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1.
Time of shoot initiation and cessation, and rate and duration of lateral shoot elongation of full-sib families of Larix decidua Mill., L. laricina (Du Roi) C. Koch, and interspecific hybrids between L. decidua and L. kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière, L. kaempferi x decidua, L. laricina x decidua, and L. laricina x kaempferi were explored in relation to hybrid vigor determined by height growth after 5 years. Height growth of L. laricina and L. decidua families was significantly less than height growth of the interspecific hybrids. Differences were observed for all lateral shoot elongation traits among L. laricina, L. decidua, and the interspecific hybrids. Lateral shoots of L. laricina families were the first to both initiate and cease elongation, and grew for the shortest period of time. Overall, the length of the shoot elongation period and date of cessation of shoot growth were significantly correlated with total height growth after 5 years, but the time of shoot initiation was not. Rate of elongation of lateral shoots was strongly correlated with growth increment in 1996, but was weakly correlated with total height growth after 5 years. Hybrid vigor in Larix seems to be partly a function of late cessation or increased duration of shoot elongation, or both. 相似文献
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杂种马褂木杂种优势的遗传分析 总被引：17，自引：1，他引：17
在叶培忠先生的鹅掌楸属种间杂交育种研究基础上按遗传设计与环境设计开展了扩大北美鹅掌楸遗传基础条件下的正反交以及前人从未做过的回交和F1 间杂交 ,并进行了杂种马褂木杂种优势的遗传分析。结果表明 :(1)正反交F1 、BC1 和F2 4种交配系统杂种的 1a生幼苗普遍存在显著正向生长杂种优势 ;幼苗生长性状在家系间存在极显著差异而在家系内具有很大变异性 ;回交家系表现特别优良 ,因而家系选择、单株选择以及BC1 和F2 利用潜力很大。 (2 )初步提出“光合优势假说”(Photosyntheticsuperiorityhypothesis)作为杂种马褂木和其它杂种树木杂种优势机理的理论解释。 (3)简单估算了一些重要遗传参数 相似文献
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经过20多年观测得知,以日本落叶松为亲本分别与长白落叶松、兴安落叶松、欧洲落叶松、华北落叶松杂交都有杂种生长优势,且苗期、早期（10年生幼树）优势表现明显;杂种生长优势是变动的,随着林龄增长杂种优势逐渐缓慢递减;部分杂种组合在16～21年生时,其生长低于母本日本落叶松,但仍然高于父本长白、兴安、欧洲、华北落叶松。杂种优势的高低、延续时间的长短与亲本选用、组合搭配、杂种生长节律及立地环境都有关系,且一般母本作用大;准确选用亲本,杂交效果会更好;利用杂种生长优势的最好形式是建立杂交种子园,杂交种子园杂种出现率的高低取决于两个亲本雌雄花期的同步程度;选择无亲缘关系的杂种第一代优树通过嫁接建立杂种落叶松种子园是生产大量优良杂种的好形式。 相似文献
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水分胁迫对白杨杂种无性系生理和生长的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
为探索水分胁迫对白杨杂种无性系气体变换和生长的影响,以白杨双杂交杂种新无性系Ｂ４３０苗木为试验材料,在３种水分胁迫条件下,对各无性系生理和生长指标进行了分析。结果表明,在不同水分胁迫下,无性系苗木的Ｐｎ、Ｔｒ,Ｇｓ,Ｌａ,Ｃｉ等日变化模式基本一致,但受胁迫的苗木各生理过程受到明显抑制。各生长指标对水分胁迫的敏感性不同,苗高和单叶叶面积对水分胁迫最敏感,叶片数和生物量的敏感性较差,随着水分胁迫加强, 相似文献
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Hybrid vigor for secondary growth in poplar has been linked with increased gibberellin (GA) concentration in cambial tissue, but the relationship between concentrations of GAs and hybrid vigor of primary growth has not been investigated. We explored associations between concentrations of GAs, abscisic acid (ABA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) and shoot extension in a hybrid family of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. (Clone ILL-129) and P. trichocarpa Torr. & Gray (Clone 93-968) and two F1 and 67 F2 genotypes. Rapidly elongating subapical internodes from shoots of 4-year-old clonal saplings were selected for hormone analysis. The F1 hybrids displayed heterosis (hybrid vigor) for primary growth as a result of the complementation of dominance for increased internode length from the P. trichocarpa parent and dominance for increased diameter from the P. deltoides parent. Internodes from the faster-elongating shoots of the P. trichocarpa parent had a fourfold higher concentration of bioactive GA1 and higher concentrations of GA20, GA44, GA29 and GA8 than the P. deltoides parent. However, the two fast-growing F1 hybrids had low concentrations of all five GAs, with concentrations similar to those of the slower-elongating P. deltoides parent. Concentrations of ABA and IAA were correlated with GA concentrations and there was thus no evidence of a consistent promoting or inhibiting effect of ABA or IAA within the F1 family. These results indicate that heterosis for internode growth was not primarily regulated by hormone concentration. The segregating population of F2 hybrids was analyzed to assess the possible utility of hormone screening as a selection tool. The internodes of most of the F2 hybrids were smaller than those of their F1 parents and the larger P. trichocarpa parent. Among the F2 hybrids, mature internode length varied fourfold, and was correlated with lengths of young, subapical internodes from which hormones were analyzed. In these internodes, GA1 concentrations were negatively correlated with length (r = 0.41), diameter (0.33) and mass (0.50). Indoleacetic acid concentration was negatively correlated only with diameter (r = 0.37) and positively correlated with GA1 (r = 0.46), whereas ABA concentration was not correlated with any parameter. Thus, in the F2 population, variation in hormone concentration was not primarily responsible for the variation in shoot growth, indicating that selection for individuals with high GA concentration may not be an effective strategy for identifying vigorous hybrid genotypes. 相似文献
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为给大果榛子的规模引种提供参考,以‘龙榛’品种为材料,就叶芽和花芽萌动期其在冷害和不同光照强度条件下的生长状态进行分析。结果表明:枝条直径生长量方面,遮阴处理的平均值为5.26mm,未遮阴处理的平均值为7.91mm,未遮阴处理的大果榛子枝条直径与遮阴处理的存在极显著差异;芽长宽比方面,遮阴处理的平均值为1.61,未遮阴处理的平均值为1.49,2个处理间差异不显著。在遮阴处理下,大果榛子的营养生长(茎粗和叶芽大小)和生殖生长(花芽的萌发)均受到抑制,全光照条件下生长正常。冷害(≥2℃)并未对大果榛子萌发的叶芽和花芽造成低温伤害,光照强度对大果榛子生长影响显著。 相似文献
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Fast-growing hybrid poplar trees (Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray x P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) were compared with slower-growing parental types in both field and laboratory experiments to determine physiological components of leaf growth that could be closely related to biomass production. Stem volume was correlated with individual leaf area (r = 0.81) and leaf growth rate (r = 0.82). Hybrids had a greater total leaf area, not because they produced more leaves, but because they had larger leaves than either parental type. The greater leaf size of the hybrids may be explained by inheritance of larger cell number from P. deltoides and larger cell size from P. trichocarpa. Rates of enlargement of isolated leaf discs in liquid culture were approximately 50% of those observed in intact leaves of field-grown plants. 相似文献
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为了提高黧蒴栲苗木质量和造林成活率,利用随机区组设计开展了黧蒴栲芽苗截根移栽、截根苗造林对比试验.结果表明：黧蒴栲芽苗截根处理对苗高、主根长、一级侧根数、叶干重、茎枝干重、根器官干重有极显著影响,对苗木地径、一级侧根长度有显著影响.芽苗截根处理后苗木高度增加17.51％、地径增加13.72％.不同剪叶处理方式对黧蒴栲苗木造林成活率有极显著影响,芽苗截根苗造林以剪叶75％效果最好,造林成活率达95.86％,而未剪叶苗造林成活率为57.69％;应用芽苗截根苗造林可提高造林成活率17.0％～24.0％,增加当年树高、地径生长量分别为18.22％、15.44％. 相似文献
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【目的】采用课题组早期创制的楸树种内杂种和种间杂种为试验材料,比较杂种间多年的生长性状及光合生理生化特性。旨在明晰楸树种间和种内杂种的生长及光合能力差异及其原因,探究杂种叶片氮素利用及分配与光合效率的潜在关系,为楸树栽培及遗传改良提供参考。【方法】试验采用完全随机区组设计,测定种内杂种(楸树×楸树,Cbb)和种间杂种(楸树×滇楸,Cbf)1~5年树高和1~6年胸径及6年生时的叶片氮素含量、叶绿素含量、光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线。采用非直角双曲线模型拟合光响应曲线,FvCB生化模型(Farquhar、von Caemmerer和Berry提出的生物化学光合模型)拟合CO2响应曲线,分别计算了表观光合量子效率(AQY)、光补偿点(LCP)等气体交换参数及最大羧化效率(Vcmax)、最大电子传递速率(Jmax)等光合生理生化参数。并计算出光合系统(捕光系统,羧化系统和生物力能学组分)氮素分配比例。【结果】方差分析显示2年生以上的种内杂种Cbb树高和胸径均显著大于种间杂种Cbf。种间与种内杂种间叶绿素总量没有显著差异,但Cbf叶绿素b显著高出Cbb15.08%,Cbb的叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素/叶绿素总量比值均显著大于Cbf。Cbb具有更高的最大净光合速率、气孔导度、最大羧化效率和暗呼吸速率,表明了Cbb具有更强的光合能力。种间与种内杂种间叶片氮素含量没有显著差异,但Cbb光系统氮素分配比例相对较高,同时具有更高的光合氮素利用效率,这可能是其高光合效率的主要因素之一。相关分析表明楸树杂种光合氮素利用效率与氮素在羧化系统及生物力能学组分中的分配比例呈显著正相关;种内杂种Cbb光合氮素利用效率与其胸径具有较好的(R2=0.531)正向线性关系。【结论】1)楸树种内杂种(楸树×楸树)对本地环境(中原地区)具有更强的适应性,致使其生长势显著优于种间杂种(楸树×滇楸);2)相对于云贵高原,中原地区更长的日照时间和更高的7月均温可能促使了楸树×楸树形成适应高光合辐射环境的响应机制(高水平Chla/b和Car/Chla+b);3)楸树×楸树光合系统更高的N分配比例及高效的N素利用效率提高了其光合能力;4)楸树种间杂种中滇楸所传递给子代的遗传物质不具有适应中原地区环境的调控机制,这是楸树×滇楸在生长和光合生理方面均劣于楸树×楸树的主要原因。 相似文献
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Two hybrid poplar maternal half-sib families, resulting from controlled crosses of the female parent Populus deltoides 'S9-2' with P. nigra 'Ghoy' and P. trichocarpa 'V24', were grown at three sites: northern Italy, central France and southern England. Juvenile stem growth traits (height, circumference and volume) and sylleptic branchiness (number of branches, density of branches per unit of stem height, percentage of the stem carrying branches and distance of the highest sylleptic branch to the top of the stem) were measured on 1-year-old shoots. Our general objectives were to determine the degree to which the expression of stem growth and syllepsis and the relationships between them are affected by environmental conditions and to evaluate the efficiency of indirect selection for stem growth using branching traits as secondary criteria. The performance of both families differed significantly within and between sites. Pronounced heterosis was observed and highly significant genotype x environment interactions were found for all traits across the sites. Syllepsis showed more marked genetic variation and plasticity than stem growth traits. Relationships between sylleptic branchiness and stem growth depended on environmental conditions. Heritability values at the individual level ranged between 0.09 and 0.59, but genetic gain in stem volume was not significantly improved when selection was based on sylleptic branch characteristics. However, despite strong phenotypic plasticity among sites, genotypic ranking among the sites was relatively stable. 相似文献
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以12个鹅掌楸种间杂交组合子代及其亲本自由授粉子代为材料,在分析各子代苗期生长性状及杂种优势表现的基础上,利用SSR分子标记检测鹅掌楸交配亲本的遗传距离以及杂交组合子代的杂合度,进而分析鹅掌楸苗期生长性状杂种优势与亲本遗传距离及子代杂合度之间的相关性。结果表明:鹅掌楸亲本遗传距离及子代杂合度与苗期生长杂种优势之间的相关性均未达显著水平,表明二者可能并非鹅掌楸杂种优势形成的主要原因。 相似文献
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泸定百合多倍体诱导试验 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
用0.15%秋水仙碱溶液处理泸定百合(2n=2x=24)1.5年生实生苗及其他种百合的生长点后,有些植株顶芽形态呈现明显的变异。经对变异部分的形态和解剖特征作测定,其统计分析结果表明,变异植株的叶长、节间长、茎粗与未处理的植株相比差异达显著或极显著水平,但叶宽的变化不明显。在显微镜下观测变异叶片下表皮细胞和气孔,其细胞长度显著变小、宽度却几乎没有变化;气孔数量显著减少,气孔宽度增大明显、长度却略有缩小。将茎上变异部分分化出的珠芽栽植后,取其根尖细胞在显微镜下观察,看到有相当一部分细胞的染色体数已变为2n=4x=48。 相似文献
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美洲黑杨不同生长势无性系生长和生理特征的差异 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以高(A)、低(B)生长势2个群体为试验材料,通过表型性状和生理指标的连续采集开展生长性状、光合生理特征及养分吸收等特性相关研究。结果表明:A系号与B系号在根、茎、叶的干质量及总干质量上差异显著或极显著,不同器官干物质分配上根干质量比例最小,且A系号干物质分配倾向于茎,而B系号倾向于叶;从6—9月,生长和生理特征变化呈现一定的规律性,不同月份间7月份各系号生长最快,生理特征值变化幅度最大;相关性分析表明:苗高和地径与单叶面积、夜间呼吸速率、NH4+的吸收速率及总光合速率均呈显著相关(R>0.826,P<0.05),说明幼苗生长主要受自身总光合能力、养分吸收和夜间呼吸消耗的影响,而A系号在这些因子上均优于B系号,由此构建了其高生长势的生理基础。 相似文献
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To investigate differences in physiological characteristics of growth and physiological basis of high growth vigor in the first generation of Populus deltoides which are from different growth vigor clones,here we chose two groups of seedlings with different growth vigor:high（A） and low（B）.Indexes of phenotype and physiology were successively measured to study the growth,photosynthesis and nutrient absorption.There were significant or very significant differences in dry mass of root,stem, leaf and the total biomass between A and B.Dry matter of roots had the smallest proportion in different components,and the largest proportion was stem in A,while the leaf had the largest proportion in B.Changes in growth and physiological characteristics showed a certain regularity during June to September.All clones grew the most rapidly and physiological characteristics varied the most significantly in July.Correlation analysis showed that seedling height and ground diameter were both significantly correlated to leaf area,night respiration rate,NH4- uptake rate and the total photosynthetic rate（R>0.826,P<0.05）,suggesting that the seedling growth was mainly affected by their own total photosynthetic capacity,nutrient absorption and night respiration consumption.In general,A was superior to B in all these factors,which construct physiological basis of the high growth vigor. 相似文献
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During the summers of 1986 and 1987, stem and leaf growth were measured on coppiced plants of Populus trichocarpa Torr. & A. Gray, P. deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh, and P. trichocarpa x deltoides growing in the field in Puyallup, WA. The trees were either irrigated periodically throughout the season, or grown without irrigation. In both treatments, stem volume at the end of the growing season was directly proportional to total leaf area in all three genotypes. The rate of individual leaf growth was reduced by lack of irrigation more in the parental species than in the hybrid. Only in the parental species did unirrigated trees have lower leaf water potentials (predawn and midday) than irrigated trees. However, stomatal conductances of all three genotypes were lower in unirrigated trees than in irrigated trees. Osmotic potentials of growing leaves of all three genotypes were also lower in unirrigated trees than in irrigated trees. As a consequence, turgor of growing leaves was as great in unirrigated trees as in irrigated trees, which indicates that turgor differences cannot explain the lower rates of leaf growth in the unirrigated trees. However, cell wall extensibility of leaves was lower in unirrigated trees than in irrigated trees, and the difference was greater in the parental species than in the hybrid. Unlike its effect on leaf area growth, irrigation increased stem volume growth of the hybrid and the parental species by a similar amount (12-16%). 相似文献
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落叶松种间及种内和种间杂种家系间的物候变异与早期选择 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
对造林后1～3年生7种(变种)落叶松和7个种内和种间杂种家系的9个物候期进行连续定株观察及生长量调查,利用方差分析方法研究落叶松种间、家系间物候期的变异,利用主成分分析方法划分落叶松种(家系)的物候群,利用典型相关分析方法确定物候期与幼林生长量之间的关系.结果表明:除侧枝芽膨大外,落叶松种间、家系间各物候期的变异均达极显著水平.同样,种内个体间、家系内个体间也存在一定的物候期变异,但同种家系内个体间的变异明显小于杂种家系内个体间的变异.兴安落叶松顶芽展叶、抽新梢时间明显早于其他种,封顶也最早;其次是长白落叶松和华北落叶松;朝鲜落叶松和欧洲落叶松的封顶时间比长白和华北落叶松还要迟半个月;日本落叶松顶芽膨大和展叶时间最晚,封顶时间也明显迟于其他种.以日本落叶松为母本的各种间杂种,在物候上多数表现出中间偏母本的特性,而在抗病能力方面较父本有所改善,在抗寒性方面却明显优于母本.日本落叶松生长最快,其次是长白和朝鲜落叶松,而日×长、日×兴杂种生长量超过母本,表现出超亲杂种优势,表明在东北地区落叶松杂种利用潜力巨大.根据主成分聚类结果,可将14份遗传材料分为4个物候型.除侧枝芽开始展叶、完全展叶和抽新梢以外的其他物候因子与生长量之间相关紧密.物候因子对生长量有相当好的预测能力,即顶芽萌动、展叶越早,封顶越迟,生长期越长,对树木的生长越有利. 相似文献
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As the meristems of eastern larch (Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) mature, they produce long-shoot foliage with progressively higher chlorophyll content and net photosynthesis and progressively lower specific leaf area (Hutchison et al. 1990). Despite the apparent increase in foliar vigor, both shoot height and diameter growth rates declined during maturation. These changes were associated with changes in xylem morphology of the vascular tissue of both the long-shoot foliage and the main stem. Although the number of xylem cells remained constant in a cross section of the foliage, their diameters increased with age. With increasing maturation, the same number of xylem cells were produced per radial file in the annual rings of the main stem, but their radial diameters decreased, which accounted for the decrease in diameter growth. There was no change in tracheid length during maturation. We conclude that the decrease in growth rate with increased maturation is not due to a decrease in physiological vigor of the foliage, but is a function of reduced sink strength of the growing shoots. 相似文献
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Six-week-old half-sib seedlings of Ulmus americana L. were subjected to different amounts of flexure daily for 3 weeks under controlled greenhouse conditions. The daily flexure treatments were: no flexing in a staked stem, minimal flexing in a non-staked stem, and five, 10, 20, 40, and 80 flexures. Seedling height and diameter growth and average leaf area were determined before and after the treatments. The ratio of the change in height growth (DeltaH) to the change in diameter growth (DeltaD; (DeltaH:DeltaD)) before and after the 3-week treatments were calculated. At the end of the 3-week experiment, staked seedlings were significantly taller and had smaller stem diameters than all of the flexed seedlings. Height growth tended to decrease exponentially with increased flexure, with significant differences between the extremes of treatment. All of the flexure treatments significantly increased stem diameter compared to staked seedlings. The DeltaH:DeltaD ratio exhibited an exponential function in response to increased flexure. Average leaf area decreased with increased flexure, and seedlings in the 40x and 80x flexure treatments had significantly less leaf area than seedlings in all of the other treatments. These data are similar to the dose responses previously observed in herbaceous species. The finding that trees exhibit greater sensitivity to low doses of flexure than to high doses of flexure indicates that slight exposure to wind may result in a large initial alteration in stem morphology, producing a thigmomorphogenetic effect. Trees will continue to respond to increasing amounts of mechanical stress, but at an exponentially declining rate. Declining leaf areas in response to increasing amounts of mechanical stress may result in a decrease in available photosynthate, resulting in a tree of smaller stature compared to trees exposed to lower amounts of mechanical loading. 相似文献