified hybrid males were characterized by spermatocytes being the most abundant gamete type, although one had some spermatozoa present, indicating only partial sterility. Among the two female hybrids found, vitellogenesis was observed to proceed up to vitellogenic oocytes.  相似文献   

16.
The viability of placing abalones (Haliotis discus hannai), sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicas) and rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) in a polyculture system, the effect of this mixed species group on the system's nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) budgets, and the growth and food intake of the organisms in the system were examined using a recirculating aquaculture system. Four replicates were set up for each of three treatment groups (abalone only (C), abalone‐sea cucumber (AS) and abalone‐sea cucumber‐rockfish (ASF)) with an experimental period of 60 d. Compared with the C group, in the AS group the abalone survival rate and specific growth rate (SGR) of body weight increased and the harvested abalones from the polyculture system became the main source of N and P output of the polyculture system. However, the N and P output in the water layer did not differ significantly from that in the C group (p > 0.05), and the N utilization rate was significantly higher than that in the C and ASF groups (p < 0.05). Compared with the AS group, in the ASF treatment the SGR of body weight as well as the protease and amylase activities of sea cucumbers were significantly higher (p < 0.05), the water layer and faeces became the main sources of N and P output in the system. These results showed that the AS polyculture mode significantly improved the N and P utilization rates in the system and led to increased aquaculture production.  相似文献   

17.
Dietary substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with rice bran (RB) on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus) was determined. Juvenile abalone was acclimated to the experimental conditions for 4 weeks. Seventy juvenile abalone averaging 0.43 g were randomly distributed into each of the 18, 70 L plastic rectangular containers. The experimental diets were fed to abalone once a day at a satiation level with a little leftover. The feeding trial lasted for 16 weeks. Survival of abalone was not affected by dietary substitution of ST with RB. However, weight gain of abalone fed the RB40 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the all other diets except for the RB0 diet. No significant difference in weight gain was found in abalone fed between the RB0 and RB100 diets. SGR of abalone fed the RB40 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the all other diets. Also SGR of abalone fed the RB0 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the RB100 diet, but not different from that of abalone fed the RB20, RB60 and RB80 diets. Moisture, crude protein and ash content of the soft body of abalone were affected by dietary substitution of ST with RB. In conclusion, the 100% ST could be substituted with RB without a retardation of weight gain of abalone when the 20% ST was included into the experimental diet. However, the best growth performance was obtained in abalone fed the RB40 diet substituting 40% ST with RB.  相似文献   

18.
The thermoregulatory behaviour of green abalone Haliotis fulgens and pink abalone H. corrugata was investigated. Haliotis fulgens juveniles ranging in wet weight from 3.0 to 3.3 g and from 28.7 to 30.5 mm shell length and of H. corrugata 2.0 g and 25.7 mm in shell length were exposed to 19°C for 30 days in a flow‐through water system. Temperature preference was determined in a horizontal thermal gradient and was found to be 25.4°C for green abalone and 25.0°C for pink abalone. Displacement velocity was 4.3 cm h−1 for H. fulgens and 12.8 cm h−1 for H. corrugata. The optimum temperature for growth calculated for both abalone species was 24.6 and 24.5°C respectively. The critical thermal maxima (CTMax) of H. fulgens and H. corrugata were determined as a measure of thermal tolerance. Abalones were subjected to increasing water temperatures at a rate of 1°C on 30 min until they detached from the substrate. The CTMax at 50% were 33.6 and 32.0°C for green and pink abalone respectively. The results are discussed in relation to site selection and commercial rearing.  相似文献   

19.
Matsumoto  Yukio  Takami  Hideki 《Fisheries Science》2022,88(6):693-701

In field studies of a species’ population size, the movement and distribution of the target organism beyond the study area affect the population size estimate. Estimates are derived based on the number of animals caught, and catch efficiency changes with distribution and locomotion of the animals. This study, using acoustic telemetry and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) mapping, revealed that the Ezo abalone, Haliotis discus hannai, alters its distance moved depending on its distance from brown kelp. In addition, we reproduced abalone locomotion and brown kelp phenology as individual-based models. In the model, abalone moved to deeper water during the spring/summer brown kelp growing season, while during autumn/winter, the model showed them moving to shallower water and aggregating around the remaining brown kelp. The timing of moving to shallower area in the model coincided with the fishing season. Fishers mainly catch abalone in shallower areas. Therefore, it is possible that fishing efficiency will not decline later in the fishing season because fishers can catch the abalone immigrating to the main fishing grounds and those aggregating around the brown kelp. Our model indicated the need for improvement in the DeLury method and the catch per unit effort (CPUE) trends used in the abalone fishing industry.

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20.
Two introduced abalone species are currently produced in Chile, red abalone Haliotis rufescens and Japanese abalone Haliotis discus hannai. However, red abalone accounts for 99% of total production, while the Japanese abalone has not adapted well to Chilean coastal waters. This study reports the hatching, growth and thermal tolerance performance in interspecific hybrids produced between red (R) and Japanese (J) abalone. Our results show that egg age and sperm concentration were critical factors to produce hybrids. The cross R♀ × J♂ showed a fertilization rate of 55.3 ± 3.5% using 20‐min‐old eggs and sperm concentrations of 14 × 106 cells mL?1, while the reciprocal cross (J♀ × R♂) was not successful. Further, larval development stages were similar in RR, JJ and RJ hybrid abalones. Among the experimental trials, settlement rate varied from 12.3% to 18.6% and final survival from 20.1% to 31.7%, being the RJ hybrid rates intermediate between parental species. The final shell lengths were similar between RR and RJ hybrids, but significantly higher in JJ abalones. In addition, thermal tolerance was ascertained due its pivotal role for the abalone physiology. Thus, RJ hybrids showed the highest HSP70 gene expression and offers new possibilities to expand Chilean abalone production in warm waters zones.  相似文献   

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