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Avian influenza A (H5N1) has spread to the UK causing outbreaks in commercial poultry. Vaccination of poultry workers with seasonal influenza has been advised to prevent a viral mutation that could facilitate human‐to‐human transmission, causing a new pandemic strain. This project aimed to determine delivery options and costs of a vaccination programme targeted at poultry workers. Data from the Great Britain Poultry Register were used to understand the distribution of the target population. A stakeholders group in the East of England (EoE) discussed delivery options. An options appraisal is used to prioritize these options. There are over 10 000 poultry workers distributed throughout the EoE. Five delivery options were considered (industry’s occupational health services, via general practitioners as a Directed or Locally Enhanced Services, via other community healthcare providers and a commercial provider). Delivery is likely to cost between £35 414 and £182 899 (or £10.18–£48.93 per person vaccinated) in the EoE, depending on delivery mechanism, target threshold and level of uptake. Delivering through a commercial provider was the preferred option. Whichever way the programme is delivered it should be cost‐neutral to the Primary Care Trust (PCT). Otherwise PCTs may see themselves having to prioritize between vaccinating poultry workers against other pressing programmes. 相似文献
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The threat of an influenza pandemic is looming, with new cases of sporadic avian influenza infections in man frequently reported. Exposure to diseased poultry is a leading risk factor for these infections. In this study, we used logistic regression to investigate serological evidence of previous infection with avian influenza subtypes H4, H5, H6, H7, H8, H9, H10, and H11 among 95 adults occupationally exposed to turkeys in the US Midwest and 82 unexposed controls. Our results indicate that farmers practising backyard, organic or free‐ranging turkey production methods are at an increased risk of infection with avian influenza. Among these farmers, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for elevated microneutralization assay titres against avian H4, H5, H6, H9, and H10 influenza strains ranged between 3.9 (95% CI 1.2–12.8) and 15.3 (95% CI 2.0–115.2) when compared to non‐exposed controls. The measured ORs were adjusted for antibody titres against human influenza viruses and other exposure variables. These data suggest that sometime in their lives, the workers had been exposed to low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. These findings support calls for inclusion of agricultural workers in priority groups in pandemic influenza preparedness efforts. These data further support increasing surveillance and other preparedness efforts to include not only confinement poultry facilities, but more importantly, also small scale farms. 相似文献
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Serological and Virological Surveillance of Avian Influenza A Virus H9N2 Subtype in Humans and Poultry in Shanghai,China, Between 2008 and 2010 
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下载免费PDF全文 Q. Wang L. Ju P. Liu J. Zhou X. Lv L. Li H. Shen H. Su L. Jiang Q. Jiang 《Zoonoses and public health》2015,62(2):131-140
We report the serological evidence of low‐pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H9N2 infection in an occupational poultry‐exposed population and a general population. A serological survey of an occupational poultry‐exposed population and a general population was conducted using a haemagglutinin‐inhibiting (HI) assay in Shanghai, China, from January 2008 to December 2010. Evidence of higher anti‐H9 antibodies was found in serum samples collected from poultry workers. During this period, 239 H9N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were isolated from 9297 tracheal and cloacal paired specimens collected from the poultry in live poultry markets. In addition, a total of 733 influenza viruses were isolated from 1569 nasal and throat swabs collected from patients with influenza‐like symptoms in a sentinel hospital, which include H3N2, H1N1, pandemic H1N1 and B, but no H9N2 virus was detected. These findings highlight the need for long‐term surveillance of avian influenza viruses in occupational poultry‐exposed workers. 相似文献
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Avian influenza (AI) is a listed disease of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) that has become a disease of great importance both for animal and human health. Until recent times, AI was considered a disease of birds with zoonotic implications of limited significance. The emergence and spread of the Asian lineage highly pathogenic AI H5N1 virus has dramatically changed this perspective; not only has it been responsible of the death or culling of millions of birds, but this virus has also been able to infect a variety of non-avian hosts including human beings. The implications of such a panzootic reflect themselves in animal health issues, notably in the reduction of a protein source for developing countries and in the management of the pandemic potential. Retrospective studies have shown that avian progenitors play an important role in the generation of pandemic viruses for humans, and therefore these infections in the avian reservoir should be subjected to control measures aiming at eradication of the Asian H5N1 virus from all sectors rather than just eliminating or reducing the impact of the disease in poultry. Collection and analysis of information in a transparent environment and close collaboration between the medical and veterinary scientific community are crucial to support the global AI crisis. 相似文献
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S. Dorjee Z. Poljak C. W. Revie J. Bridgland B. McNab E. Leger J. Sanchez 《Zoonoses and public health》2013,60(6):383-411
Increasing incidences of emerging and re‐emerging diseases that are mostly zoonotic (e.g. severe acute respiratory syndrome, avian influenza H5N1, pandemic influenza) has led to the need for a multidisciplinary approach to tackling these threats to public and animal health. Accordingly, a global movement of ‘One‐Health/One‐Medicine’ has been launched to foster collaborative efforts amongst animal and human health officials and researchers to address these problems. Historical evidence points to the fact that pandemics caused by influenza A viruses remain a major zoonotic threat to mankind. Recently, a range of mathematical and computer simulation modelling methods and tools have increasingly been applied to improve our understanding of disease transmission dynamics, contingency planning and to support policy decisions on disease outbreak management. This review provides an overview of methods, approaches and software used for modelling the spread of zoonotic influenza viruses in animals and humans, particularly those related to the animal‐human interface. Modelling parameters used in these studies are summarized to provide references for future work. This review highlights the limited application of modelling research to influenza in animals and at the animal‐human interface, in marked contrast to the large volume of its research in human populations. Although swine are widely recognized as a potential host for generating novel influenza viruses, and that some of these viruses, including pandemic influenza A/H1N1 2009, have been shown to be readily transmissible between humans and swine, only one study was found related to the modelling of influenza spread at the swine‐human interface. Significant gaps in the knowledge of frequency of novel viral strains evolution in pigs, farm‐level natural history of influenza infection, incidences of influenza transmission between farms and between swine and humans are clearly evident. Therefore, there is a need to direct additional research to the study of influenza transmission dynamics in animals and at the animal‐human interface. 相似文献
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控制猪流感病毒（Swineinfluenzavirus,SIV）的流行具有重要的兽医学和公共卫生学意义。中国被认为是国际流感病毒的流行中心,对流感病毒的流行生态有着重要影响。本文将对中国大陆SIV流行特征做一归纳,并简要分析未来值得关注的几个问题。 相似文献
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The recent outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) worldwide have highlighted the difficulties in controlling this disease both in developed and in developing countries. Biosecurity is considered the most important tool to prevent and control AI. In certain areas of the world, AI has become endemic and the recent outbreaks in Europe and Africa show that the epidemiological situation is evolving in an unprecedented way. The consequences of this situation are economic losses to the poultry industry, food security issues in developing countries and a serious threat to human health, due to the direct consequences of AI infection in humans, and more alarmingly due to the risk of the generation of a new pandemic virus from the animal reservoir. In this paper, the physical and chemical methods of inactivating AI viruses are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the practicalities of using such methods in the poultry industry. 相似文献
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Recent developments in avian influenza research: epidemiology and immunoprophylaxis 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Influenza A viruses have been isolated from humans, from several other mammalian species and a wide variety of avian species, among which, wild aquatic birds represent the natural hosts of influenza viruses. The majority of the possible combinations of the 15 haemagglutinin (HA) and nine neuraminidase (NA) subtypes recognized have been identified in isolates from domestic and wild birds. Infection of birds can cause a wide range of clinical signs, which may vary according to the host, the virus strain, the host's immune status, the presence of any secondary exacerbating microorganisms and environmental factors. Most infections are inapparent, especially in waterfowl and other wild birds. In contrast, infections caused by viruses of H5 and H7 subtypes can be responsible for devastating epidemics in poultry. Despite the warnings to the poultry industry about these viruses, in 1997 an avian H5N1 influenza virus was directly transmitted from birds to humans in Hong Kong and resulted in 18 confirmed infections, thus strengthening the pandemic threat posed by avian influenza (AI). Indeed, reassortant viruses, harbouring a combination of avian and human viral genomes, have been responsible for major pandemics of human influenza. These considerations warrant the need to continue and broaden efforts in the surveillance of AI. Control programmes have varied from no intervention, as in the case of the occurrence of low pathogenic (LP) AI (LPAI) viruses, to extreme, expensive total quarantine-slaughter programmes carried out to eradicate highly pathogenic (HP) AI (HPAI) viruses. The adoption of a vaccination policy, targeted either to control or to prevent infection in poultry, is generally banned or discouraged. Nevertheless, the need to boost eradication efforts in order to limit further spread of infection and avoid heavy economic losses, and advances in modern vaccine technologies, have prompted a re-evaluation of the potential use of vaccination in poultry as an additional tool in comprehensive disease control strategies. This review presents a synthesis of the most recent research on AI that has contributed to a better understanding of the ecology of the virus and to the development of safe and efficacious vaccines for poultry. 相似文献
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H9N2亚型禽流感病毒疫苗研究进展 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在世界范围内广泛存在,给养禽业造成巨大的经济损失,并危害人类健康。流感病毒抗原易发生漂移和转换,使流感病毒的防控变得困难。疫苗接种是防控禽流感最有效的手段之一,全病毒灭活疫苗保护效果好,制备简单,是流感病毒常用的疫苗,但该疫苗局部副反应大,并伴随生物安全问题。随着分子生物学技术的发展,活载体疫苗、核酸疫苗、亚单位疫苗等新型疫苗的开发,给H9N2亚型禽流感病毒的防控提供了新的手段。新型疫苗除具有传统疫苗的保护效果外,在生物安全和普遍防控方面具有广泛的优势,是流感病毒疫苗发展的新方向。 相似文献
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Yanlong Cong Yixue Sun Weili Wang Qingfeng Meng Wei Ran Lisai Zhu Guilian Yang Wentao Yang Lihua Yang Chunfeng Wang Zhuang Ding 《Veterinary microbiology》2014
Genetic reassortment between human and avian influenza viruses can create pandemic viruses. Influenza surveillance of pigs in Jilin Province, in China during 2007–2008 revealed that there were two distinguishable genotypes: a human-like H3N2 genotype and a double-reassortant genotype derived from the human H3N2 and avian H5 viruses. In this study, viral infection potential, replication kinetics, and pathogenicity were compared. The solid-phase binding assay demonstrated that both viruses prominently maintained a preference for the human-type receptor and the reassortant A/swine/Jilin/37/2008 (Sw/JL/37/08) showed relatively higher binding affinities than the non-reassortant A/swine/Jilin/19/2007 (Sw/JL/19/07). Replication kinetics showed that Sw/JL/37/08 had higher replicability in MDCK cells than Sw/JL/19/07. The mouse experiments clearly revealed that Sw/JL/37/08 had higher virulence than Sw/JL/19/07 as measured by more significant body weight loss, higher viral lung load, delayed viral clearance from lungs, and more severe pulmonary lesions. Sequence analysis indicated that the absence of glycosylation sites at residue 126 of HA and 93 of NA, as well as the characteristic NS1 C-terminal PL residues of ESEV may account for the increased replication and pathogenicity of Sw/JL/37/08. These results may imply that human may have infection risk by the reassortant swine influenza virus and emphasize the necessity for enhanced viral surveillance strategies, which monitor reassortment events in nature to reduce the public health threat posed by influenza viruses with the potential for human-to-human transmission currently circulating in pig populations. 相似文献
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Public health risk from avian influenza viruses 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Since 1997, avian influenza (AI) virus infections in poultry have taken on new significance, with increasing numbers of cases involving bird-to-human transmission and the resulting production of clinically severe and fatal human infections. Such human infections have been sporadic and are caused by H7N7 and H5N1 high-pathogenicity (HP) and H9N2 low-pathogenicity (LP) AI viruses in Europe and Asia. These infections have raised the level of concern by human health agencies for the potential reassortment of influenza virus genes and generation of the next human pandemic influenza A virus. The presence of endemic infections by H5N1 HPAI viruses in poultry in several Asian countries indicates that these viruses will continue to contaminate the environment and be an exposure risk with human transmission and infection. Furthermore, the reports of mammalian infections with H5N1 AI viruses and, in particular, mammal-to-mammal transmission in humans and tigers are unprecedented. However, the subsequent risk for generating a pandemic human strain is unknown. More international funding from both human and animal health agencies for diagnosis or detection and control of AI in Asia is needed. Additional funding for research is needed to understand why and how these AI viruses infect humans and what pandemic risks they pose. 相似文献
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van den Berg T Lambrecht B Marché S Steensels M Van Borm S Bublot M 《Comparative immunology, microbiology and infectious diseases》2008,31(2-3):121-165
Although it is well accepted that the present Asian H5N1 panzootic is predominantly an animal health problem, the human health implications and the risk of human pandemic have highlighted the need for more information and collaboration in the field of veterinary and human health. H5 and H7 avian influenza (AI) viruses have the unique property of becoming highly pathogenic (HPAI) during circulation in poultry. Therefore, the final objective of poultry vaccination against AI must be eradication of the virus and the disease. Actually, important differences exist in the control of avian and human influenza viruses. Firstly, unlike human vaccines that must be adapted to the circulating strain to provide adequate protection, avian influenza vaccination provides broader protection against HPAI viruses. Secondly, although clinical protection is the primary goal of human vaccines, poultry vaccination must also stop transmission to achieve efficient control of the disease. This paper addresses these differences by reviewing the current and future influenza vaccines and vaccination strategies in birds. 相似文献
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E. R. Campagnolo M. E. Moll K. Tuhacek A. J. Simeone W. S. Miller K. O. Waller O. Simwale J. T. Rankin S. M. Ostroff 《Zoonoses and public health》2013,60(2):117-124
We report a fall 2010 cluster of pandemic influenza A/H1N1 (pH1N1) infections in pet ferrets in Lehigh Valley region of Pennsylvania. The ferrets were associated with one pet shop. The influenza cluster occurred during a period when the existing human surveillance systems had identified little to no pH1N1 in humans in the Lehigh Valley, and there were no routine influenza surveillance systems for exotic pets. The index case was a 2.5‐month‐old neutered male ferret that was presented to a veterinary clinic with severe influenza‐like illness (ILI). In response to laboratory notification of a positive influenza test result, and upon request from the Pennsylvania Department of Health (PADOH), the Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture (PDA) conducted an investigation to identify other ill ferrets and to identify the source and extent of infection. PDA notified the PADOH of the pH1N1 infection in the ferrets, leading to enhanced human surveillance and the detection of pH1N1 human infections in the surrounding community. Five additional ferrets with ILI linked to the pet shop were identified. This simultaneous outbreak of ferret and human pH1N1 demonstrates the important link between animal health and public health and highlights the potential use of veterinary clinics for sentinel surveillance of diseases shared between animals and humans. 相似文献
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Avian influenza (AI) is an acute respiratory disease caused by influenza A virus.Avian influenza virus (AIV) can infect poultry,wild birds and some mammals including human.AI is a big threat to both poultry and human health because the virus can cross the species barrier to get the capacity of transmitting from poultry to human.Vaccination is the most efficient measure against AI outbreaking.Traditional vaccines include inactivated vaccine based on chick embryo and attenuated vaccine.Although the traditional vaccines play important roles in the past AI epidemics,many disadvantages have been proved to exist in traditional vaccines.Forced by major drawbacks of traditional vaccines,several studies focused on the development of novel vaccines.In this review,we reviewed recombinant live vector vaccine,subunit vaccine,DNA vaccine and virus-like particle vaccine of AI in order to provide some references for prevention and control of AI. 相似文献
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禽流感病毒（avian influenza virus,AIV）是一种重要的人兽共患病病原,严重制约养禽业的健康发展,并对公共卫生安全构成极大威胁。其中,H5（H5N1、H5N2、H5N6、H5N8等）和H7N9亚型高致病性禽流感病毒（highly pathogenic avian influenza virus,HPAIV）引起的高致病性禽流感（highly pathogenic avian influenza,HPAI）对我国养禽业危害巨大。通过实施强制免疫,疫情得到了控制,但在禽群中仍散状暴发,并出现多种新型病毒,防控形势依然严峻。本文总结了截至2021年9月我国禽类暴发H5和H7N9亚型HPAI的所有官方公布的疫情暴发事件以及监测数据,分析了其流行特点,以期为禽流感的预警和防控提供参考。 相似文献