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1.
不同绿地类型对城市小气候的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过HOBO便携式气象站测定了城市林荫道、草坪、广场3种绿地类型的气温、相对湿度和辐射强度。分析了不同绿地类型上的温度、湿度及太阳辐射变化情况,比较了不同绿地类型对城市小气候的影响。结果表明,随着辐射强度的增强,林荫道有较好的降温保湿效果,并且林荫道与广场的最高温差可达2.76℃,相对湿度的最高差值可达12.5%。在晴朗无风的条件下,随着辐射强度的变化林荫道上温度和相对湿度变化比较缓慢,所以随着辐射强度的增强,林荫道上的气温低于草坪,相对湿度则高于草坪,当辐射强度逐渐减弱时,林荫道上的气温逐渐高于草坪,相对湿度则低于草坪。 相似文献
2.
2010年1—12月对重庆缙云山自然保护区内的典型灌草植被区的土壤水分及局地气象因子进行连续的定位观测,研究土壤水分月动态变化与环境因子的关系。结果表明:缙云山典型灌草植被区土壤水分月动态变化主要受气温和降水量的影响,不同深度的土壤水分变化趋势基本一致,但表层土壤水分要显著低于下层土壤。在降水较少的月份,土壤水分与空气相对湿度具有显著的正相关关系(P<0.05),与气温、太阳辐射和地表温度呈显著的负相关关系(P<0.05),与风速的关系不显著;土壤含水率与环境因子进行偏相关分析表明,土壤水分与气温因子的相关性达到极显著水平,偏相关系数为0.472(P<0.01);而与太阳辐射、相对湿度、地表温度、风速的响应程度依次减弱,偏相关系数分别为0.171、0.162、0.131、0.116(P>0.05)。 相似文献
3.
3种林茶复合系统小气候特征日变化研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
对枫香、香樟、栾树与茶树复合的3种模式小气候日变化进行观测.结果表明,大气和土壤温度日变化等表现出与光辐射强度一致单峰变化规律,但峰值出现的时间比太阳辐射强度的峰值迟滞2 h左右;相对湿度的日动态呈"U"型变化;光辐射强度与大气温度和湿度呈极显著的正相关关系,与不同深度土壤温度呈正相关,与土壤湿度呈不显著负相关;光辐射强度、大气和土壤温度是决定各模式小气候特征的重要因子.初步认为,枫香-茶复合系统较其他两种能保持适宜而又稳定的生长环境,更适宜本地推广. 相似文献
4.
5.
以西安财经大学行知学院为例,选取林荫型、建筑围合型、空旷广场型3类不同景观空间中的3个样点,以温度、湿度、风速作为人体舒适度指数中的影响因子,通过夏季某天14 h的连续定点监测,对3个样点的空间小气候舒适度进行对比研究,以评估夏季不同景观空间小气候对人体舒适度的影响。结果表明,夏季林荫型景观空间能有效降低温度,且全天温、湿度变化均较小,总体上其舒适度明显优于其他2个景观空间。在高校校园中林荫型空间更符合人体舒适度的要求,适合人群活动。在校园内进行室外活动空间设计时,可通过增加乔灌草群落的方式调节空间小气候以提高人体舒适度。 相似文献
6.
为揭示油松中龄林的气候效应,笔者运用自动气象站对晋东南油松中龄林林内外的气温、相对湿度、风速和风向、气压进行了为期1年的同步、连续观测,分析不同因子在林内外变化特征的差异性。结果表明,太行山油松中龄林林内外气温、相对湿度、风速、气压、太阳辐射的变化趋势相近,林内的年平均气温、年平均相对湿度、年平均气压、年平均风速、年平均太阳辐射强度分别为6.43℃,69.06%,0.09 m/s,87.94 KPa和39.67 W/m^2;林外分别为8.92℃,62.27%,0.82 m/s,87.81 KPa和137.14 W/m^2.油松林具有降温、防风、增湿、改变风向和减少太阳辐射的作用。此外,油松中龄林不仅具有明显的小气候效应,且改变了上述气象因子的相关性。 相似文献
7.
城市滨水带风景园林小气候适应性设计初探 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
近年来,城市环境的持续恶化与公众对健康舒适户外空间需求之间的矛盾日益突出。风景园林是影响城市小气候环境变化的直接因素,在气候适应性设计中起到关键的作用。文中以城市滨水带为研究对象,以提高其小气候适宜性为目标,提出通过现场实测与数字模拟技术相结合的方法,探求水体、驳岸、植物、地面铺装、园林构筑等城市滨水带风景园林设计要素与空气流动、相对湿度、空气温度、热辐射等小气候物理因子之间的影响关系,并基于ENVI-met模拟软件提出城市滨水带风景园林小气候适应性设计的初步框架。 相似文献
8.
侧柏树干边材液流的空间变化规律及其相关因子 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
利用树干边材液流探针(TDP)和微型自动气象站对北京西山地区侧柏人工林树干秋季不同高度、不同方位、不同径阶边材液流及相关环境因子日周期变化动态进行连续观测,对环境因子与边材液流速率的相关性进行分析.结果表明:同一立木,树干上位边材液流启动早,上升快,到达峰值后随即急剧下降;树干下位边材液流启动时间明显推迟,且上升和下降缓慢;二者之间最大液流速率相差2倍以上.树干不同方位边材液流速率日变化进程有差异,其中南侧树干边材液流速率很低,北侧、西侧和东侧3个方位液流速率较高,边材液流速率与测定部位的边材宽度和冠幅关系不明确.单株树干边材液流速率与树干冠幅、树干直径和边材面积相关不显著,但液流通量随直径的增大而增大,不同径阶单木液流通量波动规律不尽相同.侧柏林分内部环境因子日周期变化规律明显,边材液流速率与主要环境因子相关显著,其中边材液流速率与空气湿度呈负相关,各径阶表现出相同的趋势;边材液流速率与太阳辐射强度和空气温度之间存在极显著的相关性,胸径大的立木呈正相关,胸径小的单株呈负相关;风速对边材液流速率有较大影响;20～40cm土壤层温度对树木耗水有显著的影响,大径阶立木表现为负相关,小径阶立木表现为正相关.以太阳辐射强度、气温、空气湿度、风速、不同层次土温等环境因子作自变量,以边材液流速率作因变量,经过逐步回归,建立侧柏边材液流速率与环境因子的多元线性模型,回归方程极显著. 相似文献
9.
黄土丘陵区沙棘造林抗旱指标初探 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
水分是影响造林成活的主要因子。通过对沙棘树种苗期凋萎湿度的测定分析,进一步摸清了沙棘的蒸腾与太阳辐射、气温、地温、相对湿度、土壤含水量等环境因子的关系,确定了沙棘抗旱造林定量的水分指标:沙棘苗期满足生理要求时的土壤含水率为10.21％,暂时凋萎时土壤含水率为4.01％,永久凋萎时土壤含水率为3.318％。 相似文献
10.
11.
A. Lehtijärvi H. T. Doğmuş‐Lehtijärvi A. G. Aday Kaya S. Ünal S. Woodward 《Forest Pathology》2017,47(6)
Although several Armillaria species have been reported in Turkey, there is little information about their ecology in Turkish forests. In this study, we investigated five forest stands, approximately 5–74 ha in size, in Kastamonu province in the Black Sea Region of Turkey for the presence of Armillaria species in stumps and logs. The stands were mixed Abies nordmanniana ssp. bornmülleriana and Pinus sylvestris forests managed using a selective cuttings system; the proportion of fir in the total number of stems and stumps ranged from 36 to 98%. Based on sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and intergenic spacer regions of the rDNA, all rhizomorphs sampled from the stumps and logs were of Armillaria ostoyae. The size of the genets was estimated with random amplified microsatellites analysis of the isolates and ranged from single stumps to approximately 450 m2. One to seven genets were found in each stand. These results indicate that the genets had arisen from spores and vegetative spread was limited on most sites. 相似文献
12.
W. E. Hillis 《Wood Science and Technology》1998,32(2):129-137
Summary The heartshakes of some species can contain deposits of inorganic, metal organic, resinous or organic compounds in a pure or concentrated condition. The type of deposit in different genera is discussed. Morphological and chemical examinations have been made of the deposits in the heartshakes ofIntsia bijuga, Dacrydium spp.,Anisoptera curtisii, Pinus elliotii andOrites excelsa. The deposits were of a benzenoid or terpenoid nature or aluminium succinate.I thank Mr. R. Wearne for organic analyses 相似文献
13.
Nitrogen leaching in response to increased nitrogen inputs in subtropical monsoon forests in southern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) (as ammonium nitrate) was applied monthly onto the forest floor of one old-growth forest (>400 years old, at levels of 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and two young forests (both about 70 years old, at levels of 50 and 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1) over 3 years (2004–2006), to investigate how nitrogen (N) input influenced N leaching output, and if there were differences in N retention between the old-growth and the young forests in the subtropical monsoon region of southern China. The ambient throughfall inputs were 23–27 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the young forests and 29–35 kg N ha−1 yr−1 in the old-growth forest. In the control plots without experimental N addition, a net N retention was observed in the young forests (on average 6–11 kg N ha−1 yr−1), but a net N loss occurred in the old-growth forest (−13 kg N ha−1 yr−1). Experimental N addition immediately increased DIN leaching in all three forests, with 25–66% of added N leached over the 3-year experiment. At the lowest level of N addition (50 kg N ha−1 yr−1), the percentage N loss was higher in the old-growth forest (66% of added N) than in the two young forests (38% and 26%). However, at higher levels of N addition (100 and 150 kg N ha−1 yr−1), the old-growth forest exhibited similar N losses (25–43%) to those in the young forests (28–43%). These results indicate that N retention is largely determined by the forest successional stages and the levels of N addition. Compared to most temperate forests studied in Europe and North America, N leaching loss in these seasonal monsoon subtropical forests occurred mainly in the rainy growing season, with measured N loss in leaching substantially higher under both ambient deposition and experimental N additions. 相似文献
14.
Xingliang Liu Qinyan Ma Dongsheng Yang Zuoming Shi Yiming Su Shiqiang Zhou Shirong Liu Yupo Yang 《Frontiers of Forestry in China》2006,1(4):379-386
This study investigated root biomass and productivity in dominant populations in western Sichuan, China. A total of 4 plots
(Picea balfouriana plantation for 22 age in Maerkang, 9 trees, mean DBH of population for 10.4 cm and height for 10.5 m; Larix maxteriana plantation for 22 age in Wolong, 9 trees, mean DBH of population for 17.0 cm and height for 13.8 m; Abies fabri plantation for 35 age in Ebian, 18 trees, mean DBH of population for 14.1 cm and height for 11.9 m; Larix kaempferi plantation for 23 age in Miyaluo, 8 trees, mean DBH of population for 17.4 cm and height for 14.5 m; a 20 m×25 m plot located
on each of the 4 types in western Sichuan, China) were randomly selected and excavated to a depth of 60 cm for each of the
4 plantation types. To estimate the root biomass of an individual tree using D
2
H, an exponential model was selected with the highest coefficient ranging from 0.94 to 0.99. The total root biomass per hm2 varied among plantation population types following the order: L. kaempferi (37.832 t/hm2) > A. fabri (24.907 t/hm2) > L. maxteriana (18.320 t/hm2) > P. balfouriana (15.982 t/hm2). The biomass fractions of a given root size class compared to the total root biomass differed among plantation population
types. For all 4 studied plantation types, the majority of the roots were distributed in the top 40 cm of soil, e.g., 97.88%
for P. balfouriana population, 96.78% for L. maxteriana, 95.65% for A. fabri, and 99.72 for L. kaempferi population. The root biomass fractions distributed in the top 20 cm of soil were 77.13% for P. balfouriana, 77.13% for L. maxteriana, 65.02% for A. fabri and 80.66% for L. kaempferi, respectively. The root allocation in the 0–20, 20–40, and 40–60 cm soil layers gave ratios of 34:12:1 for P. balfouriana, 24:6:1 for L. maxteriana, 15:7:1 for A. fabri, and 64:4:1 for L. kaempferi populations. The root biomass density of dominant plantation population was 10.782 t/(hm2·m) for P. balfouriana, 8.230 t/hm2·m) for L. maxteriana, 24.546 t/(hm2·m) for A. fabri, and 13.211 t/(hm2·m) for L. kaempferi population, respectively. The root biomass productivity was found to be 0.57 t/(hm2·year) for P. balfouriana, 0.83 t/(hm2·year) for L. maxteriana, 0.71 t/(hm2·year) for A. fabri and 1.64 t/(hm2·year) for L. kaempferi population, respectively.
__________
Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(2): 542–551 [译自: 生态学报, 2006, 26(2): 542–551] 相似文献
15.
Babassu palms (Orbignya spp.) cover nearly 200,000 km2 in Brazil, providing cash income, fuel, fibre, edible oil and food to a large number of tenant farm households. Babassu is closely integrated within pastoral and shifting cultivation systems of Mid-North Brazil. In pastures, babassu provides shade for cattle, aids soil moisture retention, produces organic matter, generates supplementary farm income at little cost, and offers year-round employment. On the other hand, the persistence of juvenile palms reduces pasture grass productivity due to plant competition, and therefore there is a trend to eradicate babassu through clearcutting and understorey suppression. At moderate densities of less than 100 individuals per ha, mature babassu palms in cropland do not appear to harm crop productivity. In such cases, palms are thinned and leaves of the remaining ones are cut back, supplying fuel for the burn and nutrients to the soil. However, reduced fallow cycles due to pasture conversion threaten babassu as well as crop productivity.
Resumo Palmeiras de babaçu (Orbignya spp.) occorrem em quase 200.000 km2 no Brazil, proporcionando renda em dinheiro, combustível, fibras, óleo e alimentos para cerca de quinhentas mil famílias de pequenos produtores rurais, a maioria arrendatários ou posseiros. O babaçu aparece integrado dentro de sistemas de produção pastorís e de agricultura migratória no Meio Norte do Brazil. Nas pastagens, o babaçu provê sombra para o gado, ajuda na retenção da umidade no solo, produz matéria orgânica, gera renda suplementar com investimento mínimo, e oferece condições para fixar a força de trabalho durante a entressafra dos produtos agrícolas. A presença de palmeiras juvenís, porém, reduz a produtividade dos pastos devido a competição, o que leva os criadores de gado a erradicar o babaçu, suprimindo tanto as palmeiras juvenís, como as palmeiras adultas.No que diz respeito à agricultura migratória, o babaçu adulto em densidades moderadas, ou seja, até 100 indivíduos por hectare, aparentemente não reduz a produtividade das culturas anuais. Nestes casos, parte das palmeiras são desbastadas e as folhas das restantes cortadas, proporcionando combustível para a queima e nutrientes para o solo. No entanto, a redução nos ciclos de descanso devido à conversão das terras agrícolas em pastagens ameaça a produtividade quer do babaçu quer das próprias culturas.相似文献
16.
The effective number of clones (N
c) wasestimated for 255 conifer clonal seed orchards in Finland, Korea, andSweden, based on the variation in the number of ramets among clones. Themean census number of clones (N) varied from 70, in 13 KoreanPinus koraiensis seed orchards, to 139 in 176 Finnish Pinussylvestris seed orchards. The mean effective number of clones(N
c) was 66, with a range from 10 to 421. One fifthof the orchards had N
c between 10 and 40, and twothirds between 41 and 160. On average, the relative effective number ofclones (N
r =N
c/N) was 0.74, with a range from 0.2to almost 1.0. Thus, the census number of clones in a seed orchard isgenerally rather informative, but the effective number of clones is moreinformative. Many of these first-generation seed orchards wereestablished with an intention to have near-equal numbers of ramets foreach clone. The use of effective number of clones may be more importantin future seed orchards and genetically thinned seed orchards. 相似文献
17.
Nicolas Desneux Jean-Michel Rabasse Yannick Ballanger Laure Kaiser 《Journal of pest science》2006,79(2):95-102
In light of a recent increase in the aphid populations on young canola (Brassica napus) in autumn in Northwestern Europe, we carried out a survey of their parasitoid species during this season. The study was
done in France from 1998 to 2001 using different sampling methods. Results highlighted the presence of two main species of
Aphidiinae, Aphidius matricariae and Diaeretiella rapae (and to a lesser extent Aphidius ervi) on Myzus persicae, and of D. rapae on Brevicoryne brassicae. Nine other Aphidiinae species were found occasionally as well as some Aphelinidae parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. There
was no difference in parasitoid species pattern between fields in Northern and Southern France. The principal parasitoid species
found in the fields were reared in the laboratory to confirm their ability to develop on the canola aphids. Aphidius matricariae and D. rapae were reared successfully on M. persicae, but a low parasitism rate was obtained for A. ervi on this aphid. This study showed that A. matricariae and D. rapae could develop on aphids on canola and that they are present naturally in canola in autumn. However, the parasitism rate is
low in autumn, so the options could be the use of these parasitoids in augmentative release biological control programs or
in an IPM project on canola fields during this time of the year. 相似文献
18.
This study quantified tree and soil C stocks and their response to different tree species and clay contents in improved fallows
in eastern Zambia. From 2002 to 2003, soil, and destructively harvested two-year old tree, samples were analysed for C. There
were significant differences (P < 0.05) in aboveground tree C stocks, and in net organic C (NOC) intake rates across coppicing tree species at Msekera and
Kalunga. Aboveground C stocks ranged from 2.9 to 9.8 t ha-1, equivalent to NOC intakes of 0.8–4.9 t ha-1 year-1. SOC stocks in non-coppiced fallows at Kalichero and Msekera significantly differed (P < 0.05) across treatments. SOC stocks to 200 cm depth ranged from 64.7 t C ha-1 under non-coppicing fallows at Kalunga to 184.0 t ha-1 in 10-year-old coppicing fallows at Msekera. Therefore, tree and soil C stocks in improved fallows can be increased by planting
selected tree species on soils with high clay content. 相似文献
19.
《Southern Forests》2013,75(3):247-253
Genetic materials interact with the environment in specific ways, therefore their responses in wood need to be better understood. The present study sought to evaluate the influence of different climatic conditions in Minas Gerais, Brazil on Eucalyptus grandis × Eucalyptus urophylla wood. Two six-year-old clones were cultivated in Belo Oriente, Ferros, Santa Bárbara, Itabira and Peçanha. Five trees from each clone were sampled from the base to top direction. Wood density, heartwood/sapwood ratio, vessels, fibres, and extractive and lignin contents were determined, as well as their correlation with environmental variables. Vessel diameters, heartwood/sapwood ratio, and extractive and lignin contents all increased due to higher water availability in Santa Bárbara and Itabira. In both genetic materials, the variables linked to growth and wood quality were related to environmental factors. 相似文献
20.
Fine roots form one of the most significant components contributing to carbon cycling in forest ecosystems. We study here the effect of variation in root diameter classes, sampling depth and the inclusion of understorey vegetation root biomass in fine root biomass (FRB) estimates. The FRB estimates for different forest biomes are updated using a database of 512 forest stands compiled from the literature. We also investigate the relationships between environmental or forest stand variables and fine root biomass (≤2 mm in diameter) at the stand (g m−2) and tree level (g tree−1). The FRB estimates extrapolated for the whole rooting depth were 526 ± 321 g m−2, 775 ± 474 g m−2 and 776 ± 518 g m−2 for boreal, temperate and tropical forests, respectively, and were 26-67% higher than those based on the original sampling depths used. We found significant positive correlations between ≤1 and ≤2 mm diameter roots and between ≤2 and ≤5 mm roots. The FRB estimates, standardized to the ≤2 mm diameter class, were 34-60% higher and 25-29% smaller than those standardized to the ≤1 mm and ≤5 mm diameter classes, respectively. The FRB of the understorey vegetation accounted for 31% of the total FRB in boreal forests and 20% in temperate forests. The results indicate that environmental factors (latitude, mean annual precipitation, elevation, temperature) or forest stand factors (life form, age, basal area, density) can not explain a significant amount of the variation in the total FRB and a maximum of 30% that in the FRB of trees at the stand level, whereas the mean basal area of the forest stand can explain 49% of the total FRB and 79% of the FRB of trees at the tree level. 相似文献