首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
以高寒嵩草草甸退化生态系统植物群落样地资料为基础,研究了不同退化演替阶段植物群落的结构及物种多样性特征,分析了植物群落物种多样性与不同退化演替阶段的关系.研究结果表明:超载过牧、鼠虫危害、人为干扰以及全球气候变化等因素是青藏高原高寒草甸草地严重退化的主要原因,从11个不同演替阶段植物群落样地数据的PCA排序结果可归为4个类型,按群落阶段依次为原生植被(Ⅳ)、轻度退化(Ⅲ)、重度退化(Ⅱ)和极度退化(Ⅰ).群落物种丰富度指数依次为Ⅳ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅰ;物种多样性指数(H′和N2)同丰富度指数有相同的变化趋势,即原生植被的物种多样性指数明显高于不同退化程度的群落类型;高寒嵩草草甸生态系统的退化,不仅使群落物种组成发生巨大变化,而且导致物种多样性发生改变,它随着干扰和退化程度的加剧而降低;江河源区的植被保护不仅为草地畜牧业可持续发展提供物质基础,而且还具有涵养水源、控制水土流失的作用,对长江、黄河中下游地区的经济发展和生态环境保护具有重要的意义.因此,加强和保护江河源区的生态环境势在必行,有必要借鉴国内外的先进技术和管理经验,进行长期的生态工程建设.  相似文献   

2.
以高寒嵩草草甸退化生态系统植物群落样地资料为基础，研究了不同退化演替阶段植物群落的结构及物种多样性特征，分析了植物群落物种多样性与不同退化演替阶段的关系，研究结果表明：超载过牧，鼠虫危害，人为干扰以及全球气候变化等因素是青藏高原高寒草甸草地严重退化的主要原因，从11个不同演替阶段植物群样地数据的PCA排序结果可归为4个类型，按群落阶段依次为原生植被（Ⅳ），轻度退化（Ⅲ），重度退化（Ⅱ）和极度退化（Ⅰ），群落物种丰富度指数依次为Ⅳ＞Ⅲ＞Ⅱ＞Ⅰ；物种多样性指数（H′和N2）同丰富度指数有相同的变化趋势，即原生植被的物种多样性指数明显高于不同退化程度的群落类型，高寒嵩草草甸生态系统的退化，不仅使群落物种组成发生巨大变化，而且导致物种多样性发生改变，它随着干扰和退化程度的加 剧而降低，江河源区的植被保护不仅为草地畜牧业可持续发展提供物质基础，而且还具有涵养水源，控制水土流失的作用，对长江，黄河中下游地区的经济发展和生态环境保护具有重要的意义，因此，加强和保护江河源区的生态环境势在必行，有必要借鉴国内外的先进技术和管理经验，进行长期的生态工程建设。  相似文献   

3.
综合利用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,分析了祁连山东段地区1994-2008年的景观格局变化及其驱动因素。结果表明,1)在斑块类型水平上,与1994年相同,2008年研究区整体景观仍属于粒级结构。微小型斑块数量多,面积占比小;中斑块、大斑块和巨斑块面积占比大,斑块数量少。1994-2008年,研究区景观发生了较大变化。森林保存了原有面积的78.2%,灌木保存了原有面积的66.7%,28.1%的灌木面积由森林景观演化而来;草地保存了原有面积的86.3%,4.8%的草地面积退化为裸地;12.7%的冰雪面积转化为裸地,森林与灌木、冰雪与裸地之间转化演变剧烈。森林、冰雪和水域景观斑块形状朝简单、规则方向变化。2)与1994年相比,2008年祁连山东段地区景观多样性、均匀度、破碎度指数增大,景观优势度、分离度减小。研究区景观整体多样性水平升高,异质性增大,优势斑块在景观中控制作用减弱,景观向着多元化、均匀化方向发展。3)自然因素中气温升高是导致冰雪景观面积减少的主要原因,降水量增加则遏制了水域面积减少的趋势。人为因素特别是过度砍伐是导致研究区森林面积减少,森林退化为灌丛的根本因子。  相似文献   

4.
全面深入地了解青藏高原蒸散发与植被退化的关系对陆地生态系统的稳定有十分重要的意义。本文选取MODIS16A2数据分析青藏高原及其14 个子流域蒸散发的时空格局，同时选用MODIS NDVI及GIMMS NDVI3g数据采用像元二分模型计算青藏高原植被覆盖度，进而识别青藏高原植被退化梯度和植被变化区，以此探究2001—2020 年青藏高原不同退化梯度和不同植被变化区蒸散发的变化趋势。结果表明：2001—2020 年青藏高原蒸散发呈波动上升趋势，空间上呈中部低，东南高的态势，14 个子流域中羌塘高原区的蒸散发最高，黄河流域的蒸散发最低，同时大部分地区蒸散发未来将呈现下降趋势。青藏高原各植被类型中灌木的蒸散发最高，其次是森林和草地。2001—2020 年青藏高原植被退化不断减弱，各退化区蒸散发的均值排序为：未退化区>轻度退化区>极重度退化区>中度退化区>重度退化区。青藏高原植被恢复区集中在青海湖和柴达木盆地周边区域且植被恢复区面积高于植被恶化区，各植被变化区的年均蒸散发呈波动上升趋势，总体呈植被恢复区>植被不变区>植被恶化区。识别青藏高原植被退化梯度及植被蒸散发的时空特征能为当地生态安全格局构建和高寒植被退化的恢复治理提供参考。  相似文献   

5.
任国华  邓斌  后源 《草业科学》2015,(8):1222-1229
利用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,研究了黄河源区沼泽湿地退化过程中植物群落空间分布特征的变化。结果显示:在湿地退化过程中,经沼泽化草甸、高寒草甸到退化草地,1)群落内物种发生更替,优势种藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)逐渐退出群落,多年生杂类草则逐渐增多并演变成优势种;2)物种丰富度、均匀度和多样性指数先升后降,优势度指数先降后升,峰值均出现在高寒草甸阶段;3)群落生产力呈现下降态势,多年生杂类草所占比例随演替年限的增大而急剧增加;4)物种-多度格局由生物统计型的对数正态分布逐渐转变为生态位型的ZipfMandelbrot分布。  相似文献   

6.
基于TM影像的内蒙古达茂旗草地景观格局动态分析   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
基于遥感影像、地理信息系统和地面调查数据,以内蒙古达茂旗为研究区域,对1988年、2002年的TM遥感影像进行综合解译,得到两个时期达茂旗地区景观类型分布图,在此基础上应用景观生态学研究方法,对内蒙占达茂旗景观格局及动态变化进行分析.结果表明:内蒙古达茂旗景观以草地为主体,其中北部以平原丘陵荒漠草原的针茅草原为主体,农田、林地等人工植被面积较小且主要分布在研究区的南部.研究区景观类型多样,景观分布均匀,但各景观中斑块数量多,斑块破碎度较大.与20世纪80年代相比,2002年草地景观面积减少,景观斑块数量减少,破碎度降低,斑块形状更加规则;林地和水域斑块数量减少,面积大幅度下降;沙漠化草地面积增加.  相似文献   

7.
采用样方法对东祁连山地区不同退化程度高寒草甸植物群落进行了调查,对群落结构、物种组成和群落生产力进行了分析,并运用α多样性、β多样性等指标研究了其物种多样性变化.结果表明,1)研究样地内共有植物种13科27属40多种,从未退化-轻度退化-中度退化-重度退化-极度退化,不同退化演替阶段的优势种分别为线叶嵩草 禾草、线叶嵩草 珠芽蓼、珠芽蓼 线叶嵩草、珠芽蓼 杂类草、平车前 杂类草.2)随退化程度的加剧,草地总盖度降低,优良牧草生物量减少,而毒杂草的比例逐渐上升,草地质量下降;地上、地下生物量均明显降低,地上生物量远低于地下生物量,分布在各层的植物根量越来越少,地下根系具有浅层化特点.3)高寒草甸植物群落α多样性指数基本上与均匀度、丰富度指数呈正相关,与生态优势度指数呈负相关;群落的物种丰富度在中度退化阶段最高,但多样性指数和均匀度指数在重度退化阶段最高,群落多样性更多地受均匀度的影响.4)随退化程度的加剧,样方内微生境或资源异质性减小,样方间异质性增大,从而导致β多样性增加;各草地植物群落物种替代速率由大到小的顺序为重度退化-极度退化>未退化-轻度退化>中度退化-重度退化>轻度退化-中度退化.  相似文献   

8.
研究不同退化阶段高寒草甸植被演替以及草地生产力特征,对进一步探究高寒草甸退化机制,科学评估草地状况和退化草地恢复重建具有重要意义。采用野外植被调查,对黄河源区高寒草甸未退化、轻度退化、中度退化、重度退化和极度("黑土型")退化草地的植被群落结构、物种组成及生物量等植被特征进行了研究。结果表明:黄河源区高寒草甸共有植物48种;随着高寒草地退化程度的加剧,线叶嵩草、垂穗披碱草、高原早熟禾等优势植物种呈下降趋势,黄帚橐吾、青海刺参和臭蒿等则呈上升趋势。随着高寒草地退化程度的加剧,植被群落物种优势度指数、多样性指数和丰富度指数均呈下降趋势,均匀度指数则无明显变化。将高寒草地植被划分为禾本科、莎草科、龙胆科、菊科、杂类草和毒害草六类,随着草地退化程度的加剧,禾本科、莎草科和龙胆科牧草比例显著降低,菊科和毒害草比例则显著升高。高寒草甸不同退化阶段地上生物量呈"V"形变化,轻度退化草地地上生物量最高,显著高于其他阶段。中度退化草地最低,与未退化、轻度退化和重度退化草地之间差异显著。高寒草甸地下生物量80%以上集中于表层土壤,随着高寒草地退化程度的不断加剧,地下生物量显著降低。  相似文献   

9.
本文以若尔盖高原高山绣线菊(Spiraea alpina)、管花忍冬(Lonicera tubuliflora)、高山柳(Salix cupularis)三类典型灌丛为研究对象,分析其林下灌丛斑块与邻近草地斑块植被特征和土壤养分差异.结果显示:相较于各自草地斑块,高山柳灌丛斑块内植被总盖度、生物量、丰富度指数、多样性指...  相似文献   

10.
于2004年对金沙江干热河谷地区典型稀树灌草丛退化草地进行了围栏封育。在封育后第1年和第2年,以未围栏封育退化草地为对照,对草地土壤种子库和植被的物种组成、密度变化、多样性变化及土壤种子库与植被群落的相似性进行了调查和分析。结果表明,随着围栏封育年限的增加,土壤种子库密度和植物密度增加极显著（P〈0．001）,其物种组成主要以一年生草本为主。在围栏封育过程中,土壤种子库和物种丰富度明显下降,物种多样性降低,植被均匀性下降。随着封育年限增加,土壤种子库物种组成相似性指数和植被物种组成相似性指数均降低。  相似文献   

11.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

12.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

13.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

14.
The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.  相似文献   

15.
Comparison of different tests to diagnose feline infectious peritonitis   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
  相似文献   

16.
An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.  相似文献   

17.
Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein  相似文献   

18.
A knowledge of the microbiological status of milk and of the different structures in the mammary glands has great importance in elucidating the pathogenesis of mammary gland infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological status of various structures in the mammary glands from naturally infected dairy cows following slaughter. A total of 94 samples of milk, 184 samples of mammary parenchyma, 168 samples of gland cisterns, and 168 samples of teat cisterns were collected for microbiological examination. Microorganisms were detected in 59.9% of all samples, 67.0% of the milk samples, 70.1% of the mammary parenchymas, 55.9% of the gland cisterns and 48.8% of the teat cistern samples. When all samples were considered, coagulase-negative Staphylococcus were the most prevalent (35.7%) followed by coagulase-positive Staphylococcus (12.2%), Corynebacterium bovis (2.4%), Prototheca sp. (1.9%), and Streptococcus dysgalactiae (1.5%). There was a significantly higher occurrence of microorganisms in the milk and mammary parenchyma compared to the gland cisterns and teat cisterns. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

19.
Four grass plots were sequentially contaminated with goat faeces containing known numbers of unembryonated eggs of predominantly Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. between October 1982 and April 1983. Four other plots were similarly contaminated with sheep faeces between February and May 1987. An additional plot was repeatedly contaminated with sheep faeces from February to April 1987. Populations of free-living stages in faeces and of infective larvae (L3) in the herbage were subsequently monitored until the end of April and June of 1983 and 1987 respectively. During February and May 1987 two control cultures of sheep faeces were incubated in the laboratory at 25°C–30°C and at a constant temperature of 50°C and the free-living development was also monitored. L3 developed very readily in the faeces cultured at 25°C–30°C and in those spread on a grass plot in October, at the end of the wet season, but developed less on the plot contaminated in May at the start of the wet season. Worm eggs in faeces deposited on plots during the hot dry season (December to April) or incubated at 50°C died and disintegrated after 24–48 h exposure to the high environmental temperatures. The results indicate that it is unlikely that gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats can develop or survive on open pasture during the dry season in the Nigerian derived savanna zone.  相似文献   

20.
  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号