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1.
This study evaluated immune cell populations in pigs following weaning and vaccination for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Piglets (n = 24) were weaned (day 0) at 16 (±1) days of age, and randomly assigned to the vaccination group (n = 16) or control group (n = 8). Complete blood cell counts, flow cytometry and serology were completed for blood samples collected on days 0 (within hours of weaning), 3, 7, 14, 30 and 60. The M. hyopneumoniae S:P ratios (sample optical density: positive control optical density) were negative in the vaccination group until days 30 and 60, when the S:P ratios were 1.3 and 1.0, respectively. Control animals remained serologically negative. The percentage of CD4+ T cells was less (P < 0.01) in control pigs than vaccinated pigs at day 3. In contrast, numbers of CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ T cells were greater (P < 0.01) in control pigs than in vaccinated pigs at days 3 and 7. After day 7, few differences in immune cell types were evident between the groups. Differences in lymphocyte populations could not be solely attributed to vaccination, due at least in part, to the confounding influence of weaning. It was difficult to distinguish the influence of vaccination from the impact of weaning on peripheral immune cell populations.  相似文献   

2.
The systemic and respiratory local immune response induced by the intradermal administration of a commercial inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae whole-cell vaccine (Porcilis® MHYO ID ONCE – MSD AH) in comparison with two commercial vaccines administered via the intramuscular route and a negative control (adjuvant only) was investigated. Forty conventional M. hyopneumoniae-free pigs were randomly assigned to four groups (ten animals each): Group A = intradermal administration of the test vaccine by using the needle-less IDAL® vaccinator at a dose of 0.2 ml; Group B = intramuscular administration of a commercially available vaccine (vaccine B); Group C = intramuscular administration of the adjuvant only (2 ml of X-solve adjuvant); Group D = intramuscular administration of a commercially available vaccine (vaccine D). Pigs were vaccinated at 28 days of age. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid samples were collected at vaccination (blood only), 4 and 8 weeks post-vaccination. Serum and BAL fluid were tested for the presence of antibodies by ELISA test. Peripheral blood monomorphonuclear cells (PBMC) were isolated to quantify the number of IFN-γ secreting cells by ELISpot. Moreover, cytokine gene expression from the BAL fluid was performed. Total antibodies against M. hyopneumoniae and specific IgG were detected in serum of intradermally and intramuscularly (vaccine B only) vaccinated pigs at 4 and 8 weeks post-vaccination. M. hyopneumoniae specific IgA were detected in BAL fluid from vaccinated animals (Groups A and B) but not from controls and animals vaccinated with the bacterin D (p < 0.05). Significantly higher gene expression of IL-10 was observed in the BAL fluid at week 8 post-vaccination in the intradermally vaccinated pigs (p < 0.05). The results support that the intradermal administration of an adjuvanted bacterin induces both systemic and mucosal immune responses. Moreover, the intramuscularly administered commercial vaccines each had a different ability to stimulate the immune response both systemically and locally.  相似文献   

3.
The present study assessed the efficacy of vaccination against genotype 1 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in terms of reduction of the transmission. Ninety-eight 3-week-old piglets were divided in two groups: V (n = 40) and NV (n = 58) that were housed separately. V animals were vaccinated with a commercial genotype 1 PRRSV vaccine while NV were kept as controls. On day 35 post-vaccination, 14 NV pigs were separated and inoculated intranasally with 2 ml of a heterologous genotype 1 PRRSV isolate (“seeder” pigs, SP). The other V and NV animals were distributed in groups of 5 pigs each. Two days later, one SP was introduced into each pen to expose V and NV to PRRSV. Sentinel pigs were allocated in adjacent pens. Follow-up was of 21 days. All NV (30/30) became viremic after contact with SP while only 53% of V pigs were detected so (21/40, p < 0.05). Vaccination shortened viremia (12.2 ± 4 versus 3.7 ± 3.4 days in NV and V pigs, respectively, p < 0.01). The 50% survival time for becoming infected (Kaplan–Meier) for V was 21 days (CI95% = 14.1–27.9) compared to 7 days (CI95% = 5.2–8.7) for NV animals (p < 0.01). These differences were reflected in the R value as well: 2.78 (CI95% = 2.13–3.43) for NV and 0.53 (CI95% = 0.19–0.76) for V pigs (p < 0.05). All sentinel pigs (10/10) in pens adjacent to NV + SP pens got infected compared to 1/4 sentinel pigs allocated contiguous to a V + SP pen. These data show that vaccination of piglets significantly decrease parameters related to PRRSV transmission.  相似文献   

4.
A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify herd-level factors that may influence the prevalence and severity of macroscopically visible pulmonary lesions in pigs at slaughter. Data were collected following abattoir inspection of 50 randomly-selected batches of 6335 pigs and by interviewing the producers. Macroscopic lung lesions were identified and scored semi-quantitatively in ?80 pigs/herd and the prevalence of pleuritis and pneumonia was 20.76% and 23.85%, respectively. Following multivariable analysis, the seroprevalence of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (P < 0.001) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (P = 0.018) and the number of pigs/nursery pen (P = 0.023) were positively associated, whereas average weaning age was negatively associated (P = 0.001) with the pleuritis score. Risk factors associated with a higher prevalence of pneumonia were the presence of pleuritis (P = 0.001) and the frequent purchasing of pigs (P = 0.020). The findings of this study indicate that the prevalence of pleuritis and pneumonia remains high in Belgium and management factors are central to disease control.  相似文献   

5.
《Veterinary parasitology》2015,207(3-4):249-258
The aim of the present study was to investigate parasite induced immune responses in pigs co-infected with Trichuris suis and Oesophagostomum dentatum as compared to mono-species infected pigs. T. suis is known to elicit a strong immune response leading to rapid expulsion, and a strong antagonistic effect on O. dentatum populations has been observed in co-infected pigs. Forty-eight helminth naïve pigs were allocated into 4 groups in a 2-factorial design. Two groups were trickle inoculated with either 10 T. suis eggs/kg/day (Group T) or 20 O. dentatum L3/kg/day (Group O). Group OT was infected with same levels of both T. suis and O. dentatum (Group OT) and Group C remained uninfected. In each group, six pigs were necropsied after 35 days and the remaining pigs after 71 days. Parasite E/S-antigen specific serum antibodies were quantified by an in-direct ELISA. qPCR was used to measure the expression of immune function related genes in the mucosa of proximal colon and the draining lymph node. Highly significant interactions were identified for O. dentatum specific IgG1 (p < 0.0001) and IgG2 (p < 0.0006) antibodies with a remarkable 2-fold higher antibody response in group OT pigs as compared to group O. These findings indicated that T. suis enhanced the antibody response against O. dentatum in Group OT. The gene expression data confirmed a strong Type 2 response to T. suis (e.g. marked increase in IL-13, ARG1 and CCL11) and clearly weaker in amplitude and/or delayed onset response to O. dentatum in the single infected group. Interactions were found between the two nematodes with regard to several cytokines, e.g. the increase in IL-13 observed in Group T was absent in Group OT (p = 0.06, proximal colon mucosa, 35 and 71 p.i.). Some of these immune response-related interactions may support, or even partially explain, the observed interactions between the two worm populations in co-infected pigs.  相似文献   

6.
Escherichia coli-associated diarrhoea is an important disease adversely affecting the pig industry. This study was conducted to investigate the frequency of virulence factors expressed by E. coli strains isolated from suckling pigs with diarrhoea in China. A total of 381 E. coli strains, obtained from 290 faecal samples from pigs on 38 farms, were tested for fimbriae (K88, K99, 987P, F41, F18, F17), non-fimbrial adhesins (AIDA-I, paa, CS31A, eae, saa), enterotoxin (LT-I, LT-II, STa, STb, EAST1), Shiga toxin (Stx1, Stx2, Stx2e), pathogenicity islands (HPI, LEE), α-haemolysin (hlyA), afa8 gene cluster (afaD, afaE) and sepA genes by PCR. Out of the 381 isolates, 206 carried at least one virulence gene. Of the 206 virulence positive isolates, the virulence factor genes detected were EAST1 (n = 120), irp2 (n = 59), paa (n = 50), STb (n = 41), AIDA-I (n = 34), LT-I (n = 23), ler (n = 11), hlyA (n = 9), K88 (n = 8), eae (n = 8), STa (n = 7), sepA (n = 6), F18 (n = 5), afaD (n = 3), afaE (n = 3), K99 (n = 2) and Stx2e (n = 1), with most isolates carrying multiple virulence genes. These results demonstrate that relatively few isolates from the study population express K88, K99, LT-I or STa, but that EAST1 (58%), irp2 (29%), AIDA-I (16.5%), paa (24%) and STb (20%) are frequent virulence factors expressed by E. coli strains isolated from suckling pigs with diarrhoea in China.  相似文献   

7.
A field study was conducted to estimate seasonal differences in follicular development in weaned sows and to evaluate the implication of these differences on seasonal infertility. A total of 110 sows were selected at weaning during winter–spring (WS, n = 58) and summer–autumn (SA, n = 52). Ovaries were scanned once daily from weaning to the onset of oestrus and twice daily from then until ovulation. Six sows during WS were removed from study for not showing growing follicles at weaning. Oestrus was evaluated twice daily from day 1 after weaning to day 14 post-weaning. One of 52 (1.9%) sows in WS and 9/52 (17.3%) in SA showed no signs of oestrus within 14 days of weaning (P < 0.05). The diameters of the follicles at weaning, at the onset of oestrus and just before ovulation were smaller (P < 0.01) in SA sows than in WS sows. There were fewer follicles in SA sows than in WS sows just before ovulation (P < 0.05). Fifty of 51 (98.0%) sows in WS and 31/43 (72.1%) sows in SA experienced a weaning-to-oestrus interval (WOI) of 3–6 days (P < 0.05). Fifty-one of 52 (98.1%) sows in WS and 43/52 (82.7%) sows in SA were inseminated; the percentage of pregnant sows that failed to farrow was lower in WS (1/51, 2.0%) than in SA (5/43, 11.6%; P < 0.05). The percentage of farrowed sows was greater in WS (46/51, 90.2%) than in SA (32/43, 74.4%; P < 0.05). Sows in WS had on average 1.5 more piglets than sows in SA (P < 0.05). Sows with a WOI of 3–6 days had lower rates of pregnancy losses (P < 0.05) and higher farrowing percentages (P < 0.01) than those with a WOI > 6 days, irrespective of season.  相似文献   

8.
We describe the morphological, biological, and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium pig genotype II and propose the species name Cryptosporidium scrofarum n. sp. to reflect its prevalence in adult pigs worldwide. Oocysts of C. scrofarum are morphologically indistinguishable from C. parvum, measuring 4.81–5.96 μm (mean = 5.16) × 4.23–5.29 μm (mean = 4.83) with a length to width ratio of 1.07 ± 0.06 (n = 400). Oocysts of C. scrofarum obtained from a naturally infected pig were infectious for 8-week-old pigs but not 4-week-old pigs. The prepatent period in 8-week-old Cryptosporidium-naive pigs was 4–6 days and the patent period was longer than 30 days. The infection intensity of C. scrofarum in pigs was generally low, in the range 250–4000 oocysts per gram of feces. Infected pigs showed no clinical signs of cryptosporidiosis and no pathology was detected. Cryptosporidium scrofarum was not infectious for adult SCID mice, adult BALB/c mice, Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus), southern multimammate mice (Mastomys coucha), yellow-necked mice (Apodemus flavicollis), or guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus). Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit rRNA, actin, and heat shock protein 70 gene sequences revealed that C. scrofarum is genetically distinct from all known Cryptosporidium species.  相似文献   

9.
《Veterinary microbiology》2015,175(2-4):374-381
Genetic heterogeneity of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae in pigs has been reported, however there has been limited reproducibility on the molecular methods employed so far. The aim of this study was to modify and standardize a high-resolution multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA), to investigate the genetic variability of M. hyopneumoniae circulating in the United States of America (USA), Brazil, Mexico and Spain. The MLVA was standardized on the basis of the number of tandem repeats in two Mycoplasma adhesins, P97 and P146, which are proteins involved in the adherence of the pathogen to cilia. A total of 355 samples obtained from the four countries were analyzed. The Simpson's diversity index for the assay was D = 0.976 when samples from all countries were combined. A large number of MLVA types (n = 139) were identified, suggesting that multiple M. hyopneumoniae variants are circulating in swine. The locus P97 had 17 different types with 2–18 repeats. The P146 locus showed higher heterogeneity, with 34 different types, ranging from 7 to 48 repeats. MLVA types that presented more than 30 repeats in P146 were found in Spain and Brazil, while shorter repeats were observed in the USA and Mexico. This simplified MLVA method proved to be an efficient tool for typing M. hyopneumoniae with a high degree of stability, repeatability, and discriminatory power. In conclusion, M. hyopneumoniae showed a high variable number tandem repeat heterogeneity and this assay can be applied in molecular epidemiology investigations within farms and productions systems.  相似文献   

10.
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11.
An epidemiological survey for canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine coronavirus (CCoV) infections was conducted in Western Europe. A total of 156 faecal samples were collected from dogs with diarrhoea in Spain (n = 47), Italy (n = 39), France (n = 26), Germany (n = 21), the United Kingdom (n = 8), Belgium (n = 10), and the Netherlands (n = 5). Using molecular assays for virus detection and characterisation, CPV and CCoV were found to be widespread in European dog populations, either alone or in mixed infections. In agreement with previous reports, the original type CPV-2 was shown not to circulate in European dogs. The recently identified virus variant CPV-2c was predominant in Italy and Germany and present at high rates in Spain and France but was not detected in the UK or Belgium. Except for the UK, CCoV genotype I was identified in all European countries involved in the survey, albeit at a lower prevalence rates than CCoV genotype II.  相似文献   

12.
This study assessed the effects of age at weaning (early weaning at 90 d or traditional weaning at 150 d) and breed (Parda de Montaña or Pirenaica) on calf performance and carcass and meat quality in autumn-calving beef cattle. At calving, 14 Parda de Montaña and 14 Pirenaica cow–calf pairs were randomly assigned to one of two weaning treatments, and kept indoors during lactation. After weaning, calves were fed an intensive diet until slaughter at 450 kg. The interaction between age at weaning and breed was not significant for any of the parameters studied. From 90 d to 150 d, early weaned calves had greater ADG (P = 0.001) and IGF-I concentrations (P = 0.001) than traditionally weaned calves, but their leptin concentrations were similar (P = 0.15). During the finishing phase, performance, daily feed intake, and efficiency did not differ between treatments. Early weaning did not affect age at slaughter, carcass weight, fatness score, fat colour, and meat quality, but improved carcass conformation (P = 0.04). Early weaned calves had greater total DMI (P = 0.002) with greater concomitant feed costs (P = 0.001) and yielded a slightly greater income than traditionally weaned calves; therefore, economic margins did not differ. Parda de Montaña calves tended to have greater ADG from birth to 90 d and were heavier at 90 d (P = 0.01) than were Pirenaica calves. From 90 d to 150 d, performance and IGF-I and leptin concentrations did not differ between breeds; thus, Parda de Montaña calves remained heavier at 150 d. During the finishing phase, at times, weight gains of Parda de Montaña and Pirenaica calves differed, but the overall performance, feed intake, and efficiency of the two breeds were similar. Pirenaica calves had heavier carcasses (P = 0.04) with greater conformation scores (P = 0.04) than Parda de Montaña calves; thus, income per carcass was greater for the former than the latter (P = 0.007). As feed costs were similar for both breeds, the economic margin of Pirenaica calves was greater than that of Parda de Montaña calves (P = 0.01). In conclusion, in both breeds weaning strategies had similar effects on performance and carcass and meat quality; however, from an economic point of view, and considering only the costs associated with the calf, raising Pirenaica calves would be more profitable, at either age at weaning.  相似文献   

13.
Neosporosis has been considered the main cause of abortion between the first and the second trimester of pregnancy in cattle. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the presence of Neospora caninum DNA obtained from experimental models based on the evaluation of different areas of the fetal nervous system and organs from heifers previously inoculated with NC-1 after or before insemination. This study was performed with Hereford × Nelore (n = 29) heifers and all animals were considered free of diseases at the beginning of the experiment. All animals were bred by fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) and allocated as follows: (a) seronegative heifers subjected to TAI (TAI, n = 9), (b) heifers infected with N. caninun 60 days prior to TAI (NC-1 + TAI, n = 9), and (c) heifers submitted to TAI and infected with N. caninum 60 days later (TAI + NC-1, n = 11). The pregnancy was confirmed by transrectal ultrasonography 35 days after TAI and evaluated every 30 days until the end of gestation. Fetuses were collected surgically at 170 days of gestation, and immediately necropsied to remove tissues aseptically. Samples of the central nervous system (CNS), heart, kidney, lung, liver, skeletal muscle and caruncle were collected for DNA extraction. Days of gestation at abortion and interval from abortion to first insemination were examined by Student's t-test. At 35 days of gestation the pregnancy rates in the group NC-1 + TAI (4/9, 44.4%) was lower than in the control group (8/9, 88.8%, P < 0.05). At 60 days, the pregnancy rates in the NC-1 + TAI group (0/4, 0%) was lower compared to TAI + NC-1 (5/7, 71.4%) and control (6/8, 75.0%) groups (P < 0.05). Animals from the group NC-1 + TAI were re-inseminated 60 days after the first TAI. After pregnancy losses throughout the study, 5 animals (TAI), 3 animals (NC-1 + TAI) and 5 animals (TAI + NC-1) maintained pregnancy until 170 days of gestation. TaqMan RT-PCR demonstrated the presence of N. caninum DNA in the medulla and right posterior cortex in 3 out of 5 fetuses from the TAI + NC-1 group. We concluded that heifers infected after TAI had a higher incidence of the parasite at the fetus CNS. Identification of N. caninum by TaqMan RT-PCR would assist in the investigation of infection and in the evaluation of vaccines or therapeutic drugs to control neosporosis in cattle.  相似文献   

14.
Serology indicates that Lawsonia intracellularis infection is widespread in many countries, with most pigs seroconverting before 22 weeks of age. However, the majority of animals appear to be sub-clinically affected, demonstrated by the low reported prevalence of diarrhoea. Production losses caused by sub-clinical proliferative enteropathy (PE) are more difficult to diagnose, indicating the need for a quantitative L. intracellularis assay that correlates well with disease severity. In previous studies, increasing numbers of L. intracellularis in pig faeces, quantified with a real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), showed a strong negative correlation with average daily gain (ADG).In this study, the association between faecal L. intracellularis numbers and PE severity was examined in two L. intracellularis experimental challenge trials (n1 = 32 and n2 = 95). The number of L. intracellularis shed in individual faeces was determined by qPCR on days 0, 7, 14, 17 and 21 days post challenge, and average daily gain was recorded over the same period. The severity of histopathological lesions of PE was scored at 21 days post challenge. L. intracellularis numbers correlated well with histopathology severity and faecal consistency scores (r = 0.72 and 0.68, respectively), and negatively with ADG (r = ?0.44). Large reductions in ADG (131 g/day) occurred when the number of L. intracellularis shed by experimentally challenged pigs increased from 107 to 108 L. intracellularis, although smaller ADG reductions were also observed (15 g/day) when the number of L. intracellularis increased from 106 to 107 L. intracellularis.  相似文献   

15.
Forage from three sweet potato cultivars (A = TIS-87/0087; B = TIS-8164; C = TIS-2532.OP.1.13 at 30% daily dry matter intake), dried brewers' grains (DBG) and cottonseed meal (CSM) each at 2.5 kg were supplemented to Guinea grass (GG) to form four diets: Diet A = GG + TIS-87/0087; Diet B = GG + TIS-8164; Diet C = GG + TIS-2532.OP.1.13, and Diet D = GG + DBG + CSM (as control). Treatments were assigned as 4 × 4 Latin squares design over 60 days (10-day adaptation and 5-day sampling) using Bunaji and N'Dama cows in early lactation. The 48-h rumen dry matter (DM) degradation ranged (P < 0.01) from 407 g kg? 1 DM for GG to 791 g kg? 1 DM for sweet potato cultivar TIS-87/0087. Bunaji dry matter intake varied (P < 0.05) between 7.1 kg day? 1 in Diet B and 8.9 kg day? 1 in Diet D, but was similar (P > 0.05) among diets for the N'Dama cows. The metabolisable energy (ME) intakes were higher for Diet D although, it recorded the least efficiency of ME utilization for milk production. Milk yields were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the Bunaji than the N'Dama cows, which is typical of their true breed differences. Total solids, ash, protein, fat, and sugar contents of the milk were similar among diets for both cow breeds, except Bunaji ash contents that ranged (P < 0.05) from 0.77 g 100 g? 1 for Diet B to 0.83 g 100 g? 1 for Diet D. The results suggest that sweet potato forage could be utilized as whole or partial replacement for DBG and CSM to save cost under smallholder farming systems.  相似文献   

16.
Heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) produced by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) increases bacterial adherence to porcine enterocytes in vitro and enhances small intestinal colonization in swine. Heat-stable enterotoxin-b (STb) is not known to affect colonization; however, through an induction of net fluid accumulation it might reduce bacterial adherence. The relationship between fluid accumulation and bacterial adherence in jejunal loops inoculated with ETEC strains that produce LT, STb, both, or neither toxin was studied. Ligated jejunal loops were constructed in weaned Yorkshire pigs in two independent experiments (Exp. 1, n = 5, 8-week-old; Exp. 2, n = 6, 6–8-week-old). Each pig was inoculated with six F4ac+ E. coli strains: (1) LT+, STb+ parent (WAM2317); (2) STb? (ΔestB) mutant (MUN297); (3) MUN297 complemented with STb (MUN298); (4) LT? STb? (ΔeltAB ΔestB) mutant (MUN300); (5) MUN300 complemented with LT (MUN301); and (6) 1836-2 (non-enterotoxigenic, wild-type). Pigs were confirmed to be K88 (F4)ab/ac receptor-positive in Exp. 2 by testing for intestinal mucin-type glycoproteins and inferred to be receptor-positive in both Exp. 1 and 2 based on histopathologic evidence of bacterial adherence. Strains that produced STb induced marked fluid accumulation with the response (ml/cm) to WAM2317 and MUN298 significantly greater than that to the other strains (P < 0.0001). Conversely, bacterial adherence scores based on immunohistochemistry and CFU/g of washed mucosa were both lowest in the strains that expressed STb and highest in those that did not. For the two experiments combined, the Pearson correlation coefficient (R) between fluid volume (ml/cm) and log CFU per gram was ?0.57021 (P < 0.0001); R2 = 0.3521 (n = 197). These results support the hypothesis that enterotoxin-induced fluid accumulation flushes progeny organisms into the lumen of the bowel, thereby increasing the likelihood of fecal shedding and transmission of the pathogen to new hosts.  相似文献   

17.
This longitudinal observational study was conducted to investigate the spontaneous effect of Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections on acute phase response (APR) in reindeer calves (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) in Finnish Lapland.Serum (n = 609) and faecal samples (n = 366) were collected from 54 reindeer calves aged zero to 33 days. The samples were analysed for Giardia, Cryptosporidium, acute phase proteins (APP) and γ-globulins.Linear regression models were used to investigate associations of early Giardia infection (before 12 days of life) with the response of APPs and acquiring of passive immunity.Giardia was detected in 100% and Cryptosporidium in 23% of calves. There was a negative association between early Giardia infection and γ-globulin concentrations (p = 0.032) and a positive association with serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations (p = 0.042). The results suggest a protective effect of colostrum against Giardia infection and that early infection may induce activation of APR.  相似文献   

18.
This study compared the effects of isoflurane in pigs (n = 10 Yorkshire–Landrace cross) and dairy goats (n = 10) by evaluation of electroencephalographic (EEG) burst suppression thresholds (BST) in the cerebral cortex and minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) values in the spinal cord. The study also investigated whether individual MAC values can predict the effects of isoflurane on the cerebral cortex. MAC values and BST/MAC ratios were significantly different between species. Inhibition of movement by isoflurane may be less effective in pigs than in goats. No significant correlation was found between individual MAC and BST values, indicating that in single animals the individual MAC poorly reflects the cerebrocortical depressant effect of isoflurane in pigs and goats.  相似文献   

19.
Up to one-third of dairy calves are born after dystocia and this is a major cause of calf mortality. This study investigated the neonatal physiology, survival, health and subsequent growth of dairy calves following dystocia and is the first longitudinal study to analyse multiple effects and to look beyond the perinatal period.A total of 455 live born Holstein calves (N: No assistance, n = 360; FN: Farmer assistance but normally presented calf, n = 82; FM: Farmer assistance of malpresented calf, n = 13) were followed from birth to first service (heifers) or until leaving the farm (bulls). Compared to N calves, FN and FM animals had higher salivary cortisol concentrations at day 1 (P < 0.001) and FN calves had lower passive immune transfer (P = 0.03). Dystocia had no biologically significant impact on rectal temperature throughout the first 4 days (P > 0.05). During the first 60 days, FM calves had a higher proportion of days with non-routine health treatments (P < 0.05) and, by the time of weaning, mortality in FN and FM heifers was higher than in N calves (2.8×; P < 0.01). However, in surviving calves, growth to first service was not affected by dystocia category (P > 0.05).Calves which survive dystocia experience lower passive immunity transfer, higher mortality and higher indicators of physiological stress. Such calves have poorer welfare in the neonatal period and possibly beyond. Strategies need to be implemented to improve the subsequent health and welfare of such calves and to lower the incidence of dystocia.  相似文献   

20.
We compared clinicopathologic findings in dogs with Bartonella infection to Bartonella spp. negative dogs suspected of a vector-borne disease. Cases (n = 47) and controls (n = 93) were selected on the basis of positive or negative enrichment culture PCR results, respectively. Signalment, clinicopathologic findings and treatments were extracted from medical records. DNA sequencing identified Bartonella henselae (n = 28, 59.6%), Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii (n = 20, 42.6%), Bartonella koehlerae (n = 3, 6.4%), Bartonella volans-like (n = 3, 6.4%) and Bartonella bovis (n = 1, 2.1%). There were no significant differences in age, breed, size, sex or neuter status between cases and controls. Dogs infected with Bartonella sp. often had a history of weight loss [OR = 2.82; 95% CI: 1.08–7.56] and were hypoglobulinemic [OR = 4.26; 95% CI: 1.31–14.41]. With the exception of weight loss and hypoglobulinemia, clinicopathologic abnormalities in Bartonella-infected dogs in this study were similar to dogs suspected of other vector-borne infections.  相似文献   

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