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1.
本文以江西省贵溪市江西铜冶炼厂周围的土壤重金属污染区(面积7.7km2)为例,研究了基于GIS的地统计学方法在丘陵红壤区土壤重金属复合污染空间变异分析上的应用,提出了一个空间变异分析步骤:(1)利用DGPS定位,以50~200m的随机网格采集土壤样品;(2)分析土壤重金属含量数据的分布类型和空间分布趋势,通过数据转换去除数据趋势;(3)计算半方差函数并选择最佳的拟合模型和参数;(4)通过交叉验证选择合适的克立格方法;(5)通过空间插值,绘制重金属污染空间分布图,分析空间变异规律和影响因素。空间分析结果表明,Cu和Cd的复合污染是铜冶炼厂污染区的主要污染特征,基于ArcGIS的地统计学分析模块可以较准确地分析丘陵区土壤重金属复合污染的空间变异特征。 相似文献
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样点密度对土壤有机质空间预测结果的影响——以河南封丘县土壤为例 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
以河南省封丘县表层土壤有机质含量为例,探讨土壤样点密度对区域化土壤变量描述性统计特征、半方差函数理论模型拟合效果、普通Kriging插值预测结果的精度与表现目标变量空间变异的能力等多方面的影响。研究结果表明,样点数量从5000个大幅减少至20个,研究区表层样品有机质含量均值未发生显著变化。当土壤样点≥625个时,表层土壤有机质含量半方差函数模型具有较好的拟合效果,可以通过Kriging插值手段获得精度较高且对目标变量空间变异特征解释能力较强的预测结果;当土壤样点≤78个时,半方差函数模型理论上无法通过拟合获得,通过普通Kriging插值手段不能获得研究区表层土壤有机质含量理想的预测结果。 相似文献
3.
以黄土高原寺底沟小流域为研究对象,根据不同土地利用方式采集46个样点的土壤样品,通过地统计方法对土壤有机碳和全氮的空间变异特征进行了分析。采用受限最大似然法(REML)和矩法(MOM)两种方法分别对变异函数进行了估计,通过交叉检验选择克里金预测效果较好的变异函数进行地统计插值。(1)与矩法(MOM)相比,在多数情况下受限最大似然法(REML)估计的变异函数进行克里金插值更加准确。(2)土层深度对土壤全氮空间变异影响较小,对土壤有机碳影响较大,表层土壤有机碳含量及变异程度明显高于下层土壤。(3)土地利用方式对土壤有机碳和全氮的空间分布有重要影响,灌木林和天然草地土壤有机碳和全氮水平最高,弃耕地其次,梯田、果园、人工草地最低,表明退耕还林对提高土壤碳氮水平有重要贡献。 相似文献
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采用GIS技术和地统计学相结合的方法对河北沧州果品主产区献县、泊头、沧县3个县表层土壤(0～20 cm)砷的空间分异特征进行了分析。结果表明:3个县表层土壤砷的平均值为12.46 mg kg-1,砷污染存在的风险较低。土壤砷最优理论模型为指数模型,空间结构上具有中等程度空间相关性,说明其空间变异主要是由母质、地形、土壤类型等结构性因素引起的。各向异性分析表明地质背景、河流和飘尘可能影响着土壤砷的分布。Kriging插图结果直观的反映出研究区内土壤砷的空间变异特征。调查结果显示含砷污水的农田灌溉,含砷煤燃烧产生的大气降尘,含砷农药、化肥的使用等是影响土壤砷分布的人为因素。 相似文献
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科尔沁沙地沙质草场土壤水分对干旱和降雨响应的空间变异性 总被引：12，自引：8，他引：12
采用地统计学的方法,研究了科尔沁沙地沙质草场土壤含水量对干旱和降雨响应的空间变异规律。结果表明,干旱时沙质草场表层(0～20cm)、亚表层(20～40cm)土壤含水量可很好地拟合成球状模型和指数模型,在1～2．26m,1～6．63m的中等尺度范围内表现出很高的空间自相关性,空间自相关度分别为0．92,0．87．分维数均表现出较弱的空间依赖性．分别为1．99,1．94,两层土壤含水量变异特征差异小,土壤水分的空间变异性强,破碎化程度高。降雨后沙质草场土壤表层、亚表层土壤含水量可很好地拟合成指数模型和球状模型,也具有空间结构特征,空间自相关度分别为0．62,0．98,变程分别为181．80m,4．55m,分维数为1．91,1．99,再有土壤水分空间格局图分析,表层土壤含水量空间变异性小,亚表层空间变异性大,两层土壤含水量变异特征存在明显差异。干旱时与降雨后沙质草场表层土壤水分统计特征、变异函数模型和参数、分维数和土壤水分空间格局分布图存在显著的差异,而亚表层差异较小。一定强度的降雨在短期内只能削弱处于干旱时沙质草场表层土壤水分的空间变异性,使其表层土壤水分破碎化程度、空间变异性减弱,而对土壤深层的水分补充和影响有限。 相似文献
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土壤属性预测中Kriging参数对插值精度的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了有效提高土壤属性预测中的Kriging插值精度,研究借助GS+5.1和ArcGIS 9.3等软件来分析河南省西平县宋集乡土壤全磷和有机质在不同参数条件下的Kriging插值精度,结果表明:决定系数R2最大的变异函数模型,插值结果误差不一定最低、平滑效应不一定最弱,需比较分析插值结果以选择合适的模型;近距离实验变异函数值r#(h)的拟合对提高Kriging插值精度具有重要意义,拟合变异函数理论模型时,除综合考虑各个r(h)#的拟合程度外,同时对近距离r(h)#应给予足够的重视;插值的最佳邻域样本量一般在内层和次内层邻域样本权重达到平稳时取得,对于样本点空间分布相同的不同土壤属性,空间相关性较弱(块金系数较大)的土壤属性,其Kriging插值的最佳邻域样本量较大。 相似文献
7.
太行山山前坡地不同土地利用方式下土壤水分的时空变异特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
以济源试区坡耕地、苹果园、果农复合系统、退耕还林地、刺槐林地5个邻接农林模式为研究对象,用时域反射仪(TDR)测定坡面不同农林模式雨季前、雨季中和雨季后表层土壤(0-30 cm)含水量,分析表层土壤水分分布特征及其时空变异特征。结果表明:由于受不同坡位、不同植被类型的影响,土壤表层含水量从坡顶到坡底逐渐增加;雨季前后土壤表层含水量的半方差理论函数均呈球状模型,块金值变化并不明显,其值分别为0.25和0.30,独立间距分别为99.7 m和87.6 m,土壤水分具有强烈的空间自相关性,存在很好的分形特征,分形维数分别为1.71和1.74,变异均主要是由空间自相关部分引起。雨季中土壤表层含水量的半方差函数呈直线模型,土壤水分空间变异表现出随距离增加而增加,分形维数为1.40。 相似文献
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农田土壤颗粒组成及其剖面分层的空间变异分析 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：23
对60m55m的农田尺度上100个取样点土壤颗粒组成及剖面层次的空间变异性的传统统计分析表明,各属性的变异系数属中等强度。半方差函数模型均为球状模型,各属性具有一定的空间相关性,并表现有一定的各向异性。在对土壤颗粒组成及剖面层次空间分布趋势分析的基础上,根据半方差函数模型,对各属性选择不同趋势和异向性的普通Kriging内插值比较的结果表明,考虑变量在空间分布趋势和异向性的插值结果比不考虑要好。在以上分析基础上,利用Kriging内插值绘制各层深度和颗粒组成的等值线图,并分析了其空间分布规律。 相似文献
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苏北优势农业区土壤砷含量空间变异性研究 总被引：8，自引：2，他引：6
为研究江苏北部优势农业区土壤砷含量的空间变异性并分析引起其空间变异的原因,该文采用经典统计学和地质统计学相结合的方法对土壤中砷含量进行了分析.在对原始数据进行探索性空间分析的基础上,采用加权多项式回归法及交叉验证法,对球形、指数、高斯模型拟合实验半变异函数的结果进行评价,并根据评价结果选择了带块金效应的高斯模型作为实验半变异函数的拟合模型.采用普通克里格法对苏北优势农业区土壤砷含量空间分布情况进行插值计算,结果表明苏北优势农业区土壤砷含量存在明显空间相关性并且实验半变异函数表现为各向同性.区域内土壤砷含量最高的区域在研究区的西北部,而最低值在研究区的中北部.劣质水灌溉是引起这种变异的主要原因. 相似文献
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县域是实施农业绿色发展的基本单元,农田土壤中不仅耕层的有机质含量会对土壤肥力产生影响,深层有机质的作用也不可忽略,精确估算基于县域尺度农田深层有机质含量具有重要意义。该研究选定位于山西省运城市的永济市农田为研究区,采用多点混合取样法,获取了8个样地剖面的18层数据,共144个混合土样的有机质含量数据,建立了表层(0～20 cm)有机质含量估算深层有机质含量的模型,并进行深层有机质含量的估算。基于半变异函数、空间自相关理论分析了0～30、30～60、60～90、90～120、120～150和150～180 cm土层有机质含量的空间相关性和聚集特征,并进行了相关性检验,采用克里格插值方法对研究区农田各土层的有机质含量进行了预测。结果表明:1)土壤有机质含量随深度的增加呈负指数递减(R2=0.80,P0.01),各土层的有机质含量变异系数介于35.89%～47.84%之间,处于中等变异程度。2)通过建立的估算模型可以通过表层有机质含量估算出任意深度的有机质含量,且拟合精度R2达到了0.90(P0.01)。3)指数模型是反映该区域有机质含量空间结构特征的最佳模型(R20.80,RSS0.001),各土层的有机质含量均表现出了中等程度结构性特征,和空间正相关性特征(Moran’s I=0.26,P0.01),并存在显著的空间聚集特征和异常值现象。4)克里格插值可以较好地进行研究区各层有机质含量的预测,预测精度较高,稳定性较好,为县域尺度深层有机质的估算,调整农艺措施、提高土壤肥力、达到土壤减肥增效、绿色增产增效提供依据。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):715-723
Abstract An ammonium determination, based on formation of a substituted indophenol with sodiumsalicylate as phenolic reagent, has been reexamined. An increase of 70% in absorbancy compared with existing salicylate methods in soil science, and an increase in reproducibility compared with pre‐existing equivalent methods in other disciplines were obtained. The method can be applied satisfactorily for ammonium in 2M KCl soil extracts and soil and plant digests. The use of salicylate in place of phenol is advised for safety reasons. 相似文献
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通过盆栽试验,研究了硝化抑制剂硫脲对花生的生物量、叶片金属离子含量、叶绿素含量、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性和丙二醛（MDA）含量的影响。结果表明,在低浓度硫脲范围内,其对花生的生长有明显的促进作用,叶片叶绿素含量较高,3种酶的活性随硫脲浓度的增加而升高,体内MDA含量随硫脲浓度的增加而降低;但当硫脲浓度达到5．0mmol·kg^-1。土时,对植株和根系的生长产生了明显的抑制作用,叶片叶绿素含量明显降低,3种酶的活性明显降低,体内MDA的含量显著增加,表明此时硫脲对花生产生了明显的胁迫和毒害作用。 相似文献
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《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):2403-2411
Abstract Glasshouse experiments showed that the weed “barnyardgrass” (Echinochloa crus‐galli) competes for nitrogen (N) with tomato and pepper crops. Competition was more severe with pepper than with tomato, and greater in both crops the earlier the weed emerged or the longer it grew with the crops. This competition affected growth attributes, fruit yield and its components, and N uptake in both crops. Shoot N content was also affected in pepper. Significant damage to both crops occurred even when weed emergence was as late in the crop growth season as the beginning of flowering. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(9-10):831-835
Abstract Positive interference by amino acids in the determination of ammonium in soil extracts by automated indophenol methods can be minimised by using the nitroprusside catalysed reaction. Hydrolysis of amino acids is virtually eliminated because this reaction enables the use of low sample volumes, reagent concentrations and reaction temperatures. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(11):1189-1198
Abstract Steam distillation of 2 M KCl extracts of soil showed low recovery of NO3‐N when compared with an automated method for NO3‐N determination. The low recoveries were more pronounced in extracts where a soil:solution ratio of 1:2.5 had been used. In extracts where the Mg2+ content was in excess of 0.02 M Mg, recoveries of added NO3‐N could be as low as 25%. Increasing the amount of Devarda's alloy or using a 1:10 soil:solution extraction ratio overcame the problem of low NO3‐N recovery. Calcium salts did not interfere in the recovery of added NO3‐N. 相似文献
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Yokoyama WH Knuckles BE Davis PA Daggy BP 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(26):7726-7730
Methylcellulose (MC) is ingested by humans in food and pharmaceutical formulations. The functional properties of MC like those of other linear polymers depend primarily on polymer length or molar mass for largely linear polymers. Although many studies in animals and humans have shown complete excretion of MC, in vitro human fecal fermentation studies indicate that MC can be degraded and presumably lose some of its functionality. In this study, MC polymer distribution in the feces from rats fed a diet containing 8% methylcellulose were compared to the fed MC. The water-soluble polymers in the feces were separated by a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and the polymer distributions determined by multiple angle laser light scattering (MALLS). Detection of the fluorescent MC-calcofluor complex was used to confirm the identity of the eluting MC peak. All dietary MC was recovered in the feces. There is a small shift (P < 0.06) in the weight-averaged molecular weight of polymer distribution of MC extracted from the feces to 2.71 +/- 0.15 x 10(5) g/mol from 3.15 +/- 0.02 x 10(5) g/mol in the standard. There is also an increase in the polydispersity from 1.21 in the standard to 1.8 in the fecal extract. The distribution of the substituted methoxylated glucose monomers by gas chromatography also confirms the stability of MC fed to rats. The amount of actual hydrolysis is estimated to be about 0.1 glycosidic linkage/molecule. MC is not easily determined by standard dietary fiber methods, and SEC with MALLS and/or fluorescence may be a useful alternative. 相似文献
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Previous investigations had shown that about 80 years of Norway spruce monoculture on an ochreous brown earth of the Belgian Ardennes were sufficient to accentuate the weak podzolization process already present in the climax beechwood soil and to increase the weathering of several minerals, e.g. 2:2 clay minerals. In order to evaluate more accurately mineral weathering and spruce-induced losses of nutrient elements, an isoquartz assessment method has been applied to a pair of soil profiles, one developed under beech, the other under spruce.
Results show a clear decrease of several weatherable minerals in the soil of the spruce stand which was more marked than in the beechwood, especially for chloritic minerals: losses reach about 30% of the initial chlorite content in the cambic horizon and regularly increase up to 70% in the humic layer. There were severe spruce-induced losses of Mg and Na: 27% of the initial Mg reserve was removed from the whole soil and the losses reached 60% in the upper 20 cm.
It is concluded that 86 years of Norway spruce monoculture have appreciably increased weathering processes and removal of elements. 相似文献
Results show a clear decrease of several weatherable minerals in the soil of the spruce stand which was more marked than in the beechwood, especially for chloritic minerals: losses reach about 30% of the initial chlorite content in the cambic horizon and regularly increase up to 70% in the humic layer. There were severe spruce-induced losses of Mg and Na: 27% of the initial Mg reserve was removed from the whole soil and the losses reached 60% in the upper 20 cm.
It is concluded that 86 years of Norway spruce monoculture have appreciably increased weathering processes and removal of elements. 相似文献
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