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1.
The nutritional value of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) can be improved by the introgression of β-carotene (i.e., provitamin A and/or orange flesh) genes from “Xishuangbanna gourd” (XIS; Cucumis sativus var. xishuangbannanesis Qi et Yuan) into US pickling cucumber. However, the genetics of β-carotene content has not been clearly defined in this US market type. Thus, three previous populations derived from a US pickling cucumber (‘Addis’) × XIS mating were evaluated for β-carotene content, from which the high β-carotene inbred line (S4), ‘EOM 402-10’, was developed. A cross was then made between the US pickling cucumber inbred line ‘Gy7’ [gynoecious, no β-carotene, white flesh; P1] and ‘EOM 402-10’ [monoecious, possessing β-carotene, orange flesh; P2] to determine the inheritance of β-carotene in fruit mesocarp and endocarp tissue. Parents and derived cross-progenies (F1, F2, BC1P1, and BC1P2) were evaluated for β-carotene content in a greenhouse in Madison, Wisconsin. While F1 and BC1P1 progeny produced mature fruits possessing white, light-green, and green (0.01–0.02 μg g−1 β-carotene) mesocarp, the F2 and BC1P2 progeny mesocarp segregated in various hues of white, green, yellow (0.01–0.34 μg g−1 β-carotene), and orange (1.90–2.72 μg g−1 β-carotene). Mesocarp and endocarp F2 segregation adequately fit a 15:1 [low-β-carotene (0.01–0.34 μg g−1): high-β-carotene (1.90–2.72 μg g−1)] and 3:1 (low-β-carotene: high-β-carotene) ratio, respectively. Likewise, segregation of carotene concentration in mesocarp and endocarp tissues in BC1P2 progeny adequately fit a 3:1 (low-β-carotene: high-β-carotene) and 1:1 (low-β-carotene: high-β-carotene) ratio, respectively. Progeny segregations indicate that two recessive genes control the β-carotene content in the mesocarp, while one recessive gene controls β-carotene content in the endocarp. Single marker analysis of F2 progeny using the carotenoid biosynthesis gene Phytoene synthase determined that there was no association between this gene and the observed β-carotene variation in either fruit mesocarp or endocarp.  相似文献   

2.
Micronutrient malnutrition, especially selenium (Se), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) deficiency, is a major global health problem. Previous attempts to prevent micronutrient malnutrition through food fortification, supplementation, and enrichment of staple crops has had limited success. Canadian grown lentils are rich in micronutrients Fe (73–90 mg kg−1), Zn (44–54 mg kg−1), Se (425–673 μg kg−1), and have very low concentrations of phytic acid (2.5–4.4 mg g−1). Our preliminary studies using a Caco-2 cell model show that the uptake of Fe from lentils is relatively greater than that of most other staple food crops. Moreover, preliminary results from our human nutrition study in Sri Lanka show an increased trend in blood Se concentration after lentil consumption. This article briefly overviews our previously published results as well as data from international lentil field trials, and describes the potential for biofortified lentil to provide a whole food solution to combat global human micronutrient malnutrition.  相似文献   

3.
Glucosinolate levels in leaves were determined in a collection of 36 varieties of nabicol (Brassica napus pabularia group) from northwestern Spain grown at two locations. Crude protein, acid detergent fibre, and sensory traits were also assessed by a consumer panel. The objectives were to determine the diversity among varieties in total glucosinolate content and glucosinolate profile and to evaluate their sensory attributes in relation to glucosinolate content for breeding purposes. Eight glucosinolates were identified, being the aliphatic glucosinolates, glucobrassicanapin, progoitrin, and gluconapin the most abundant. Glucosinolate composition varied between locations although the glucosinolate pattern was not significantly influenced. Differences in total glucosinolate content, glucosinolate profile, protein, acid detergent fibre, and flavour were found among varieties. The total glucosinolate content ranged from 1.4 μmol g−1 to 41.0 μmol g−1 dw at one location and from 1.2 μmol g−1 to 7.6 μmol g−1 dw at the other location. Sensory analysis comparing bitterness and flavour with variation in glucosinolate, gluconapin, progoitrin, and glucobrassicanapin concentrations suggested that other phytochemicals are probably involved on the characteristic flavour. The variety MBG-BRS0035 had high total glucosinolate, glucobrassicanapin, and gluconapin contents at both locations and could be included in breeding programs to improve the nutritional value of this vegetable crop.  相似文献   

4.
The presence of high levels of sinigrin in the seeds represents a serious constraint for the commercial utilisation of Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) meal. The objective of this research was the introgression of genes for low glucosinolate content from B. juncea into B. carinata. BC1F1 seed from crosses between double zero B. juncea line Heera and B. carinata line N2-142 was produced. Simultaneous selection for B. carinata phenotype and low glucosinolate content was conducted from BC1F2 to BC1F4 plant generations. Forty-three BC1F4 derived lines were selected and subject to a detailed phenotypic and molecular evaluation to identify lines with low glucosinolate content and genetic proximity to B. carinata. Sixteen phenotypic traits and 80 SSR markers were used. Eight BC1F4 derived lines were very close to N2-142 both at the phenotypic and molecular level. Three of them, with average glucosinolate contents from 52 to 61 micromoles g−1, compared to 35 micromoles g−1 for Heera and 86 micromoles g−1 for N2-142, were selected and evaluated in two additional environments, resulting in average glucosinolate contents from 43 to 56 micromoles g−1, compared to 29 micromoles g−1 for Heera and 84 micromoles g−1 for N2-142. The best line (BCH-1773), with a glucosinolate profile made up of sinigrin (>95%) and a chromosome number of 2n = 34, was further evaluated in two environments (field and pots in open-air conditions). Average glucosinolate contents over the four environments included in this research were 42, 31 and 74 micromoles g−1 for BCH-1773, Heera and N2-142, respectively. These are the lowest stable levels of glucosinolates reported so far in B. carinata.  相似文献   

5.
The pea crop (Pisum sativum L.) is a convenient source of plant protein for animal feeding. The objective of this research was to evaluate field pea breeding lines for agronomic performance and seed quality focussed to their use in a sustainable production. Thirty-five field pea breeding lines and six elite cultivars were evaluated for their agronomic value in field in Spain upon 20 traits related to flower, cycle, plant architecture, productivity and seed quality. The lines showed significant differences in all the quantitative traits evaluated and three of them, namely MB-0307, MB-0308, and MB-0319 were chosen to be evaluated, together with the advanced cultivar ZP-1233, in field and in growing chamber for agronomic performance, seed quality and ability for sustainable production. The four accessions displayed high seed protein content that had significant effect of cropping density with averages of 253.6 g kg−1 under low cropping density of 60 plants m−2 and 259.1 g kg−1 under high cropping density of 90 plants m−2, therefore, the low cropping density should be regarded as the most convenient. Average yield of the lines MB-0307, MB-0308 and MB-0319 and the cultivar ZP-1233 was fair (197.5 g m−2), probably due to the absence of fertilizers and irrigation, aiming for the sustainability of the crop. Intercropping with rye and herbicide application resulted in no differences on the seed yield; therefore, the ability of the breeding lines to grow without herbicide seems to be demonstrated, while the germination of the seeds at low temperature was very good. These results indicate that field pea could be a new protein crop in the North of Spain to satisfy the demand of plant protein for animal feed, based upon adapted breeding lines that combine the ability for growing under sustainable conditions with other desirable agronomic traits maintaining an adequate productivity.  相似文献   

6.
Variations in the sugar, organic acid, and amino acid composition of table grape berries were determined in three successive years in 129 grape cultivars. Three regional groups were represented among these cultivars; European, North American, and Japanese. All cultivars are conserved at the Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center in Japan. Three representative ripe average-sized bunches were selected from one vine per cultivar. Ripeness was judged by visual observation of seed color change to dark brown, without senescence of berry tissue. Soluble solids content (SSC) was weakly correlated with other berry traits, but strongly correlated with total sugar content. Genotypic variance (σ g 2) was significant for all berry traits, especially for α ratio (sugar composition) and γ ratio (amino acid composition). The yearly effect (σ y 2) was significant for SSC, total sugar content, and total amino acid content but not for α ratio, titratable acidity, β ratio (organic acid composition) and γ ratio. Repeatabilities over the 3 years were very high for α ratio and γ ratio, while they were low for SSC, total sugar content, titratable acidity, β ratio, and amino acid content. Correlation coefficients between the values of each individual year and the 3-year mean were relatively high for the α ratio and γ ratio. We highlight the varietal differences in the α ratio and γ ratio because of the low environmental variation. Two types of grape were distinguished on the basis of sugar composition: hexose accumulators (α ratio ≥ 0.81) and sucrose accumulators (α ratio ≤ 0.80). The hexose- and sucrose-accumulating traits were related to genetic or regional differences. Cultivars were classified into five types on the basis of the γ ratio. Like the α ratio, variation in the γ ratio is closely related to cultivar parentage and regional differences. Vitis vinifera cultivars exhibited a skewed distribution with a γ ratio below 1.0 because they contain low levels of sweet amino acids. In contrast, the γ ratio frequently exceeded 1.5 in American hybrid cultivars because they contain high levels of sweet amino acids.  相似文献   

7.
High concentration of reduced iron (Fe2+) in waterlogged acid soils is a constraint for growing wheat in high rainfall (waterlogged-prone) areas of Western Australia. Growing crop genotypes tolerant to high Fe2+ concentrations may be desirable in such situations, but there is no knowledge about the extent of variability in Fe2+ tolerance in the wheat germplasm. A bioassay for tolerance to high concentrations of iron in wheat was developed and optimised using Siete Cerros (Fe-tolerant) and BH1146 (Fe-intolerant) as control genotypes and a range of FeSO4 concentrations (36, 313, 625, 1250, 1875, 2500 and 3125 μM Fe2+) in nutrient solution in a controlled-temperature environment. Increasing external concentration of iron decreased both shoot and root dry weight, increased shoot iron concentration and intensified the development of toxicity symptoms to a greater degree in intolerant BH1146 as compared to tolerant Siete Cerros. Increased iron supply negatively affected uptake of Ca (r = −0.41) and Mg (r = −0.40). The tolerant genotype Siete Cerros showed an improved avoidance/exclusion of high external concentration of Fe2+ compared with intolerant BH1146. The genotypic discrimination based on relative root dry weight and the development of toxicity symptoms was most pronounced at 625 μM Fe2+. This concentration was chosen for screening of 20 bread wheat and one durum genotype chosen from a preliminary screening of 94 Australian wheat genotypes. A relatively narrow but significant variation (22–38%) in terms of relative root dry weight under Fe2+ toxicity was observed among Australian advanced breeding lines and varieties. The presence of genotypic variation for Fe2+ tolerance across and within the Australian breeding programs could be exploited in a deliberate selection process to enhance Fe2+ tolerance in wheat. Durum wheat (Arrivato) and several Australian wheat varieties and advanced lines in this study were as tolerant to Fe2+ toxicity as Siete Cerros, a variety representing common parentage of iron-tolerant genotypes.  相似文献   

8.
Sea level quinoas are grown at low altitudes in Central and Southern Chile. Both sensitivity to photoperiod and response to temperature largely determine quinoa adaptation, but crop biomass production must be quantified to evaluate agronomic performance. The objectives of this work are: (i) to characterize development effects on leaf area evolution for genotypes of sea level quinoa differing in cycle length, (ii) to quantify the extinction coefficient (k) for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) from emergence up to the beginning of grain filling and (iii) to identify which crop attributes related to canopy architecture should be considered to improve biomass production. Four cultivars (NL-6, RU-5, CO-407 and Faro) were cropped in Pergamino (33°56′S, 60°35′W, 65 m a.s.l.), Argentina, at three densities (from 22 to 66 plants m−2) in two consecutive years under field conditions with adequate water and nutrient supply. Thermal time to first anthesis and maximum leaf number on the main stem were linearly correlated (r2 = 0.87; p < 0.0001). Leaf area continued to increase during the flowering phase, notably in NL-6, the earliest genotype. There were significant differences in maximum plant leaf area between cultivars. Increasing density reduced plant leaf area but effects were comparatively small. Estimated k was 0.59 ± 0.02 across genotypes and was higher (p < 0.05) for 66 plants m−2. Values for RUE changed as cumulative intercepted PAR (IPAR) increased; at initial stages of development RUE was 1.25 ± 0.09 g MJ IPAR−1, but if cumulative IPAR was higher than 107.5 ± 10.4 MJ IPAR m−2, RUE was 2.68 ± 0.15 g MJ IPAR−1. That change occurred when leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of PAR intercepted were still low and ranged from 0.61 to 1.38 and from 0.33 to 0.51, respectively. No significant association was found with any developmental stage. Our results agreed to the notion that RUE variation during pre-anthesis phases is largely determined by LAI through its effect on radiation distribution within the canopy. Biomass production could be improved if periods of interception below 50% of incoming PAR were reduced to ensure high RUE. This seems to be possible in temperate areas both by the use of late genotypes with a higher number of leaves on the main stem and by early genotypes provided adequate plant density is chosen. Early increment in LAI and overlapping of the leaf area increase period with the flowering phase are desirable strategies for earliest genotypes to maximize yield.  相似文献   

9.
Hot pepper is the most important worldwide grown and consumed spice and vegetable crop. Though hybrid breeding has been proposed for genetic improvement in the crop, but there is lack of information on heterosis in crosses among crop genotypes in Ethiopia. Twelve genotypes (nine Asian and three Ethiopian parents) of hot pepper were crossed in 2003 cropping season in a half-diallel fashion to fit Griffing’s fixed effect model analysis. An open field experiment was conducted in 2004/2005 to investigate heterosis for fourteen traits in 66 F1 hybrids grown together with their 12 selfed parents. Highly significant genotypic differences were observed for all the traits except for leaf area. Variance component due to specific combining ability (dominance) were larger than that due to general combining ability (additive) for each of the studied traits with few exceptions. Broad sense heritability (H b2) for fruit traits were more than 60% and with wide gap from narrow sense heritability (h n2) for most of the important traits like number of fruit per plant (H b2 = 88.3% and h n2 = 46.0%), days to maturity (H b2 = 87.2% and h n2 = 23.1%) and dry fruit yield per plant (H b2 = 72.6% and h n2 = 14.6%). Maximum heterosis over mid-parent and better-parent, and economic superiority of hybrid over standard check were recorded, respectively for dry fruit yield per plant (163.8, 161.8 and 92.1%), number of fruits per plant (104.4, 79.6 and 136.4%) and days to maturity (−29.8, −31.5 and −23.6%). These observations suggested a possibility of utilizing dominance genetic potentiality available in diverse genotypes of the crop by heterosis breeding for improving hot pepper to the extent of better economic return compared to the current commercial cultivar under production in the country. Low narrow sense versus very high broad sense heritability for days to maturity and dry fruit yield per plant could be a sign for achievability of earliness and high fruit yield using heterosis in hot pepper. The maximum heterobeltiosis were recorded either from F1s obtained from Ethiopian and Asian crosses or from within Asian crosses, suggesting the possibility of maximizing heterosis by considering genetically diverse parental genotypes. The manifestation of highest heterosis in hybrids from among Asian lines indicated existence of genetic diversity among Asian genotypes and the potentiality for improvement of hot pepper using genotypes from different regions of the world along with elite inbred lines from local cultivars.  相似文献   

10.
The Indian groundnut cultivars have a narrow genetic base. Hence, it was of interest to investigate the genetic variability among wild Arachis species and their accessions for tolerance to thermal stress. A wide variation was observed in leaf morphological characters such as colour, shape, hairiness, length and width and thickness (SLA). The temperature and time required for 50% leaf injury was worked out with limited number of genotypes and was found to be 54°C for 50 min. Among 36 genotypes (having SLA in the range of 66 and 161 cm2 g−1) screened, the inherent potential for cold as well as heat tolerance in terms of relative leaf injury (RI) was observed. Thus, based on RI-values, A. glabrata 11824 and A. paraguariensis 12042 were identified as heat-tolerant and cold-tolerant genotypes, respectively while A. appresipila 11786 was found to be susceptible to both heat and cold. Correlation between SLA and RI values for heat (r = 0.38, P < 0.05) and cold (r = 0.52, P < 0.05) tolerance was positive, indicating that thicker the leaf the lower the injury or higher the tolerance. Among six species and 13 accessions, comprising both heat-tolerant and heat- susceptible genotypes, the concentrations of various leaf chemical constituents such as total protein, phenols, sugars, reducing sugar, amino acids, proline, epicuticular wax load and chlorophyll varied significantly. The epicuticular wax load ranged between 1.1 and 2.5 mg dm2 among 13 A.glabrata accessions. These accessions were categorized into two groups, i.e. high-wax (range: 2.0–2.5 mg dm2) and low-wax types (range: 1.1–1.6 mg dm2). The high-wax type showed a higher diffusion resistance (dr) as compared to low-wax type; though the transpiration rate (tr) in high-wax type was moderate (between 9.5 and 11.6 μg cm−2 s−1). Genetic variability in parameters such as canopy temperature, dr and tr was also distinct. The fully turgid leaves with relative water content ≥91%, showed leaf water potential (ψleaf) between −0.7 and −1.2 MPa. Results indicated that the plants with thicker leaves are better protected from heat injuries. Further, epicuticular wax load seems to help in maintaining stomatal regulation and leaf water relations, thus affording adaptation to wild Arachis species to thrive under water-limited environments. The sources of tolerance, as identified in this study, could be utilized to improve thermal tolerance of the groundnut cultivars by intra-specific hybridization, following either conventional breeding using embryo rescue techniques, if required or utilizing biotechnological tools.  相似文献   

11.
We estimated genetic and environmental variance components for fruit quality traits (cluster weight, berry weight, soluble solids content, total sugar content, sugar composition, free acid content, total amino acid content, amino acid composition), and a functional trait (gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) content) of three commercial tetraploid table grape cultivars (Kyoho, Pione, Suiho) grown in Japan over three successive years. ANOVA showed that the effect of genotype was significant (P < 0.05) for all traits except soluble solids content and total sugar content. The effect of the year was significant for all traits except amino acid composition (γ ratio) and GABA content. The variance of genotype (σ g 2) was highest for γ ratio (63.6%), high in sugar composition (α ratio, 60.3%) and GABA content (58.8%), and negligible for soluble solids content (0.0%) and total sugar content (0.0%). The variance of among years (σ y 2) was very high in soluble solids content (82.8%), high in total sugar content (60.2%) and negligibly small in γ ratio (8.7%) and GABA content (6.4%). Some effects of genotype × year interaction, among vines within genotypes, and vine × year interaction were statistically significant, but these components were negligibly small. Except for soluble solids content and total sugar content, significant varietal differences in the traits were recorded. Variance estimates for each trait provides useful information for optimal yearly repetition to effectively discriminate genetic differences in fruit quality and functional traits for improving future tetraploid table grape breeding programs.  相似文献   

12.
The genetic gain of oats in Italy over the past 40 years was evaluated using 14 cultivars belonging to three different groups: (i) five cultivars derived from local populations at the beginning of the oat breeding in Italy; (ii) four foreign cultivars, introduced in Italy in the 1980s; (iii) five modern cultivars, selected through specific breeding programmes. The genotypes were tested for 2 years in three locations characterised by different climatic conditions and agricultural practices; furthermore in one location in Southern Italy, irrigated and rainfed plots were compared. Genetic gain was estimated equal to 3.6 g m−2 y−1 based on eight environments. The performance of the most recent cultivars was high under both irrigated and rainfed conditions, showing a good adaptation of these genotypes to both fertile and drought prone environments. Finally, yield increase in oats was found to be negatively correlated with plant height and positively correlated with test weight and seed weight.  相似文献   

13.
Preharvest aflatoxin (AF) contamination by Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr is one of the main limitations for maize (Zea mays, L.) production in the southern USA, causing enormous economic losses and posing a risk to animal and human health. The objectives of this study were (1) to estimate aflatoxin accumulation and expression of associated traits in quality protein maize (QPM) inbreds and their testcrosses, (2) to compute their repeatabilities and correlations, and (3) to study the relationship between inbred lines and their testcrosses for aflatoxin accumulation. Forty-eight inbreds and their testcrosses plus checks were grown in one and three locations in south and central Texas, respectively. Aflatoxin concentration was evaluated in the plants following inoculation with A. flavus. Average aflatoxin concentration overall for inbreds was 286.3 ng g−1, and for testcrosses 596.5 ng g−1 at Corpus Christi, TX, 325.1 ng g−1 at Weslaco, TX, and 105.1 ng g−1 at College Station, TX. Flinty orange inbreds developed from CIMMYT Population 69 were the least susceptible to aflatoxin accumulation in both inbreds and testcrosses at all locations. Repeatability for aflatoxin was 0.67 in inbreds at Weslaco, TX and 0.54 in testcrosses across locations. Aflatoxin in testcrosses was positively correlated both phenotycally and genotypically with endosperm texture and kernel integrity, and negatively correlated with grain yield and silking date. Less aflatoxin accumulation was associated with flinty endosperm texture, better kernel integrity, and later maturities. Association between the expression of traits in inbreds and aflatoxin in testcrosses was relatively high for endosperm texture (R 2 = 0.62), silking date (R 2 = 0.44), kernel integrity (R 2 = 0.39), and aflatoxin (R 2 = 0.60 for log ng g−1). It seems plausible to select for associated traits having high heritabilities and strong correlation with aflatoxin, in addition to low aflatoxin accumulation in inbreds and hybrids to reduce the risk of aflatoxin contamination.  相似文献   

14.
The agricultural use of water is higher than 85% in the western USA, resulting in an increasing water deficit in the region; this situation is commonly encountered throughout the world where irrigated and irrigation-assisted production systems are operational. The objective of this study was to examine differences among dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) landraces and cultivars in terms of water use efficiency (WUE), subsequently identifying those with a high water use efficiency. Six medium-seeded (25–40 g 100 seed wt−1) landraces and cultivars of pinto and red market classes were evaluated in intermittent drought-stressed (DS) and non-stressed (NS) environments at Kimberly, Idaho, USA in 2003 and 2004. Each market class comprised one each of a landrace and old and new cultivars. Mean evapotranspiration (ET) in the NS environment was 384 mm in 2003 and 432 mm in 2004; the respective ET values in the DS environment were 309 and 268 mm. Mean seed yield was higher in the DS (2678 kg ha−1) and NS (3779 kg ha−1) environments in 2004 than in 2003 (688 and 1800 kg ha−1, respectively). Under severe drought stress in 2003, WUE in the pinto bean ranged from 1.5 for the Common Pinto landrace to 4.4 kg ha−1 mm−1 water for cv. Othello. The Common Red Mexican landrace had the highest WUE (3.7), followed by cvs. NW 63 (2.8) and UI 259 (1.4) in the red market class. Under favorable milder climatic conditions in 2004, the mean WUE value was 10 kg ha−1 mm−1 water in the DS environment and 8.7 kg ha−1 mm−1 water in the NS environment. We conclude that dry bean landraces and cultivars with high WUE should be used to reduce dependence on irrigation water and to develop drought-resistant cultivars to maximize yield and WUE.  相似文献   

15.
The variation among some barley germplasm (Giza 123, Giza 127, Giza 130, Desert, and Sinai) was investigated comparatively at the molecular and biochemical levels. Leaf DNAs extracted from different barley germplasm were amplified with randomly chosen primers in a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Only five primers amplified all DNA templates among 15 primers. Primers generated a total of 112 DNA fragments ranged from 1.2 to 0.1 kbp. Out of the 112 fragments, 16 (14.29%) were polymorphic. The result indicated that fragments generated per primer, with an average of 22.4 products, where the number of polymorphic bands per primer, with an average of 3.2 polymorphic bands. In addition, the genetic variation in the anti-nutritional factors and nutrient composition of the same genotypes were determined. A wide variation in total phenolic, phytic, tannin, vicine, and saponin contents was found among these germplasm. The range of total phenolic was 3.83 to 7.50 mg g−1 d.w. Among all germplasm, Desert germplasm was characterized by the highest tannin content. However, saponin ranged between 5.66 mg g−1 d.w. (in Giza 123) to 9.21 mg g−1 d.w (in Sinai) germplasm. The concentrations of the phytic acid were generally low, ranging between 0.99 to 6.78 mg g−1 d.w. The germplasm Desert and Sinai had the highest level of vicine, 1.89 and 1.87 mg g−1 d.w., respectively. The results of the molecular characterization and anti-nutritional content can be used as the starting point needed to identify the valuable Egyptian barley germplasm.  相似文献   

16.
Variation in the ability o) 60 rice (Oryza saliva L.) varieties and three wild species to accumulate abscisic acid (ABA) in response to drought stress, drought-induced ABA accumulation (DIAA), was assessed using a standard detached-leaf lest. The range in DIAA amongst these genotypes was compared with the range amongst F2 plants and F6, lines derived from the O. saliva cross ‘IR20’ב63–83’ which were selected through several generations solely on the basis of differences in DIAA. ABA was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or by gas chromatography (GC). DIAA in the 60 varieties was normally distributed with a six-fold range, from 245 to 1580 ng g?1 FW. Wild species varied two-fold in DIAA, from 375 to 889 ng g?1 FW. DIAA in F2 plants from the ‘1R20’ב63–83’ cross was also normally distributed. The extremes of DIAA for the low-ABA and higb-ABA F6 lines (330 and 1435ng g?1 FW) were similar to those for the varieties. Measurements by RIA and GC gave similar results. These findings are discussed in the context of producing further sets of closely-related genotypes with similar leaf areas to study the association between DIAA and water-use efficiency.  相似文献   

17.
Fruit from the annual replicated yield assessments for the USDA-ARS strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) breeding program at Beltsville, MD, 2007 and 2008, were evaluated for postharvest decay development after storage at 5 °C. Generalized linear genotype × year mixed model analysis of covariance with overdispersed binomial distribution, logit link function, and Laplace optimization method was used to determine the relationships between postharvest proportion decay and storage period (SP), season’s harvest number (HN), and genotype-specific harvest number through the season; conditioned on the confounding of harvest with SP. To determine if limiting analyses to replicates (plot × harvest combinations) with a minimum number of berries would increase statistical precision, concurrent analyses were conducted using data from replicates with more than: zero, three, and six berries. Limiting data to genotypes for which more than three or more than six berries could be evaluated, resulted in loss of data and reduced statistical power. Within the range of SP observed, 13–19 days, consistency among genotypes of the linear relationship between SP and logit postharvest proportion decay, unless strongly influenced by a confounded harvest effect, indicated all SP in the range tested provided equivalent ability to discern genotypes. The significant genotype × HN interaction effect indicated maximizing the number of harvests was preferable to limiting to a few “informative” harvests. The significant genotype × year interaction effect indicated the decision to release a genotype as a cultivar will demand multiple years of evaluation. Making determinations each year to discard genotypes or use them as parents for postharvest quality was best facilitated by the simple process of calculating arithmetic genotypic means for each harvest date separately, charting the results, and using the charts to visually assess genotypic performance trends across harvests.  相似文献   

18.
Iron and zinc grain density in common wheat grown in Central Asia   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
Sixty-six spring and winter common wheat genotypes from Central Asian breeding programs were evaluated for grain concentrations of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). Iron showed large variation among genotypes, ranging from 25 mg kg−1 to 56 mg kg−1 (mean 38 mg kg−1). Similarly, Zn concentration varied among genotypes, ranging between 20 mg kg−1 and 39 mg kg−1 (mean 28 mg kg−1). Spring wheat cultivars possessed higher Fe-grain concentrations than winter wheats. By contrast, winter wheats showed higher Zn-grain concentrations than spring genotypes. Within spring wheat, a strongly significant positive correlation was found between Fe and Zn. Grain protein content was also significantly (P < 0.001) correlated with grain Zn and Fe content. There were strong significantly negative correlations between Fe and plant height, and Fe and glutenin content. Similar correlation coefficients were found for Zn. In winter wheat, significant positive correlations were found between Fe and Zn, and between Zn and sulfur (S). Manganese (Mn) and phosphorus (P) were negatively correlated with both Fe and Zn. The additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) analysis of genotype × environment interactions for grain Fe and Zn concentrations showed that genotype effects largely controlled Fe concentration, whereas Zn concentration was almost totally dependent on location effects. Spring wheat genotypes Lutescens 574, and Eritrospermum 78; and winter wheat genotypes Navruz, NA160/HEINEVII/BUC/3/F59.71//GHK, Tacika, DUCULA//VEE/MYNA, and JUP/4/CLLF/3/II14.53/ODIN//CI13431/WA00477, are promising materials for increasing Fe and Zn concentrations in the grain, as well as enhancing the concentration of promoters of Zn bioavailability, such as S-containing amino acids.  相似文献   

19.
Table grapes have high market value in international markets due to their attractive taste and high antioxidant content. However, their market potential is limited by losses due to Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. Cinnamon leaf oil (CLO) is a natural fungicidal and antioxidant agent that can be used to avoid postharvest losses due to B. cinerea Pers. Fr. and to increase the antioxidant levels of this produce. CLO was applied to grapes as water emulsions (0, 0.5, 2.5, and 5 g L−1), as vapors (0, 0.196, 0.392, and 0.588 g L−1), or as a chemical incorporated into pectin coatings (0 and 36.1 g L−1). Afterwards, berries were stored at 10 °C for 15 d and were evaluated periodically for the fungal decay index, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents and the antioxidant activity using the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and DPPH radical inhibition methods. The odor acceptability of the treated berries was evaluated after 10 d of storage. The CLO emulsion (5 g L−1) significantly reduced the fungal decay without affecting the antioxidant properties of the berries. The application of CLO as a vapor was more effective according to the evaluated parameters than the emulsions; all tested concentrations inhibited fungal decay and increased the flavonoid content and antioxidant activity. When CLO was incorporated into the pectin, no fungal decay appeared, and the highest antioxidant activity was observed after 15 d of storage. Additionally, all treatments, except the emulsion treatment, increased the odor acceptability of the treated berries compared to the control berries. From this study, it can be concluded that CLO as vapors or coatings can be used to control decay and increase the antioxidant health benefits of grapes due to CLO's antifungal and antioxidant properties.  相似文献   

20.
The problem of declining tree yield has led to an investigation into the effectiveness of foliar application of exogenous hormones to improve flowering, fruit set, and fruit retention in cashew. Five exogenous hormones, one Gibberellic Acid (GA3) and four Auxins (IAA, IBA, NAA, and 2,4-D) at seven different rates of application (0 mg L−1, 10 mg L−1, 25 mg L−1, 50 mg L−1, 100 mg L−1, 250 mg L−1, and 500 mg L−1) were tested on six yield-related components of the two Brazilian cashew genotypes. This trial was a factorial split-split-plot design with each treatment replicated five times within a tree and three replications (three trees) per genotype. Responses varied significantly between exogenous hormones, concentrations and genotypes. The cashew plants used showed hormone-specific and optimum concentration response patterns. Of the five exogenous hormones tested, GA3 was most effective as its application at 50–100 mg L−1 gave five-fold improvements in flowering (precocity and number of hermaphrodite flowers) and fruiting, and about 69% increase in fruit retention ability and 25% in nut size. Panicles treated with GA3 also produced relatively bigger nuts compared to the untreated. Days to flowering was found to be hormone sensitive, while production of hermaphrodite flowers, fruit set, and nut development tended to be concentration specific. The GA3 exhibited a broad concentration tolerance among the five exogenous hormones investigated. Our data showed that using GA3 at 50 mg L−1 will enhance flowering precocity, shorten flowering duration, increase production of hermaphrodite flowers and fruit set significantly, and resultant nuts develop optimally with high percentage retention. Thus, it suggests cashew yield could be increased by exogenous foliar application of GA3 at 50–100 mg L−1 at pre-blooming stage.  相似文献   

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