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1.
不同生育期转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉花对草甘膦的耐受性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为明确转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田草甘膦的使用适期,于棉花子叶期、3~4片真叶期和花铃期喷施不同浓度的草甘膦,比较药害发生情况、棉花产量和纤维品质。棉花子叶期、3~4片真叶期和花铃期喷施1 640~9 840 g/hm2(有效成分,下同)草甘膦后,施药初期棉花均表现出一定的药害症状,药后4~8 d药害株率和药害指数达最大值,药后12 d药害症状逐渐减轻或消失。棉花子叶期和3~4片真叶期喷施草甘膦,对棉花产量无显著影响,但棉花花铃期喷施2 460~9 840 g/hm2草甘膦后,棉花产量显著降低,降幅达35.0%~63.3%。3个时期喷施草甘膦均不影响棉花的纤维品质。研究表明,转基因抗草甘膦抗虫棉田草甘膦的使用适期为棉花苗期。 相似文献
2.
不同水分状况下化控对棉株蕾铃数和产量品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用桶栽试验,研究不同水分状况下喷施2种植物生长调节剂——艾氟迪(AFD)和缩节胺(DPC)对棉花蕾铃数量、叶片叶绿素相对含量、籽棉产量、纤维品质的影响。结果表明,在本试验条件下,土壤含水量的高低是决定籽棉产量的重要因素,水分高则产量高。喷施调节剂后棉株叶绿素含量明显高于未喷施处理。喷施DPC对棉株蕾铃生长影响较小,土壤含水量较高时喷施DPC可使棉花增产,但纤维品质下降。喷施AFD对棉株蕾铃生长影响较大,使棉蕾铃数在生育期内的变化从大幅升降趋势变为先升后降的平缓趋势或缓慢上升趋势,对棉蕾开花成铃有显著促进作用,但抑制了新蕾生成,使得伏前桃产量明显增加,秋桃产量大幅下降,导致籽棉产量减少,棉花纤维品质略微改善。 相似文献
3.
棉花烂铃病的发生、品种抗病性及主要病原菌致病力分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
2011~2013年,调查了我国黄河和长江流域6省70县(市)200块棉田和不同栽培模式下棉花烂铃病发生情况,田间试验评价了棉花品种对烂铃病的抗性,采用离体棉铃人工接种方法分析了棉铃烂铃主要病原菌的致病力分化情况。结果表明:(1)所有调查的棉田均有棉花烂铃病发生,其中,棉铃疫病在各地发生最为普遍而且严重,仍属于我国黄河和长江流域棉区的最主要的棉花烂铃病,其病原菌为苎麻疫霉(Phytophthora boehmeriae)。(2)与春棉直播模式相比,3种套种模式均能显著减少棉花烂铃病的发生,其中麦-棉-西瓜12∶2∶1种植模式的防效最好,减少烂铃72.96%。(3)河北、山东和河南3省审定的50个棉花品种对棉花烂铃病的抗性存在显著差异,其中邯7860、邯棉103、锦科178、百棉1号和郑农棉4号5个品种对棉花烂铃病表现了较好的抗性,单株烂铃低于3.0个。(4)苎麻疫霉在棉铃上的致病力存在显著分化。 相似文献
4.
Tohir A BOZOROV Rustam M USMANOV YANG Honglan Shukhrat A HAMDULLAEV Sardorbek MUSAYEV Jaloliddin SHAVKIEV Saidgani NABIEV ZHANG Daoyuan Alisher A ABDULLAEV 《干旱区科学》2018,10(3):441-456
Drought is a common abiotic stress that considerably limits crop production. The objective of this study is to explore the influence of water deficiency on the yield, physiologic and metabolomic attributes in upland cotton cultivars(Gossypium hirsutum L). Cotton cultivars, 'Ishonch' and 'Tashkent-6' were selected to study the relationships among their physiologic, metabolomic and yield attributes during water deficiency. Deficit irrigation was designed by modifying the traditional watering protocol to reduce water use. Results indicate that cotton cultivars respond differently to water deficit stress. Water deficit significantly influenced plant height, the number of internodes, and sympodial branches in both cultivars. However, yield components such as the number of bolls, boll seed, lint mass, and individual plant yield were significantly reduced only in 'Tashkent-6'. The leaf area decreased and the specific leaf weight increased in 'Ishonch' under deficit irrigation conditions. However, 'Tashkent-6' demonstrated significant water loss compared to 'Ishonch', and both cultivars showed reduced transpiration rates. Untargeted metabolite profiles of leaves showed clear separation in 'Ishonch', but not in 'Tashkent-6' under deficit irrigation compared to full irrigation. The individual metabolites such as proline and galactinol showed strong association with yield under water deficit stress. Moreover, this study indicates that leaf area and transpiration intensity influence yield during water deficiency. In summary, the correlation among morpho-physiologic, metabolic, and yield components significantly varied between the two cultivars under water deficiency. The flowering stage was sensitive to water stress for both cultivars. The direct relationship between physiology, metabolism, and yield may be a useful selection criterion for determining candidate parents for cotton drought tolerance breeding. 相似文献
5.
通过田间小区实验,研究棉花打顶后倒四叶内源激素的变化以及打顶对棉花产量和品质的影响。结果表明：① 打顶在一定时间内降低了生长素(IAA)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、赤霉素(GA3)和脱落酸(ABA)的比值,使得ABA浓度显著增加。② 打顶后,棉花顶部涂抹萘乙酸（NAA）,增加了倒四叶中IAA、CTK、GA3与ABA的比值,并维持ABA的含量。③ 打顶后,倒四叶中叶绿素含量和病情指数显著高于不打顶处理,外用NAA可减缓叶片衰老的进程。④ 打顶措施有利于减少棉铃的脱落率,结铃主要分布在下部和中部铃围上,但在结铃率和上部铃的分布上优势不显著。⑤ 打顶、不打顶和打顶后涂抹NAA的3个处理在产量和品质上差异不显著,但品种、施肥、管理、外施激素和抑制剂等对各处理都具备增产的潜力。 相似文献
6.
Weed populations with resistance to glyphosate have evolved over the last 7 years, since the discovery of the first glyphosate‐resistant populations of Lolium rigidum in Australia. Four populations of L. rigidum from cropping, horticultural and viticultural areas in New South Wales and South Australia were tested for resistance to glyphosate by dose–response experiments. All populations required considerably more glyphosate to achieve 50% control compared with a known susceptible population, indicating they were resistant to glyphosate. Translocation of glyphosate within these resistant populations was examined by following the movement of radiolabelled glyphosate applied to a mature leaf. All resistant plants translocated significantly more herbicide to the tip of the treated leaf than did susceptible plants. Susceptible plants translocated twice as much herbicide to the stem meristematic portion of the plant compared with resistant plants. These different translocation patterns suggest an association between glyphosate resistance in L. rigidum and the ability of glyphosate to accumulate in the shoot meristem. 相似文献
7.
可降解地膜对新疆南疆棉花生长和产量的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
以诱导期为30~120 d的15种可降解地膜为供试材料,无膜及普通聚乙烯膜(Polyethylene,PE膜)为对照,于2008—2009年在新疆南疆地区的阿拉尔市开展了可降解地膜覆盖棉花的田间试验,研究可降解地膜的降解及其对棉花生长及产量的影响。结果表明:可降解地膜比普通PE膜先表现出破裂降解的现象,其中,诱导期为90 d的北京1#可降解地膜在棉田覆盖45 d后最早出现破裂;扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察表明,与普通PE膜相比较,诱导期为80 d的北京1#可降解地膜在棉田覆盖145 d后,表面有明显的条状裂缝。覆盖可降解地膜的棉花在苗期、蕾期、开花期和花铃期的生长发育指标(株高、真叶数、单株铃数、果枝数、地上部干物质重)以及单株铃数和果枝数总体上要高于无膜处理,但是与普通PE膜处理无显著差异;覆盖可降解地膜对棉花的衣分和单铃重无显著影响;与无膜处理相比较,覆盖可降解地膜能显著增加籽棉产量,但覆盖可降解地膜与普通PE膜处理之间的籽棉产量无显著差异。 相似文献
8.
Muhammad Rafiq Shahid Muhammad Farooq Muhammad Shakeel Abid Mahmood Muhammad Dildar Gogi 《Phytoparasitica》2017,45(2):125-133
The cotton stainer, Dysdercus koenigii Fabricius (Hemiptera: Pyrrhcoridae), has become a major threat to transgenic cotton as it causes warts on the internal carpel wall of cotton boll, severe lint staining, lint locks, and lint lesions. Thus, keeping in view the importance of this pest on cotton, in the present study, screening of 13 transgenic cotton genotypes was performed and the population of D. koenigii was determined on these genotypes during 2012–13. Furthermore, among these genotypes, a high yielding advanced cultivar (FH-114) was selected for further experiments. A number of five different densities of D. koenigii (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25) at adult stage with well-developed proboscis were released in the cages along with a control treatment. Cotton genotypes FH-312, FH-2073, FH-Lalazar, FH-142, and MNH-886 possessed minimum population (1.33 D. koenigii per plant) compared to FH-324 and FH-444 (6.0 D. koenigii per plant). The number of bolls per plant and boll weight decreased as a result of increased densities. The increased density of D. koenigii resulted in fewer bolls per plant (12.1 bolls), reduced boll weight (2.1 g), germination (39.1%), ginning out turn (38.3%), staple length (27.8 mm), and staple fineness (4.0 μg/in.) when compared with un-infested plants (30.6, 3.2 g, 77.3%, 41.5%, 28.8 mm, and 4.4 μg/in.), respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that bolls per plant, boll weight, germination, ginning out turn, and staple fineness resulted in negative and significant correlation with density of D. koenigii with r-values of ?0.95, ?0.98, ?0.98, ?0.8, and ?0.85, respectively. Coefficient of determination (R2) demonstrated that bolls per plant, boll weight, germination, ginning out turn, staple length, and staple fineness contributed with 91, 96, 96, 79, 43 and 73%, respectively, to the total variability at different densities of D. koenigii. Our findings demonstrated that D. koenigii has become potential major pest and causes quantitative and qualitative losses to transgenic cotton, hence, there is a need to develop appropriate control measures for controlling its population to avoid further losses. 相似文献
9.
红铃虫Pectinophora!gossypiella(Saunders)的为害可分为直接取食为害和间接诱发病害。两年来每隔5天左右系统剥查吐絮棉铃,分析结果表明,受害棉籽产量损失平均为60.92克籽棉/千粒,每头幼虫平均为害2.03粒棉籽。根据单铃幼虫数估计的每条幼虫为害造成的产量损失是籽棉0.24克,皮棉0.101克,其中直接为害分别是0.133克和0.0467克,间接为害分别是0.11克和0.0543克。棉籽受害后皮棉等级降低4级,单价降低31.6%。百斤皮棉单价损失是9.383元/条/铃,其中直接为害5.559元/条,间接为害3.824元/条。应用皮棉产量损失0.101克/条和百斤皮棉单价损失9.383元/条/铃,推导了估计产值损失的公式,可以在生长期的不同阶段估计当时红铃虫所造成的产值损失。 相似文献
10.
棉花受棉铃虫为害后的补偿效应及其数学模型研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文采用四因子二次正交旋转回归组合设计的试验结果,建立了以籽棉产量、皮棉产量、单株成铃及单株产量为目标函数,考虑种植密度、果枝数、模拟被害蕾(7月上旬)和被害幼铃(8月上旬)四决策变量的数学模型。模型行为反应表明:低密度(小于2千株/亩)或高果枝数(大于16个/株)条件下棉花补偿能力衰退;被害蕾量的增加在一定范围内有增产作用;被害幼铃的变化对产量的影响较大;但相对来说,密度和果枝数是影响产量的两个主要因素。模拟计算表明:允许蕾被害584—656个/百株和幼铃被害187—225个/百株,并配以密度4360—4520株/亩和果枝数14.4—15.06个/株的措施,可获取亩产皮棉95公斤以上。最后给出了不同农艺措施下棉花的损害函数。 相似文献
11.
分根灌溉对干旱区棉花生长干物质分配和产量的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本试验旨在观测分根灌溉(Partial Rootzone Irrigation,PRI)棉花能否在降低灌溉量的条件下维持一定的经济产量。田间实验的灌溉方式分为2种:交替隔沟灌溉(Alternative Furrow Irrigation,AFI)、固定隔沟灌溉(Fixed Furrow Irrigation,FFI)和常规灌溉(Conventional Furrow Irrigation,CFI)。结果表明,在降低30%灌溉量的条件下,棉花籽棉产量略有减少,AFI和FFI的籽棉总产量分别为CFI的92%和84%,但AFI比CFI的霜前花产量高出12%。PRI处理的棉花叶面积、株高及叶片、桃和茎的干物质量都低于CFI,但单株平均桃数与CFI没有显著差异。在降低灌溉量的条件下,由于霜前花价格比较高,AFI基本上能够维持棉花的经济产量不降低。 相似文献
12.
13.
施氮量对棉花叶位SPAD值的影响及棉花氮素营养诊断 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在不同施氮量和不同质地土壤条件下,研究了氮素水平对棉花叶片含氮量和叶绿素含量的影响。研究表明,棉花不同生育时期叶片含氮量不同,苗期、蕾期、花铃期、铃期叶片含氮量分别为28.1、27.4、32.2、30.9 g·kg-1。在各时期不同处理的叶片含氮量,均表现出相同的规律,即随施氮水平的提高,棉花叶片含氮量增加。土壤质地不同（砂壤土、粘壤土）时,高、中、低产棉田棉花叶片含氮量存在差异;随着施氮量的提高,棉花叶片含氮量随之提高,同时棉花不同叶位间的含氮量更加接近。对叶绿素的分析表明,不同施氮水平下,叶绿素含量差异显著;相同施氮水平下,不同叶位叶片SPAD值差异显著;施氮量增加能够提高棉花叶片的SPAD值,同时减小棉花不同叶位间SPAD差值的大小。初花期和花铃期顶1叶的叶位差指数PDI与棉花叶片含氮量的相关性最高,可以用叶位差指数作为衡量棉花氮素状况的指标。 相似文献
14.
利用水葫芦象甲和农达综合控制水葫芦 总被引：17，自引：0，他引：17
试验表明同时应用水葫芦象甲和农达控制水葫芦,可达到快速、持续的控制效果,但农达使用剂量应选择适当。药量４.５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的综防处理区中,由于农达的作用水葫芦植株在２０～５０ｄ内大部分死亡,水葫芦象甲亦很快死亡,象甲很难发挥有效的作用;药量为０.４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的综防区中,水葫芦象甲和农达同时作用,对水葫芦的叶片数、繁殖量和生物量起到了明显的抑制作用,与单独施用同样药量的化防区和只释放象甲的生防区有显著差异,而且象甲保持了一定的种群密度;而药量为０.０４５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２的综防区与只放象甲的生防区控制水葫芦的效果一样。 相似文献
15.
中黑盲蝽对棉花的为害及损失研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
中黑盲蝽在棉花各生育期对叶、蕾、铃各器官的为害量或为害程度和田间盲蝽群体的密度呈正相关,而个体平均为害量则和群体密度呈负相关。若虫自然群体平均每头破叶4.71片,或可为害2.6—3.7个蕾,或1.93个铃,按成活个体计算则为害量可增加3—5倍。为害损失一般成虫期大于若虫期,蕾铃期大于真叶期。损失因素不在于叶片受害后形成的“破叶”,而是受害幼蕾幼铃超过正常的脱落所引起的减产和晚收。田间百株百头盲蝽群体,其为害损失,真叶期可达2.5—7.7％,蕾期6.2—18.8％;铃期9.1—15.1％以上;各生育期连续为害,产量损失为16.9％。 相似文献
16.
本文对草甘膦喷施土壤后对作物的安全性进行了初步研究。采用室内盆栽的方法,测定了不同剂量的35%草甘膦水剂在壤土和砂土条件下对小麦Triticum aestivum L.、玉米Zea mays L.、大豆Glycine max(L.) Merr.、甘蓝Brassica oleracea var.capitata L.、小白菜Brassica pekinensis L.、番茄Lycopersicon esculentum L.和茄子Solanum melongena L.等7种作物的叶色、叶长、叶宽、植株鲜重和光合作用等生长、生理指标的影响。研究结果表明：在标签剂量(1 575 g/hm~2)下施用于壤土时,草甘膦对茄子的叶长和叶宽影响显著,对其他6种作物的各测定指标未产生显著影响;在砂土条件使用时,除对小麦和茄子的叶色、番茄的叶宽、小白菜和番茄的鲜重方面有显著影响外,对玉米、大豆和甘蓝都安全。在2倍标签剂量(3 150 g/hm~2)下,在壤土和砂土条件下使用时,除对茄子在叶色、叶长、叶宽和鲜重4个指标都有显著影响外,对番茄的光合效率也有显著影响,同时对其他作物的其他指标也有不同的影响,... 相似文献
17.
Juciléia I. Santos Carita L. Amaral Pedro Luis C.A. Alves Eduardo C. Gasparino 《Weed Biology and Management》2016,16(1):3-15
Plant susceptibility to herbicides is related to several factors, including the environmental conditions under which the plants develop. Two experiments were carried out using Synedrellopsis grisebachii plants in two different developmental stages (vegetative and reproductive), with the goal of studying plant susceptibility to the herbicide, glyphosate, and the dependence of this susceptibility on light intensity (full sunlight and 70% shading), correlated with leaf anatomy. The experimental design for both experiments was completely randomized, with a 2 × 7 factorial scheme, with two light intensities and seven different doses of glyphosate (0D, 1/4D, 1/2D, D, 2D, 4D and 6D, where D is the recommended dose of 1800 g ae ha?1) as the factors and four replicates per treatment. The leaf anatomy was characterized with optical and scanning electron microscopy. The plants that were grown in full sunlight were more tolerant of glyphosate because of thickening of the adaxial epidermis, parenchyma and main vein structures, which required higher glyphosate doses for effective weed control. The plants that were in the reproductive stage were more tolerant of glyphosate, probably because of lower glyphosate absorption and translocation to the reproductive organs. 相似文献
18.
对9个经PCR检测确定为转Bt基因阳性的海岛棉品系的农艺性状和产量性状考察结果表明,外源基因Bt的导入对9个海岛棉品系的农艺性状和产量性状有不同程度的影响。1受体为K222时,Bt基因导入使得株高、始节高、始节数、有效果枝数、铃数、有效铃数差异达到极显著水平(P0.01)。当受体为XH25和XH30时,转基因品系农艺性状与对照差异无显著水平;2 9个转基因品系间株高、始节高、始节数和铃数差异达到极显著水平(P0.01),有效果枝数和有效铃数差异达到显著水平(P0.05);3 9个转基因品系的产量性状与对照差异均无显著性;4株高、始节高、始节数、果枝数、有效果枝数、铃数和有效铃数与籽棉产量呈显著相关;5两年(2014和2015)和两点(北疆和南疆)间农艺性状及产量性状差异达到显著水平。 相似文献
19.
为探索能够减轻或消除Mn2+对草甘膦拮抗效应的方法,以高羊茅为试材,将赤霉素(GA3)与草甘膦和硫酸锰(Mn2+质量分数为0.1%)混用,研究了赤霉素对Mn2+降低草甘膦药效的缓解作用。结果表明:赤霉素+草甘膦+硫酸锰处理组高羊茅比同剂量草甘膦+硫酸锰处理组叶色更黄,萎蔫更严重,与同剂量草甘膦单剂处理组比较接近,其中加入50 mg/L赤霉素处理组缓解草甘膦拮抗效应的效果最好。赤霉素+草甘膦+硫酸锰处理组高羊茅的干、鲜重及叶绿素含量均低于草甘膦+硫酸锰处理组,而丙二醛和莽草酸含量均明显高于草甘膦+硫酸锰处理组。处理后第6天,赤霉素+草甘膦+硫酸锰组莽草酸含量分别比草甘膦+硫酸锰组增加了49.8%(加入50 mg/L赤霉素)和28.8%(加入30 mg/L赤霉素),差异显著;处理后第2天,赤霉素+草甘膦+硫酸锰组丙二醛含量分别比草甘膦+硫酸锰组增加了54.1%(加入50 mg/L赤霉素)和52.9%(加入30 mg/L赤霉素),差异显著。研究表明,将赤霉素与锰肥和草甘膦混合喷施,将有可能在一定程度上缓解Mn2+对草甘膦的拮抗效应,保证草甘膦的除草效果。 相似文献
20.
Growth chamber experiments were conducted in order to study the absorption, translocation and activity of glyphosate when applied to roots with aqueous solution avoiding any glyphosate–substrate interaction. Corn seedlings at the first leaf stage were set up in individual graduated cylinders containing different solutions of 14 C-glyphosate (0–30 mg ae kg−1 ). After 26 h of root exposure, plants were transferred to fresh nutrient solution and grown for the next 5 days. After harvest, plants were separated into seed, root, mesocotyle, coleoptile, cotyledon, first leaf and all new leaves (apex), and quantified 14 C radioactivity contained in each part. Glyphosate uptake was only 11% of the theoretical mass flow into the plant. The amount of glyphosate translocated from roots was positively correlated with plant uptake ( P < 0.01). Total plant fresh weight presented a logistic response to glyphosate amounts, including a growth stimulant effect (hormesis), when plants absorbed less than 0.6 µg. The treated plants presented a normal pattern of glyphosate allocation, with the apex the principal sink, accumulating more than 38% of mobilized glyphosate. When corn plants absorbed more than 0.6 µg they showed a decrease in growth. The relatively high glyphosate quantities allocated in the new leaves showed the relevance of the symplastic pathway in the translocation process for root absorbed glyphosate. 相似文献