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1.
The epidemiologies of the most common diseases diagnosed in pigs at the Danish pig-breeding test stations were studied. The population under study comprised 9 084 test pigs housed at nine test stations from September 1983 to September 1984. At some stations the animals were treated for respiratory disease at an early stage, while at others the animals were treated late in the testing period. Great differences among stations were found in the intensity of treatment expressed as average number of treatments per test pig (total incidence), average number of treatment periods per treated pig (repeated treatments) and average number of treated pigs per treated group (prophylactic treatment of pen mates). The time at which the treatment started and the intensity of treatment both had significant effects on the culling rate and on the average growth rate at the station level. Associations between clinical respiratory disease, diarrhoea and other diseases were postive in the specific-pathogen-free (SPF) system, but differed from station to station in the conventional health system. Higher prevalences of pleuritic and pneumonic lesions were found at routine meat inspection in pigs treated for respiratory disease that in non-treated pigs. The time between last treatment for respiratory disease and slaughter influenced the meat inspection findings (suggesting that pneumonic lesions, in particular, were resolved with time).  相似文献   

2.
The epidemiologies of the most common diseases diagnosed in pigs at the Danish pig-breeding test stations were studied. In this article (one of three), the material and disease incidence are described. The population under study comprised 9 084 test pigs (corresponding to 3 028 test groups) housed at nine test stations from September 1983 to September 1984. Five stations housed groups from conventional herds and four stations groups from specific-pathogen-free (SPF) herds. The average incidence of respiratory disease at the conventional stations was 41.1%, but great variations existed between the stations (from 19.4% to 74.9%). The incidence of respiratory disease at the SPF stations varied from 0.2% to 24.8% (average 18.7%). The incidence of diarrhoea was 4.0% in the conventional system and 7.7% in the SPF system. The frequency of pigs culled because of disease was 7.6% at the conventional stations (range 2.2%–10.8%) and 2.0% at the SPF stations (range 0.9%–3.6%). Very low rates of mortality were found. The prevalence of pathological findings at slaughter (pneumonia and pleurisy) was lower for the test pigs than for total pigs slaughtered at the same abattoir in the same period (especially for the SPF system).  相似文献   

3.
This study investigated the effects of weaning age, diet, and classification of piglets as ‘eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed in lactation, on production and diarrhoea after weaning. Four antimicrobial-free diets were offered in lactation and for 14 days after weaning: (i) wheat–soy based diet with animal and vegetable (‘mixed’) protein sources (COMM), (ii) heat-processed rice (HPR) with barley hulls and potato starch and mixed protein sources (RBHPS), (iii) HPR with sugar-beet pulp and mixed protein sources (RSBP), and (iv) HPR with mixed protein sources (R). Piglets were individually examined for diarrhoea daily for 14 days after weaning, and antibiotic treatments were individually recorded. Faecal swabs were taken on day 10 after weaning and scored for β-haemolytic Escherichia coli. There were significant main effects of weaning age and diet (both P < 0.001) on daily gain between weaning and 14 days after weaning. Pigs weaned later grew 50 g/day more than pigs weaned earlier, and pigs fed the COMM diet grew slower than pigs fed the rice-based diets. The number of antibiotic treatments was influenced by diet (P < 0.001), with most treatments (2.1) given to pigs fed the diet RBHPS. Faecal score was influenced by a weaning age and diet interaction (P < 0.01). There was no correlation (P > 0.05) between the number of antibiotics treatments and the E. coli score.  相似文献   

4.
The objective of this study was to provide epidemiological information of equine trypanosomosis in the Central River Division (CRD) of The Gambia. Therefore, 2285 consultations records of equines, admitted in a gate-clinic at Sololo in CRD, were studied retrospectively. The data were recorded in the period between September 1995 and July 2002 and comprised consultations of 2113 horses and 172 donkeys.

‘Trypanosome infection’ was the most frequently diagnosed condition and accounted for 61% of the cases. Horses were more frequently diagnosed with trypanosome infections than donkeys (p < 0.001), with an occurrence of 63% compared to 43% in donkeys. In both horses and donkeys, trypanosome infections were mainly due to Trypanosoma congolense (64%) and T. vivax (32%). There was no difference observed in the occurrence of trypanosome infections in male or female donkeys (p = 0.585), but there were more female (67.8%) horses observed with trypanosome infections than male horses (60.7%; p = 0.003). There was no difference observed in the occurrence of trypanosome infections in donkeys older or younger than 1 year (p = 0.130), but more older horses (63.2% >1 year) were observed with trypanosome infections than young horses (54.5% <1 year; p = 0.033).

The number of donkeys and horses with trypanosome infections decreased during the rainy season (June–September).

The majority of equines that were admitted with trypanosome infections were severely anaemic. The average packed cell volume (PCV) declined with increasing parasitaemia (p = 0.006).

Seventy-four percent of the farmers’ predictions of trypanosome infections in their equines were confirmed by darkground-microscopy. That proved that farmers had a fairly accurate knowledge of the diseases affecting their equines.

The treatments executed at the gate-clinic were generally effective. The few (0.4%) relapses of the T. vivax infections that were previously treated with diminazene aceturate in this study were not sufficient to prove drug resistance.

The study showed that the analysis of consultation records at a gate-clinic can provide complementary information to conventional epidemiological studies in the same research area.  相似文献   


5.
A total of 796 sows and gilts from 30 Danish sow herds were examined three times at intervals of 6 weeks for serum antibodies to Leptospira bratislava by the microscopic agglutination technique (MAT) test. The prevalence of seroreactors with positive titer values, 1:100, at the three successive tests were 2.7%, 2.5% and 2.9%; 4.5% of the animals were positive in at least one of the three tests, and 2.2% showed a greater than two-fold rise in titer between two consecutive samplings. Of the 30 herds, 21 (70%) had ever-positive within-herd prevalences in sows and gilts of 4–13%. The risk of a herd having one or more positive sow was positively associated with a herd size of > 141 sows, and distinct regional differences in the prevalence of positive herds were observed. The reproductive performance of the 21 herds with seroreactions was poorer than the performance of the nine herds without positive reactions concerning the variables: ‘days from weaning to last service’ (2.7 days more, P = 0.07), ‘percentage of sows returning to heat’ (4.0 percentage units more, P = 0.03), ‘services per farrowing’ (0.04 more, P = 0.04), ‘farrowing percentage’ (4.3 percentage units lower, P = 0.06), and ‘stillborn pigs per farrowing’ (0.16 more, P = 0.02). No association between the MAT serological status of the herd and the incidence of medical treatments of sows and gilts could be found. A high prevalence and low cumulative incidence of seroreactors was demonstrated in first-parity gilts, followed by a low prevalence and cumulative incidence from parity 2 to 3, and a high prevalence and cumulative incidence at the fifth parity.  相似文献   

6.
Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.  相似文献   

7.
Pigs born outdoors and reared on deep litter (straw) have been reported to experience less of a growth check after weaning and have a higher dressing percentage than counterparts born and reared under conventional (indoor) systems. The reason(s) for this difference is/are presently unknown, but differences in the gut environment might contribute to these observations. PCR-DGGE techniques were used in this study to examine microbial diversity and banding patterns in the large intestine of piglets that were reared under different rearing conditions. Six piglets per treatment were euthanised at weaning (21 days) and at 7 days and 21 days after weaning from two extreme treatments [indoor-born: conventionally-raised after weaning (‘Indoor’) or outdoor-born, deep-litter raised after weaning (‘Outdoor’)]. The Shannon diversity index was calculated, and multivariate analysis of banding patterns was performed. Indoor pigs had a more diverse bacterial population at weaning and 21 days after weaning than Outdoor pigs. However at the end of the first week after weaning, outdoor-born and deep-litter pigs had a more diverse microbiota. The Shannon diversity index continued to increase with time after weaning in Outdoor pigs, which did not occur in Indoor pigs. Multivariate analysis of banding patterns showed there was a trend (P = 0.109) for a difference in microbial structure depending on housing type. There was also a significant (P < 0.001) effect of sampling time after weaning and a significant interaction (P < 0.001) between housing and time after weaning.  相似文献   

8.
Conjoint analysis is a technique well known in marketing research to elicit consumer preferences and opinions. This paper describes the results of an experiment which explores the potential application of conjoint analysis in the field of veterinary epidemiology and economics. In this experiment, the method of conjoint analysis was used to elicit the opinion of experts about the relative importance of risk factors concerning contagious animal diseases. Diseases studied were: African Swine Fever (ASF), Classical Swine Fever (CSF), Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD), Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD), Newcastle Disease (NCD) and Avian Influenza (AI). Risk factors included were import of livestock, import of animal products, feeding of swill, tourists, returning livestock trucks and air. The conjoint analysis technique was used to draw up a questionnaire which was handed out during the 7th ISVEE held at Nairobi, Kenya, from 15 to 19 August 1994. According to the experts approached, the factors ‘import of livestock’ and ‘import of animal products’ were the major sources of risk for all diseases. For ASF, CSF and FMD, the risk factor ‘swill feeding’ ranked third. For FMD and the two poultry diseases NCD and AI, only the risk factor ‘air’ was important. Overall conclusion was that conjoint analysis could be a useful method for eliciting the opinion of experts about risk factors concerning contagious animal diseases. In further research, special attention should be given to the selection of experts and the presentation of the conjoint questions.  相似文献   

9.
The rate and structure of cattle transfers between 206 Dutch cattle herds with a ‘Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map)-free’ status by November 2002, were analyzed over a 3-year period (November 1999–November 2002). Of the 206 ‘Map-free’ herds, 184 were closed herds during the period studied. In total, 280 cattle had been introduced into 22 herds at an average rate of 0.33 animals per year per 100 cattle present in the 206 herds. Assuming a random herd-contact structure, the observed rate of cattle transfers between certified ‘Map-free’ herds was sufficiently low to relax the surveillance scheme to biennial herd examinations by pooled fecal culture of all cattle ≥2 years of age.

The cattle transfers were not randomly distributed over the herds. Forty-four of the 280 cattle originated from 12 other ‘Map-free’ herds. The other 236 cattle did not originate from a ‘Map-free’ herd and were introduced into a herd before it obtained the ‘Map-free’ status. No cattle were introduced into any of the ‘Map-free’ herds from which cattle were transferred to other ‘Map-free’ herds. Thus, continued propagation of the infection by cattle transfers was impossible in the group of herds studied during the study period. Therefore the surveillance scheme may be further relaxed, and may be differentiated regarding the risk herds pose to other herds.  相似文献   


10.
This study describes the breed-specific coping characteristics of pigs in response to transport stress. The dynamic changes of behavior, the activities of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), as well as the plasma concentrations of stress and metabolic hormones in Erhualian (EHL) and Pietrain (PIE) pigs during 2 h transport were investigated. The majority of the behavior of EHL pigs consisted of oral/nasal/facial (ONF) and fit behaviors during the initial observations (first 15 min after start), and these behaviors were replaced by increased time sitting and lying in later observations (middle and last 15 min of transport). In contrast, PIE pigs showed high levels of ONF behaviors in initial observation, followed by high frequency and duration of standing during the middle and the last observation period. PIE pigs demonstrated significantly higher plasma CK (P < 0.01) and LDH activities (P < 0.05). There were significant effects of time and time × breed interaction (P < 0.05) on CK activities (P < 0.01) in both breeds. Plasma ACTH levels did not differ between breeds, yet a significant effect of time (P < 0.05) was shown during transport. EHL pigs exhibited consistently higher basal and stimulated plasma cortisol levels (P < 0.05). There were significant time effects on metabolic hormones (insulin, T3 and T4) (P < 0.01), whereas no significant breed effect for these hormones were found. These results indicate that different coping strategies apply in EHL pigs, as reflected by different behavioral, endocrine and biochemical responses during transport as compared with PIE pigs.  相似文献   

11.
The validity of producer-recorded preweaning mortality causes was evaluated in 31 Danish sow herds. For 1206 piglets producer-recorded preweaning mortality cause was compared with post-mortem diagnosis. The predominant preweaning mortality causes at post-mortem were injury (trauma, lain on, and savaged), miscellaneous (unknown, starvation, illthrift, euthanasia, and low viability), and diarrhoea, with 391, 219, and 119 recordings, respectively. The sensitivity of producer-recorded preweaning mortality causes was generally low, and further analyses showed that the probability of being born alive and the probability of being given ‘a producer diagnosis other than unknown’ were associated with the herd and that a correct producer-recorded mortality cause relative to the post-mortem diagnosis depended on the mortality cause. Rare mortality causes with primarily internal signs tended to be misclassified. The producers often gave ‘a diagnosis other than unknown’ to pigs with a weight at death under 0.75kg and it was often correct. To pigs with a weight at death over 1.75kg, they rarely gave ‘a diagnosis other than unknown’, but when they did it was often correct.  相似文献   

12.
We developed three different knowledge-dissemination methods for educating Tanzanian smallholder farmers about mastitis in their dairy cattle. The effectiveness of these methods (and their combinations) was evaluated and quantified using a randomised controlled trial and multilevel statistical modelling. To our knowledge, this is the first study that has used such techniques to evaluate the effectiveness of different knowledge-dissemination interventions for adult learning in developing countries.

Five different combinations of knowledge-dissemination method were compared: ‘diagrammatic handout’ (‘HO’), ‘village meeting’ (‘VM’), ‘village meeting and video’ (‘VM + V’), ‘village meeting and diagrammatic handout’ (‘VM + HO’) and ‘village meeting, video and diagrammatic handout’ (‘VM + V + HO’). Smallholder dairy farmers were exposed to only one of these interventions, and the effectiveness of each was compared to a control (‘C’) group, who received no intervention. The mastitis knowledge of each farmer (n = 256) was evaluated by questionnaire both pre- and post-dissemination.

Generalised linear mixed models were used to evaluate the effectiveness of the different interventions. The outcome variable considered was the probability of volunteering correct responses to mastitis questions post-dissemination, with ‘village’ and ‘farmer’ considered as random effects in the model. Results showed that all five interventions, ‘HO’ (odds ratio (OR) = 3.50, 95% confidence intervals (CI) = 3.10, 3.96), ‘VM + V + HO’ (OR = 3.34, 95% CI = 2.94, 3.78), ‘VM + HO’ (OR = 3.28, 95% CI = 2.90, 3.71), ‘VM + V’ (OR = 3.22, 95% CI = 2.84, 3.64) and ‘VM’ (OR = 2.61, 95% CI = 2.31, 2.95), were significantly (p < 0.0001) more effective at disseminating mastitis knowledge than no intervention.

In addition, the ‘VM’ method was less effective at disseminating mastitis knowledge than other interventions. Combinations of methods showed no advantage over the diagrammatic handout alone. Other explanatory variables with significant positive associations on mastitis knowledge included education to secondary school level or higher, and having previously learned about mastitis by reading pamphlets or attendance at an animal-health course.  相似文献   


13.
The National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) (Round 2) for Tennessee collected baseline data on the preventive (as opposed to therapeutic) use of drugs from 60 beef cow-calf herds selected by a random, stratified, two-stage sampling plan. Counties were selected randomly with replacement for three herd-size strata, and herds were selected within countries by an area-frame method. Data were collected during monthly interviews for 1 year (1987–1988).

Tennessee beef cattle were medicated with 31 drugs to prevent diseases. The drugs most frequently used were anthelmintics and insecticides. The diseases against which preventive drugs were most frequently used were external parasites, intestinal parasites, ‘pink eye’ (keratoconjunctivitis), anaplasmosis, and respiratory infections. Ivermectin was the most frequently used anthelmintic and the most frequently used drug. Levamisole, fenbendazole, and thiabendazole were also frequently used anthelmintics. The most frequently used insecticides were the organophosphates (including fenthion, dichlorvos, and stirofos). Antimicrobials seldom were used, suggesting that prophylactic antimicrobial use in Tennessee beef cattle may not be a major public-health concern.  相似文献   


14.
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15.
The effects of weaning age, type of creep diet and the classification of piglets as ‘eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed on weight gain to weaning were examined. Four antimicrobial-free diets were offered from day 14 of lactation: (i) wheat-soy based diet with animal and vegetable (‘mixed’) protein sources (COMM), (ii) heat-processed rice (HPR) with barley hulls and potato starch and mixed protein sources (RBPS), (iii) HPR with sugar-beet pulp and mixed protein sources (RSBP), and (iv) HPR with mixed protein sources (R). Pigs were weaned at an average of either 27 (early) or 33 (late) days of age. A dye (indigo carmine) was added to each diet at day 24 of lactation in both groups to classify piglets as ‘eaters’ or ‘non eaters’ of creep feed, based on appearance or non-appearance, respectively, of dye in faeces. Pigs weaned late weighed 1.4 kg more (P < 0.001). Weaning age interacted with diet type and eating classification for weaning weight (P < 0.001). Of the 1067 piglets where classification of the faecal dye was possible, 829 (77.7%) were ‘eaters’ and 238 (22.3%) were ‘non eaters’. This qualitative estimate of creep feed consumption did not influence weight gain to weaning (P > 0.05).  相似文献   

16.
Eighteen crossbred boars, three siblings from each of six litters, were distributed randomly among three groups after weaning. The ‘Natural long-day’ group was housed in a standard room with windows, whereas the ‘Artificial long-day’ and ‘Artificial short-day’ groups were housed in light-sealed rooms and under an artificial light regimen (1400 lx). In spring (16–17 hr of light) plasma levels of melatonin and cortisol were measured in samples collected hourly for 24 hr. Two commercial melatonin radioimmunoassays with preassay diethyl ether extraction were compared. Only the assay from Bühlmann Laboratories AG showed low to undetectable melatonin levels during the light-phase and was used for further analysis. Dark-phase melatonin concentrations were higher than light-phase melatonin concentrations (P < 0.001). Dark-phase melatonin concentrations were higher in the ‘Natural long-day’ group than in the ‘Artificial long-day’ and the ‘Artificial short-day’ groups (P < 0.001). Sire had a significant effect on dark-phase melatonin concentrations (P < 0.01), but not on light-phase levels. Cortisol concentrations were higher during the light-phase than during the dark phase, and light-phase cortisol concentrations were higher in the ‘Natural long-day’ group than in the ‘Artificial long-day’ and the ‘Artificial short-day’ groups (P < 0.01). This study showed that peripubertal boars express a typical circadian melatonin rhythm under both artificial light regimens and in standard pig stable environment. Natural photoperiod and indoor lighting seem to interact in shaping the melatonin profile in standard stable environment. The great individual variation in the amplitude of the dark-phase melatonin levels could in this study be explained by the different sires.  相似文献   

17.
Sixty-one Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates from cattle and deer from the Buenos Aires province, an important livestock region in Argentina, were typed by restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) analysis based on IS900. Four different RFLP patterns (designated ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘E’) were identified in BstEII digests of genomic DNA. The most frequently observed type, pattern ‘A’, was found in 46 isolates (75%). The second, pattern ‘E’, included 8 isolates (13%), while the third, pattern ‘B’, included 6 isolates (10%). Pattern ‘C’ was found for only one isolate. All of the deer isolates were classified as pattern ‘A’, while cattle isolates represented all four RFLP patterns. Twenty-one isolates representing the four different BstEII-RFLP patterns were digested with PstI. Twenty isolates showed identical PstI-RFLP pattern. BstEII-RFLP patterns from Argentine cattle and deer were compared with patterns found in cattle, goat, deer, rabbit, and human isolates from Europe. The most common pattern in Argentina, pattern ‘A’, was identical to a less frequently occurring pattern R9 (C17) from Europe. The other Argentine patterns ‘B’, ‘C’ and ‘E’, were not found in the Europe. These results indicate that the distribution of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genotypes in the Buenos Aires province of Argentina is different from that found in Europe.  相似文献   

18.
Behavior and pituitary-adrenal function in large white and Meishan pigs   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Six-wk-old piglets of both sexes from European Large White (LW, n = 36) and Chinese Meishan (MS, n = 24) breeds were individually exposed to a novel environment, a stressful stimulation. Behavioral and pituitary-adrenal reactivity were investigated. When compared with LW, MS pigs displayed low locomotion (18.5 ± 2.2 vs. 41.0 ± 3.8 squares crossed/10 min; P < 0.0001), and defecation scores (0.58 ± 0.15 vs. 4.86 ± 0.37 fecal boli; P < 0.0001). Basal concentrations of cortisol were higher in MS (96.1 ± 1.1 vs. 44.9 ± 1.1 ng/ml; P < 0.0001), although no differences between breeds were found in basal concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). In response to novel environment exposure, the ACTH increase was greater in LW than in MS, but the cortisol response was not different on a log scale. To further investigate the pituitary-adrenal differences between the two breeds, the 24-hr profile of ACTH and cortisol plasma concentrations, a corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and a coupled dexamethasone-ACTH test were studied. Five castrated male 9-wk-old piglets from each breed were fitted surgically with a jugular vein catheter. A classic marked circadian rhythm of cortisol and a weak nycthemeral variation of ACTH were found. Cortisol concentrations were approximately twice higher in MS exclusively during the early light phase (from 0800–1200 hr) of the cycle, but no significant interbreed difference was found in the circadian rhythm of ACTH. Administration of CRF (1 μg/kg iv) induced the same significant increase in plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations in both breeds. Administration of ACTH (10 μg/kg iv) increased significantly cortisol concentrations and revealed no difference in plasma cortisol response to ACTH. These data suggest that the hypercortisolism of MS pigs is of adrenal origin, and related to extrapituitary factors that control the adrenal sensitivity during the light phase of the diurnal cycle.  相似文献   

19.
品种、体重和营养对猪背最长肌肌纤维组织学特性的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
选用荣昌(RC)猪和杜×长×大(DLY)杂交猪为试验对象,研究猪背最长肌肌纤维直径和密度的发育性变化及品种与营养影响特点。结果表明:2个品种猪的背最长肌肌纤维直径和密度的发育规律较为类似,肌纤维直径随体重增加呈线性增长,而肌纤维密度则随体重增加呈乘幂方程式降低。相关分析表明,肌纤维密度与直径均存在极显著负相关(P≤0.003)。背最长肌肌纤维直径和密度在20～50kg阶段品种间差异不显著(P≥0.099),但在80kg,RC猪的肌纤维直径显著低于DLY猪(P=0.0043),而RC猪的肌纤维密度则显著高于DLY猪(P=0.0049)。饲粮营养水平对2个品种猪背最长肌的肌纤维直径和密度均无显著影响。以上结果提示,2个品种猪的背最长肌肌纤维的生长规律较为类似,但不同品种的肌纤维直径存在差异,主要表现在80kg,RC猪显著低于DLY猪,可能与其优良肉质有关。  相似文献   

20.
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