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苹果开心形树形是北京中日友好观光果园引进日本技术,经历10年的试验示范,研究出的适合我国土壤和气候条件的“高光照,高品质”树形。我县于2001年正式引入该项目,并在原来的基础上实施了一系列配套技术,经过3年多时间的示范推广,已取得了明显的经济效益和社会效益。1树形特点1.1主干较高,主枝较少该树形主干高,主枝少,树体呈平面结构。少主枝、高主干为枝组下垂延伸开辟了生存空间。1.2光照充足,光能利用率高开心形的显著特征是平面结构,立体结果。据测定,该树形平均照度为36%,光合有效辐射为84.5%,光合速率为15.8%。开心形树形由于主干高,… 相似文献
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保护地桃促早栽培是高密度栽培,加之设施内空间小、光照弱、湿度大,树形和修剪都应与露地栽培有所不同.
1 常用树形
保护地桃树栽培常用的树形有"Y"字形、主干形、开心形和近几年发展较快的"一边倒"树形,采用什么树形由株行距和植株在保护地中的位置来定.如日光温室前端和大棚两侧较低,空间小,多采用"Y"字形和开心形,中后部较高,空间大,多采用主干形. 相似文献
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以肥城桃实生优系‘LT-1’为试材，采用主干形、Y形、四主枝开心形3种树形，研究了3种树形的冠层结构、光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数之间的差异，以期从光合生理角度为桃树的树形选择提供参考依据。结果表明：3种树形的叶面积指数(LAI)、散射辐射透过系数(TCDP)、直射辐射透过系数(TCRP)、叶片分布密度(LD)等指标无显著差异，主干形的平均叶倾角(MLA)和冠层消光系数(K)显著低于Y形和四主枝开心形；主干形的净光合速率Pn显著高于Y形和四主枝开心形，不同树形在不同高度的净光合速率Pn变化表现一致，均为上层(3.0 m)>中层(2.0 m)>下层(0.7 m);实际光化学效率φPSⅡ(主干形)>φPSⅡ(Y形)>φPSⅡ(四主枝开心形),最大光化学效率Fv/Fm(四主枝开心形)>Fv/Fm(Y形)>Fv/Fm(主干形),光化学淬灭系数qP(主干形)>qP(Y形)>qP(四主枝开心形),非光化学淬灭系数NPQ(Y形)>NPQ(四主枝开心形)>NPQ(主干形)。综上，主干形优于Y形和四主枝开心形。 相似文献
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核桃两种树形光合荧光特性的比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以4年生‘温185号’核桃为试材,比较了主干形与自然开心形2种树形核桃的光合及荧光特性差异。结果表明:2种树形核桃净光合速率(Pn)日变化、蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化、气孔导度(Gs)日变化均呈不对称"双峰"曲线,净光合速率(Pn)日变化峰值分别出现在10:00与16:00左右,且首次峰值比第2次峰值分别高61.29%、51.75%,最大净光合速率分别为主干形15.22μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),自然开心形14.39μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),14:00出现明显"午休"现象;胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)日变化在净光合速率降低时反而呈现升高趋势;2种树形核桃初始荧光(Fo)与荧光淬灭系数(qP)存在显著相关性。 相似文献
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《中国南方果树》2017,(4)
以8~9年生东魁杨梅为试材,以不整形修剪为对照,调查了定植后按不同树形整形修剪对杨梅生长结果和果实品质的影响。结果表明,与不整形修剪相比,杨梅采用开心形、圆头形和主干形树形均可控制树体生长;3种树形对树高和东西冠径的影响相近,但南北冠径为开心形圆头形主干形。采用开心形和圆头形整形修剪后,促进着色、提早成熟和改进果实品质的效果明显,尤其以开心形的效果最好。主干形促进着色和提早成熟的效果不明显;虽然有改进单果质量、总糖含量、总多酚含量、维生素C含量和总黄酮含量等品质指标的趋势,但果实偏酸,固酸比低。3种树形的效益有所增加,其中,开心形和圆头形的单株产量和效益相近,但高于主干形。整体效果为开心形圆头形主干形CK。 相似文献
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我国过去苹果种植基本上是以乔化密植为主,树形多采用三主枝疏散分层形、纺锤形或主干形等树形,由于进入盛果期后存在严重的光照郁闭问题,造成果园产量低、品质差。目前有大量的乔化密植苹果园通过缩冠间伐和开心改造将原有树改为开心形,这种树形主干高,树冠一层,枝、叶、果都能充分着光,彻底解决了乔化密植果园的光照郁闭问题。 相似文献
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油桃、蟠桃是世界桃育种的重要方向。综述了油桃和蟠桃基因对生长发育的影响。桃果实无毛(油桃)和扁平(蟠桃)基因起源于我国的西北,是质量性状,有毛/无毛、扁平/圆为显性。油桃、蟠桃基因具有广泛的遗传多效性,油桃具有使果实的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、着色面积、去皮硬度和亚表皮细胞的淀粉粒增加的作用;使可溶性糖、果皮韧性、平均单果质量减少趋势;桃杂合体基因型Gg比纯合体基因型gg的茸毛短。蟠桃具有使果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、糖酸比和亚表皮细胞的淀粉粒增加;使带皮硬度、去皮硬度、平均单果质量、平均果核质量、核质量/单果质量、产量指数减少趋势;油桃和蟠桃基因的这种多效性在油蟠桃中有累加作用。探讨了油桃和蟠桃遗传多效性对生态和对育种的利用价值,提出利用油桃和蟠桃改善果实品质,利用隐性无毛基因(g)增加有毛桃的着色程度、降低茸毛长度,培育短毛品种,培育小果形油蟠桃品种,适当提高我国鲜食品种可滴定酸。 相似文献
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在果核硬化期和果实最后迅速生长期,对艳丰一号桃果实浸涂10倍和100倍的液体石蜡溶液,与果实未浸涂液体石蜡的对照相比,果实蒸腾强度分别降低了57.9%和41.4%,且源叶净光合效率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)降低而叶表面温度(Tl)升高,并在果实迅速生长期间,果实浸涂液体石蜡处理和对照之间存在显著性差异。进一步研究表明,无论是在果核硬化期还是在果实最后迅速生长期,当Gs小于0.2mol/m2·s时,Pn和Gs呈极显著直线正相关关系,且果实浸涂液体石蜡处理的源叶的Tl随Gs减小急剧升高。源叶Pn对Tl的响应均呈极显著抛物线相关关系,但同一Tl条件下,果实浸涂液体石蜡处理的Pn低于对照。因此认为,果实蒸腾强度可能通过作用叶片的Gs调节Tl进而对源叶的Pn进行调控,气孔开张度减小、Tl升高,可能是果实蒸腾强度减弱时调控Pn重要机制之一。 相似文献
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N. Karagiannidis T. Thomidis G. Zakinthinos C. Tsipouridis 《Scientia Horticulturae》2008,118(3):212-217
This study investigates the possible correlations between bark, floral, and leaf iron (Fe) concentrations and SPAD measures to be used as early methods for prognosis of iron chlorosis in peach trees. The results showed that there were significant correlations between bark, floral and leaf Fe concentrations and SPAD measurements. This study shows for the first time the possibility of using bark analysis as an early predictive method of iron chlorosis in peach trees.Differences in mineral composition of leaves of peach trees, in relation to rootstocks were also found.This study also investigated the distribution of mineral elements in different parts of peach leaves. Tissue analysis of different leaf parts showed that the peripheral and petiole of leaves had the highest P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, B and Cu concentrations. In contrast, the highest K concentration was found in the internal parts of leaves. High Mn concentration was found in the laminar of leaves, but was lower in the petioles.In other experiments, the effect of different sources of Fe application on the leaf Fe concentrations and development of Brown Rot in the year of application and one and 2 years later was also examined. No application increased significantly the leaf Fe concentrations in the year of application and 1 year later. Leaf Fe concentrations were significant higher in trees treated with FeSO4·7H2O + S 2 years after application.The possible effect of flesh Fe concentration to susceptibility of peach (cv. Sun Crest) to Monilinia laxa was also evaluated. The results showed no correlation between flesh Fe concentration and susceptibility of peach to M. laxa. Besides, no statistical difference was found in the susceptibility of peach to M. laxa collected from the cultivar Sun Crest grafted on different rootstocks. 相似文献
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Several factors contributing to the successful rooting of stem cuttings of four peach clones and one almond × peach hybrid under intermittent mist were tested. With the almond × peach cross, leaf-bud cuttings were also tested.Severe cutting back of adult peach mother trees in winter favoured rooting of the cuttings, but less severe cutting back induced maximum roots per cutting.For short periods vermiculite was found to be a suitable medium. Sand alone or mixed with vermiculite or gravel gave poor results. Gravel alone or mixed with vermiculite was intermediate. For growing the rooted cuttings for a longer period, a mixture of perlite and peat was very suitable.A period of illumination of 3 h starting at midnight with incandescent light improved rooting of peach cuttings in August and October, but not in June.With cuttings obtained from old fruit-bearing peach trees highest rooting rates were obtained in July, but best root development occurred when rooting was carried out in October. In July rooting rate of basal cuttings was much higher than that of terminal ones. Success with leaf-bud cuttings (including a small branch piece) obtained from young mother trees of the almond × peach hybrid was only achieved at the end of May or in June.Dipping the base of peach cuttings in water before rooting was of advantage with one cultivar rooted in September, but of no advantage with another cultivar rooted in June.When the base of stem cuttings was dipped for a prolonged period in IBA solutions of various concentrations, highest rooting rates were obtained with 25–50 ppm IBA for peaches and with 200 ppm for the almond × peach hybrid. The addition of Phygon XL to this solution was of some advantage for peach cuttings. The concentration inducing maximum root development was higher than that required for maximum rooting and callusing. The optimal IBA concentration for rooting of almond × peach leaf-bud cuttings was 100 ppm.Penetration of the IBA into the leaf-bud cuttings reached a maximum 45 min a after floating them on a 100 ppm solution.Transplanting cuttings which had been rooted under mist was somewhat difficult; however, high rates of survival were obtained with cuttings planted in September which had developed a good root system. 相似文献
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Watersprout occurrence and growth were investigated over a two-year period in an early maturing peach cultivar (Alexandra) under different intensities of dormant pruning for fruited and defruited trees. A preliminary study focused on identifying the laws that determine the probability of presence and occurrence of watersprouts in relation to watersprout-bearing shoot (WBS) length. The increase in watersprout probability of presence and occurrence resulting from greater WBS length illustrated the high capacity of peach for sprouting. Watersprout lengths were measured, as well as the lengths of young shoots, one-year-old fruit-bearing shoots (FBSs) and older branches considered as WBS in order to evaluate total shoot growth within the tree. Watersprout number and total length tended to be higher under severe dormant pruning and in fruited trees than under light dormant pruning and in defruited trees. This stimulation of watersprout length appeared to compensate for the concomitant lower total length of young shoots, resulting in a constant overall vegetative growth rate for the whole tree. In the second year of the experiment, watersprouts were either removed by summer pruning or not in order to evaluate watersprout incidence on the rest of the tree. After light and severe watersprout removal (WSR), the annual diametrical growth of FBS tended to be higher and lower, respectively, compared to trees not submitted to summer pruning. Light WSR might favour light interception in the centre of the canopy, thus improving assimilate production and allocation to FBS, whereas severe WSR could prevent carbohydrate export from watersprouts to FBS. Under our conditions, the limit at which WSR intensity became detrimental for FBS diametrical growth appeared to be after approximately 75% of the watersprouts were removed. Severe WSR appeared likely to improve fruit diameter, whereas it had no significant impact on the percentage of soluble solids. 相似文献
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去果对桃源叶碳水化合物含量及其相关酶活性日变化的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了‘艳丰1号’桃果核硬化期和果实最后迅速生长期去果对源叶碳水化合物含量及其相关酶活性日变化的影响。去果处理和留果对照源叶中总可溶性糖、山梨醇、蔗糖和淀粉含量均持续升高,而葡萄糖和果糖含量持续降低。在全天大多数时间里去果处理源叶中山梨醇和淀粉含量及它们的关键合成酶6 - 磷酸醛糖还原酶(A6PR) 、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPPase) 活性均显著高于留果对照。就库源关系中可溶性糖和淀粉积累对光合作用的调控进行了讨论。 相似文献
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试验以2个桃品种(南方早红和大久保)1 a生幼树为试材,研究了光合年变化和落叶期早晚与营养生长的关系。结果表明,2个品种桃6月份光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,最高峰在11:00,次峰在14:00—15:00;8月份光合速率曲线呈单峰,最高峰在13:00。日光合总量的季节变化也呈双峰,分别在5月和8月。4—8月南方早红单位面积月光合总量占年总量的94.15%,大于大久保同时期的比值。南方早红落叶晚于大久保,且抽生新梢能力强于大久保。因而,南方早红9—10月光合面积的增大对单株年光合总量增加的贡献略高于大久保。实验认为,南方早红4—8月高的光合能力和9—10月落叶期晚对其旺盛的营养生长都具有重要的促进作用。 相似文献
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桃树倾斜主干偏展形的光照分布与果实产量品质的关系 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
以瑞蟠5号桃树为试材,研究了倾斜主干偏展形和“Y”字形两种树形的光分布与果实产量、品质的关系。结果表明:倾斜主干偏展形比“Y”字形树体的相对光照分布均匀,有效光照体积比率高,果实产量、品质随相对光照增强而提高。建立了品质因素与相对光照强度的回归方程,对方程求极值获得了果实品质因素最大的相对光照强度为:单果重量27.22%,可溶性固形物71.66%,果实着色83.45%;综合分析,相对光照强度在34%时,为瑞蟠5号桃优质生产的最低界限。 相似文献
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除草剂对毛桃幼苗生长与光合的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以毛桃[Prunus persica（L.）Batsch.] 1年生幼苗为材料,研究土施除草剂对其生长发育、根系结构以及光合作用等的影响。结果表明：土施百草枯后,毛桃幼苗根系细胞电解质渗透率在初期显著升高,随后受损伤程度减轻;处理后40 d叶片蒸腾速率升高,叶片水分利用率、地上部干物质量显著降低。施用草甘膦对幼苗外部形态影响较明显,处理后7 d,幼叶变黄、向上卷曲,根系细胞电解质渗透率始终显著高于清水处理对照;处理后40 d,根总体积、总根长、总表面积以及根尖数显著减少,叶片净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率下降,植株干物质积累量也显著降低,表明草甘膦可通过根部传导危害地上部,桃园应尽量避免草甘膦等内吸性除草剂的使用。 相似文献