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1.
The euryhaline fish, Oreochromis mossambicus was exposed to sub-lethal concentration (0.017 mg L−1) of a novel phosphorothionate, 2-butenoic acid-3-(diethoxy phosphinothionyl) ethyl ester (RPR-V) for 30 days and allowed to recover for 7 days. Important biomarker enzymes were assayed in plasma, brain, gill, liver, kidney, and muscle during exposure tenures of day-3, -7, -15, -30, and also at 7 days (withdrawal) after stopping treatment. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities of brain, gill, and muscle were strongly inhibited by 67, 75, and 66%, respectively, on day-30. Exposure (time) dependent increases in alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), acid phosphatase (AcP), and alkaline phosphatase (AkP), activities in plasma and kidney; AcP and AkP activities in gill were noticed. However, significant decrease in ALAT, ASAT, AcP, and AkP activities in liver was observed. The depletion of glycogen was observed in liver, brain, and gill tissues, an indication of typical stress related response of the fish with pesticide. A significant increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in gill and brain was observed and decreased in liver and muscle, indicating tissue damage and muscular harm. Depletion of glutathione (GSH) was observed in the above tissues, there by enhancing the lipid peroxidation resulting in cell damage. The induction in hepatic glutathione-S-transferase (GST) levels indicates the protection against the toxicity of xenobiotic-induced lipid peroxidation. There was a significant recovery in all the above biochemical parameters, in all the tissues of fish after a recovery period of 7 days. These results revealed that RPR-V affects the intermediary metabolism of O. mossambicus and the increase of biomarker enzymes in plasma, might be due to the necrosis of liver.  相似文献   

2.
The impact of acute and sublethal toxicity of a synthetic organochlorine pesticide lindane on some haematological and biochemical parameters of a freshwater fish Cyprinus carpio was estimated. The median lethal concentration of lindane for 24 h was 0.38 ppm. During acute treatment (24 h), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct) and erythrocyte (RBC) values were decreased, whereas leucocyte (WBC) count increased in the pesticide treated fish. The hematological indices like mean cellular volume (MCV), mean cellular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean cellular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were decreased when compared to control group. Biochemical profiles like plasma glucose and protein levels were increased in lindane exposed fish showing a percent increase of 50.36 and 3.98 at the end of 24 h treatment. However, glycogen content in liver and muscle were decreased showing a percent decrease of 21.70 and 1.74. In sublethal treatment (1/10th of LC50 24 h value, 0.038 ppm), RBC count was decreased whereas WBC count increased in the pesticide treated fish throughout the study period (25 days). Hb and Hct values were decreased up to 10th day and after that recovered showing a significant increase in the rest of the study period. Similarly, a biphasic response was observed in the value of MCV, MCH and MCHC. Plasma glucose level was significantly increased while plasma protein level decreased throughout the study period. Further, glycogen level in muscle and liver were showed a mixed trend. In the present study, the pesticide lindane caused alterations on haematological and biochemical parameters of C. carpio and these alterations can be used as non specific biomarkers in pesticide contaminated aquatic ecosystem.  相似文献   

3.
Alterations in the levels of hemoglobin, total plasma proteins, glucose, and lactic acid in the blood; glycogen and lactic acid content of liver and white skeletal muscle; and the activities of lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and succinate dehydrogenase in liver, kidney, intestine, brain, gills, and muscles were examined in the fresh-water snake-head fish, Channa punctatus, after exposure to a sublethal concentration (25 μg/liter) of quinalphos for 60 and 120 days. Hemoglobin, plasma protein, glucose, and lactic acid decreased in pesticide-exposed fish. The glycogen content of the liver and muscles increased but lactic acid decreased. Lactate dehydrogenase activity decreased in all six tissues. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity of liver, kidney, gill, and muscle decreased, but the enzyme activity was elevated in intestine and brain. In intestine, succinate dehydrogenase activity was elevated, and in the remaining five tissues the enzyme activity was significantly reduced. The present study showed that formation of glycogen and its breakdown was impaired in the liver, and aerobic oxidation of nutrients was adversely affected in quinalphos-exposed fish.  相似文献   

4.
Atrazine (ATR) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) are the most common pesticides found in freshwater ecosystems throughout the world. Herein, we investigated the oxidative stress responses and histopathological changes in the liver and gill of common carp after a 40-d exposure to CPF and ATR, alone or in combination, and a 20-d recovery treatment. We found that exposure to ATR, CPF or their mixture for 40 d could induce decrease in antioxidant enzyme (SOD, CAT and GSH-Px) activities and increase in MDA content in a dose-dependent manner in the liver and gill of common carp. Especially with regard to the pathological changes, the tissue damage increased in severity in a dose-dependent manner. The liver tissue of common carp revealed different degree of hydropic degeneration, vacuolisation, pyknotic nuclei, and fatty infiltration. The gills of common carp displayed varied degrees of epithelial hypertrophy, telangiectasis, oedema with epithelial separation from basement membranes, general necrosis, and epithelial desquamation. After a 20-d recovery treatment, the antioxidant enzyme activities and MDA content were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than in the corresponding exposure groups in all of the highest doses, but not in the lower doses. To our knowledge, this is the first report of subchronic oxidative stress and histopathological effects caused by ATR, CPF and their mixture in the common carp. Thus, the information presented in this study is helpful to understand the mechanism of ATR-, CPF- and ATR/CPF-mixture-induced oxidative stress in fish.  相似文献   

5.
Carbonic anhydrase enzymes have been shown to play an important role in ion transport and pH regulation in several organisms including fish. Despite this information and the wealth of knowledge regarding the significance of CA enzymes in fish, few studies have reported the hazardous effects of chemicals on fish CA. Using rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a model, this study aimed to determine the risk of pesticides and fungicides on fish carbonic anhydrase enzymes. For this purpose, screening of rainbow trout carbonic anhydrase activities was carried out in the presence of some pesticides and fungicides. Carbonic anhydrase enzymes were initially purified from rainbow trout liver, muscle, kidney and brain, and exposed to pesticides and fungicides, including mancozeb, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and dinocap. Pesticides and fungicides dose-dependently decreased in vitro CA activity at micromolar concentrations. Since deltamethrin was the most powerful inhibitor for all tissues in in vitro experiments, it was chosen for in vivo analysis as well. rtCAs were significantly inhibited by the three concentrations of deltamethrin (0.25, 1.0 and 2.5 μg/L) at 24th and 48th hours. Our findings indicate that deltamethrin, dinocap, mancozeb and cypermethrin are potent inhibitors for fish CA enzymes, and might cause undesirable results by disrupting acid-base regulation as well as salt transport in freshwater or seawater adapted fish.  相似文献   

6.
Diethyl phthalate (DEP) enter into aquatic environment from industries manufacturing cosmetics, plastic and many commercial products and can pose potential fish and human health hazard. This experiment evaluated effects of DEP in adult male (89 g) common carp (Cyprinus carpio) by exposing them to fractions of LC50 (1/500-1/2.5) doses with every change of water for 28 days. Vitellogenin induction metabolic enzymes, somatic indices and bioaccumulation were studied on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th day. The 96th hour LC50 of DEP in fingerlings was found to be 48 mg/L. Compared to control, except increase (P < 0.01) in alkaline phosphatase activity (EC 3.1.3.1) and liver size, there was decrease (P < 0.01) in activity of acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), aspartate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.1), alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) and testiculosomatic index following exposure to 1, 5 and 20 ppm DEP. Significant (P < 0.01) dose dependant vitellogenin induction was observed with exposure of fish to 0.1, 1 and 5 ppm DEP. The bioaccumulation of DEP in testis, liver, brain, gills and more importantly in muscle tissues of fish increased significantly (P < 0.01) with increase of dose from 1 to 5 ppm. Significant interaction (P < 0.01) of dose and duration of exposure indicated that exposure period of a week to two was sufficient to bring about changes in quantifiable parameters studied. Fish exposed to 20 ppm DEP became lethargic and discolored during onset of the 4th week. This is the first report describing metabolic changes and vitellogenin induction following exposure of C. carpio to DEP dose that is as low as 1/500th fraction of LC50.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract: Dimethoate accumulation in liver and muscle tissues of a fresh-water fish, Clarias bactrachus L., was measured by gas liquid chromatography. Fish were exposed to a sub-lethal concentration of the pesticide in the laboratory water tank for a period of eight days. The accumulation increased up to two days, followed by decrease on the 4th and 8th days of exposure in both liver and muscle tissues. Maximum accumulation was found in liver. After eight days of exposure, fish were released into pesticide-free water to study the rate of loss of the pesticide. It was found that liver and muscle tissues were cleared of dimethoate after four and eight days respectively.  相似文献   

8.
Adaptive changes in the levels of carbohydrate metabolites, glucose, glycogen and lactic acid, were studied in a freshwater edible fish, Sarotherodon mossambicus exposed to a carbamate fungicide, ziram. Based on the results obtained, it was concluded that the fish showed (i) adaptive utilization of stored glycogen, particularly in liver tissue; (ii) adaptive accumulation of glycogen in muscle and heart tissues, probably by glyconeogenesis and (iii) adaptive mechanism of operation of ‘diving syndrome’, to meet the stress of the pollutant under sub-lethal exposure. © 1998 SCI.  相似文献   

9.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of lycopene against the toxic effects of deltamethrin (DM) by examining oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation and the antioxidant defense system components in carp (Cyprinus carpio). The fish were divided into seven groups of 15 fish each and received the following treatments: Group 1, no treatment; Group 2, orally administered corn oil; Group 3, oral lycopene (10 mg/kg body weight); Group 4, exposure to 0.018 μg/L DM; Group 5, exposure to 0.018 μg/L DM plus oral administration of 10 mg/kg lycopene; Group 6, exposure to 0.036 μg/L DM; and Group 7, exposure to 0.036 μg/L DM plus oral administration of 10 mg/kg lycopene. Treatment was continued for 14 days, and at the end of this period, blood and tissue (liver, kidney, and gill) samples were collected. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined in blood and tissues for measurement of oxidant-antioxidant status. A significant elevation in the level of MDA, as an index of lipid peroxidation, and reductions in antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px) and low molecular weight antioxidant (GSH) levels were observed in DM-exposed fish. Treatment with lycopene attenuated the DM-induced oxidative stress by significantly decreasing the levels of MDA. In addition, lycopene significantly increased the SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px activities and the level of GSH. The present results suggest that administration of lycopene might alleviate DM-induced oxidative stress.  相似文献   

10.
Sublethal effect of monocrotophos (pesticide) and ammonium chloride (fertilizer) was studied in the freshwater fish Oreochromis mossambicus, with reference to carbohydrate metabolism for a period of 96 h. The glycogen content was analysed in liver and muscle, while the lactate and pyruvate were assessed in blood along with liver and muscle. The results revealed that the glycogen content was found to be decreasing. In contrast increase in the tissues lactate and pyruvate level was found in the fishes exposed to pesticide and fertilizer individually and in combinations. The combined effects of these chemicals were more toxic to carbohydrate metabolism than the effect produced by the individual chemicals. The results were tested to search for statistical significance. The calculated lactate and pyruvate ratio (L/P) indicated that the fishes were under chemical stress.  相似文献   

11.
Impacts of chlorpyriphos (2, 4, 6 ppm) on the profiles of antioxidant (catalase) and anaerobic (lactate dehydrogenase) enzymes and other macromolecular contents (DNA, RNA, protein) of various tissues of the freshwater fish, Heteropneustes fossilis were studied. Chlorpyriphos significantly decreased the specific activity of catalase (CAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the brain, liver, gill and skeletal muscle of the fish. The reduction in specific activity might be due to the binding of chlorpyriphos or its metabolites with the enzyme molecules or affecting the synthesis and/or degradation of the enzymes. Like enzymes, the DNA, RNA and protein contents decreased in the brain, liver, gill and skeletal muscle of the fish as a function of increase in chlorpyriphos concentrations (2-6 ppm). The chlorpyriphos-induced reduction in these biochemical constituents might be because of alteration in their turnover (synthesis/degradation) in different tissues. The maximum effects on CAT, LDH, DNA, RNA and protein were obtained in response to 6 ppm chlorpyriphos. The present findings suggest chlorpyriphos concentration related impairment in antioxidative, anaerobic and protein synthesizing capacity of the fish. Therefore, the use of higher concentrations of chlorpyriphos should be avoided to protect the health of economically important freshwater food fish.  相似文献   

12.
The long-term effect of endosulfan on the carbohydrate metabolites of the fish Anabas scandens was studied. Exposure of fish to a sublethal concentration of 6 ppb, for a period of 21 days resulted in marked changes in total carbohydrate, glycogen, lactic acid, and pyruvic acid content of the tissues. Lactate levels were found to be elevated, whereas pyruvate and glycogen content of the tissues declined. The results indicate that exposure of fish to endosulfan leads to metabolic adaptations to suit the functional need of the animal.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of an acute lethal (0.59 mg/liter) and a sublethal (0.075 mg/liter) concentration of lindane on the levels of glycogen (liver and muscle), glucose (blood), and lactic acid (liver, muscle, and blood) of a freshwater fish, Anabas testudineus (Bloch) were determined. A marked decrease in the liver glycogen and significant increase in blood glucose and muscle glycogen at 1 hr of exposure to 0.075 mg/liter lindane was noted. These results indicate extensive utilization of energy stores in the liver and simultaneous buildup of fuel reserves in the muscle. After 3 hr of exposure, glycogenesis possibly becomes operative in liver through the Cori cycle. The activity of the cycle was observed in the fish in all the subsequent periods of exposure studied. At 120 hr, the decreases observed in muscle and liver glycogen indicate near exhaustion of glycogen stores. Though changes in glycogen content of both muscle and liver were similar in 0.59 mg/liter lindane, they have less adaptive value since mortality of fish was significantly high at all three peroids studied.  相似文献   

14.
In this study, fish Rhamdia quelen, were exposed to different concentrations of herbicide clomazone: 0.0 (control), 0.45 and 0.91 mg L−1. After exposure for 8 days to herbicide, fish were transferred to clean water for a recovery period (8 days). Oxidative stress indicators such as thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels and protein carbonyl content, as well as antioxidant defenses, such as catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), ascorbic acid and non-protein thiols levels were studied, using the liver, brain and muscle tissues. Herbicide exposure increased TBARS in muscle and in liver at higher concentration. In liver protein carbonylation increased and catalase activity did not change in fish exposed to herbicide. SOD enhanced in liver at concentration of 0.91 mg L−1. GST, ascorbic acid and non-protein thiols levels increase at both concentrations. At the end of the recovery period the most of the parameters recovered whereas GST and ascorbic acid remain elevated. The present study demonstrates the occurrence of disorders in antioxidant parameters and importance in the assessment of the potential risk of herbicides as clomazone on fish species.  相似文献   

15.
Agricultural run off that is contaminated with pesticides enters water bodies, thereby polluting the aquatic environment. The sensitivity of the freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium malcolmsonii, to such pesticides is well-documented. However, the stress response to sublethal concentrations of pesticides has scarcely been investigated. In the present study, the effect of two different sublethal concentrations (1/5th and 1/10th of LC50 value) of endosulfan and carbaryl on the synthesis of hsp70 in various tissues of the prawn M. malcolmsonii was evaluated by Western blotting analysis. Among the tissues analyzed (gill, skeletal muscle, and hepatopancreas), induction of hsp70 synthesis was recorded only in the gill tissue of the prawns that had been exposed to either the high or low sublethal concentration of endosulfan. Induction of synthesis of hsp70 was not observed in any of the tissues sampled from the prawns that had been exposed to either the low or the high sublethal concentration of carbaryl. Pesticides interfere with the hydrophobic core of protein, thus leading to denaturation of the protein by exposing the lipophilic moieties to the aqueous environment. Specific induction of hsp70 in the gill possibly occurred since the gill is the route of exposure for pesticides in the prawns. The absence of induction of hsp70 synthesis in prawns that had been exposed to carbaryl suggests that induction of hsp70 synthesis is stressor-specific.  相似文献   

16.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate oxidative stress and neurotoxic potential of organophosphorus (OP) insecticide diazinon in the sentinel freshwater fish, Oreochromis niloticus. Antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein levels were measured spectrophotometrically in gill, kidney, alimentary tract, and muscle tissues of fish treated with sub-lethal diazinon concentrations for 1, 7, 15, and 30 days. Dose-dependent inhibitions of AChE were observed in all the experimental fish. On the contrary of alimentary tract, MDA levels were elevated in kidney and muscle and gill was not affected. AChE and MDA levels intercorrelated in kidney and muscle tissues. Diazinon had increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in all the tissues, while kidney was the most affected tissue. Tissue-specific alterations were observed on catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities; however, the activities were not changed in gill and muscle tissues for GPx and in gill, muscle, and kidney tissues for CAT. Protein levels decreased in kidney, muscle, and alimentary tract, while increased in gill and alimentary tract in 15 days. With respect to these results, diazinon has oxidative and neurotoxic potentials in O. niloticus. Observed changes with diazinon treatment were generally tissue-specific and dose-dependent.  相似文献   

17.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate biochemical and morphological responses induced by carbaryl in the liver of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed during 21 days to sublethal concentrations (0.25 and 0.5 mg L−1), testing also recover for 14 days in clean water, after 14 days exposure. The activities of the following enzymes were measured: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and reduced (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG). Globally, our data showed that exposure to carbaryl decreased the SOD, CAT, GR, and GST activities, except for the SOD and GST activities after 14 days exposure to 0.25 mg L−1. In contrast, after 14 days exposure the GR activity of the hepatic tissue from carbaryl-treated fish showed significant elevation in relation to the control. When fish were left to recover, a positive response was seen in the GSH and GSSG contents. The results of the recovery group suggest that the toxicity produced by carbaryl is reversible to some extent within 15 days. The liver histological analysis showed differences between fish concerning the cellular vacuolization degree (VD) of the hepatocytes. In fish exposed to carbaryl it was observed an increasing hepatocellular basophilia. No other histological alterations were observed when fish was exposed to carbaryl, except a few necrotic foci at day 7. The sections stained with PAS reaction showed that the vacuolization was always not due to glycogen deposits, thus suggesting lipid accumulation. The combined increased basophilia and glycogen depletion is a common, although non-specific, liver response to many toxicants. In short, this work shows a relation between histological and biochemical changes in liver and carbaryl exposure. The effects of carbaryl were observed at different concentrations.  相似文献   

18.
Exposure of a freshwater cyprinid (Puntius conchonius) to 2.142 and 4.784 ppm of carbaryl and dimethoate, respectively, for 24 hr, seriously affected carbohydrate and cholesterol metabolism. Significant hyperglycemia and glycogenolysis in liver, brain, and heart were manifested in the treated fish. Hypercholesterolemia and rise in liver cholesterol also occurred. Long-term exposure, 15–30 days, to chronically sublethal concentrations, 0.194 and 0.306 ppm carbaryl and 0.434 and 0.683 ppm dimethoate, elicited hypoglycemia and depletion of liver glycogen, together with enhanced glycogenesis in the heart. The glycogen level in brain fell in response to carbaryl exposure in contrast to a significant elevation caused by dimethoate. Reduction in blood and liver cholesterol at 15 days was followed by an increase at 30 days.  相似文献   

19.
Agricultural chemicals can induce genetic alterations on aquatic organisms that have been associated with effects on growth, reproduction and population dynamics. The evaluation of DNA damage in fish using the comet assay (CA) frequently involves the utilization of erythrocytes. However, epithelial gill cells (EGC) can be more sensitive, as they are constantly dividing and in direct contact with potentially stressing compounds from the aquatic environment. The aim of the present study was to evaluate (1) the sensitivity and suitability of epithelial gill cells of Prochilodus lineatus in response to different genotoxic agents through the application of the CA, (2) the induction of DNA damage in this cell population after in vivo exposure to cypermethrin. Baseline value of the CA damage index (DI) for EGC of juvenile P. lineatus was 144.68 ± 5.69. Damage increased in a dose-dependent manner after in vitro exposure of EGC to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and H2O2, two known genotoxic agents. In vivo exposure of fish to cypermethrin induced a significant increase in DNA DI of EGC at 0.150 μg/l (DI: 239.62 ± 6.21) and 0.300 μg/l (270.63 ± 2.09) compared to control (150.25 ± 4.38) but no effect was observed at 0.075 μg/l (168.50 ± 10.77). This study shows that EGC of this species are sensitive for the application of the CA, demonstrating DNA damage in response to alkylation (MMS), oxidative damage (H2O2), and to the insecticide cypermethryn. These data, together with our previous study on DNA damage induction on erythrocytes of this species, provides useful information for future work involving biomonitoring in regions where P. lineatus is naturally exposed to pesticides and other genotoxic agents.  相似文献   

20.
The Cyprinus carpio fingerlings on exposure to lethal (1 mg/L) and sub lethal concentrations (0.066 mg/L) of sodium cyanide showed inhibition in the activity of catalase. The disruption of catalase activity in freshwater fish, C. carpio is demonstrated in the present study using UV–visible spectrophotometer at 240 nm using hydrogen peroxide as a substrate. It suggests toxic effects of sodium cyanide and consequent accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the functionally different tissues namely, liver, gill, muscle and brain. This might lead to cellular damages, and create widespread physiological disturbance. The results suggest that catalase activity can be a good diagnostic tool for sodium cyanide toxicity in biomonitoring programme.  相似文献   

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