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1.
1966-2017年贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布特征 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
[目的] 分析贵州省1966—2017年降雨侵蚀力R值的时空演变规律,为评估该地区降雨对土壤侵蚀的防治、制定水土保持措施及农业生产规划提供参考。[方法] 基于贵州省33个气象站点1966—2017年的日降雨资料,利用克里金插值法、经验正交函数（EOF）方法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波分析法等,对贵州省52 a的降雨侵蚀力R值的时空特征进行了分析。[结果] ①EOF分析方法可以较好地解释降水侵蚀力的时空分布特征,其前两个特征向量累计贡献率达52%,揭示了贵州省降雨侵蚀力全局型和东西反向型两种典型的分布模态。分析特征向量所对应的时间系数可得,贵州省的降水侵蚀力主要表现为全省全年偏大、全省全年偏小、东大西小、东小西大4种类型;②贵州省降雨侵蚀力R值年内主要受汛期降雨影响,全省各县市汛期降雨侵蚀力R值均占全年总量的60%以上;③在年际变化上,降雨侵蚀力R值存在多突变的现象,1971—1981年突变频率最为频繁。通过周期检验发现其变化主周期为28 a,次周期分别为12 a和6 a。[结论] 贵州省降雨侵蚀力的时空分布与降雨量的时空分布趋势近似,整体呈现南部大北部小,夏季大冬季小的趋势,在未来几年内降雨侵蚀力R值有上升的趋势。 相似文献
2.
降雨是引起土壤侵蚀的主要动力之一,探究不同量级降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征,以期为重庆市水土流失防治提供参考。选取1960—2017年重庆市及周边42个站点24 h降雨数据,按雨量等级表将其划分为不同量级降雨,利用简易模型计算R值,应用气候倾向率、变异系数、普通Kriging插值分析重庆市各量级降雨侵蚀力的时空演变特征。结果表明:(1)研究期内重庆市年均R值为5 751.55(MJ·mm)/(hm2·h·a),变异系数为0.19,属中等变异;(2)不同量级降雨侵蚀力对年均R值的贡献率为大雨(34.82%)＞暴雨(30.53%)＞中雨(23.93%)＞大暴雨(10.53%),其中大暴雨侵蚀力的气候倾向率最大,对年降雨侵蚀力的上升贡献率最高;(3)降雨侵蚀力年内分配极度不均,54.19%集中分布在夏季,仅有0.91%分布在冬季;(4)年均降雨侵蚀力和各量级降雨侵蚀力空间分布呈东高西低的格局。通过对重庆市不同量级降雨侵蚀力的分析,明确了发生土壤侵蚀可能性较高的时期和地区,为因地制宜制定水土保持措施提供参考。 相似文献
3.
赣北第四纪红壤坡地降雨侵蚀力的计算与分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
降雨侵蚀力是建立土壤侵蚀预报模型的基础。为探讨赣北第四纪红壤坡地降雨侵蚀力的最佳组合形式、时间变异特征及其简易估算方法,通过赣北典型的第四纪红壤坡地区2001—2005年的实测资料,对各种降雨参数的单因子、复合因子与土壤流失量进行统计分析,对降雨侵蚀力的时间变异特征进行初步探讨,并对降雨侵蚀力和降雨量进行相关分析。结果表明:∑EI30可作为试验区降雨侵蚀力的最佳组合形式;降雨侵蚀力年际分布不均匀,年内分配主要集中在4—9月(占91.66%),总体上降雨侵蚀力与降雨量的年际和月际变化基本一致;次降雨的降雨侵蚀力与降雨量之间的相关系数为0.838,达到极显著水平。据此可建立基于降雨量的降雨侵蚀力简易模型,对无降雨过程资料地区的降雨侵蚀力计算具有参考价值。 相似文献
4.
通过对北京地区20个气象站雨量资料的回归分析,发现可用公式R=5.2562F1.3057F来估算北京的降雨侵蚀力,其中FF是由逐月雨量计算而来的一种指标。用此公式计算了北京113个站点的R值,绘制了降雨侵蚀力等值线图,发现北京的R值变化于2144.0～6682.7MJ·mm·hm-22·h-1·a-1。由北部和西部山地所组成的弧形山脉R值最高,并呈现向西北、东南方向递减的趋势。研究结果可为北京的水土保持规划和评价提供依据。 相似文献
5.
中国降雨侵蚀力R值的计算与分布（Ⅱ） 总被引：50，自引：2，他引：50
对中国降雨侵蚀力R值的分布进行了系统研究，主要内容包括我国不同地区年R值的月分布，次分布，频率分布和年际变化特征，以及R值的雨量，雨强人布特征，对我国140多个重点站的R值进行了计算，在分析我国降雨侵和R值域分布特征的基础上，编制了中国降雨侵蚀力等值线图，并进行了降雨侵蚀力分区。 相似文献
6.
中国降雨侵蚀力R值的计算与分布（I） 总被引：31，自引：3，他引：31
对中国降雨侵蚀力Ｒ值的计算与分布进行了系统研究。主要内容包括Ｒ指标的确定；次降雨Ｒ失真、Ｒ值以及多年平均Ｒ值的简易计算方法；我国不同地区年Ｒ值的月分布、次分布、频率分布和年际变化特征，以及Ｒ值的雨量、雨强分布特征；对我国１４０多个重点站的Ｒ值进行了计算；在分析我国降雨侵蚀力Ｒ值区域分布特征的基础上，编制了中国降雨侵蚀力等值线图，进行了降雨侵蚀力分区。 相似文献
7.
李洪营 《水土保持应用技术》2023,(4):19-21
根据朝阳县六家子小流域2014—2021年降雨历时、雨强和雨量等数据资料,分析该小流域降雨侵蚀力年内和年际变化特征。研究表明：在P<0.01水平上雨强、雨量与降雨侵蚀力显著相关,年际降雨侵蚀力呈上升趋势,表现出丰枯交替波动特征;汛期侵蚀性降雨比较集中,应高度关注7～8月特别是Ⅱ、Ⅲ降雨类型,研究结果可以为减少土壤侵蚀、保护生态环境、预测和治理小流域水土流失提供参考依据。 相似文献
8.
[目的] 分析降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征,为区域土壤流失监测和水土保持工作提供数据支撑。[方法] 利用沂蒙山国家级水土流失重点治理区及其周边71个雨量站1980—2018年逐日雨量资料,综合运用冷暖季日雨量公式、M-K检验、地统计插值等方法,对降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势进行分析。[结果] ①降雨量和侵蚀性降雨量成中度月集中性（FI>53,CI>0.17）,降雨侵蚀力具有高度月度集中性（FI=399.88,CI=0.24）,年内变化曲线呈单峰形,峰顶位于7—8月; ②研究区多年平均降雨量743.52 mm,多年平均降雨侵蚀力3 656.87 MJ·mm/（hm2·h·a）,空间上呈现北低南高,西低东高的分布趋势; ③降雨侵蚀力年际波动属中等变异,总体呈不显著增长趋势。空间上在西北部上升趋势显著（z>1.96）,在南部少量区域呈不显著的下降趋势（z<0）。[结论] 降雨侵蚀力增加会导致区域水土流失风险提升,因此,应针对区域降雨侵蚀力增加区域,加强水土流失综合防治工作,实现生态环境与经济社会的可持续发展。 相似文献
9.
侵蚀性降雨是引起喀斯特黄壤坡面水土流失的主要动力因子。采用贵州省遵义市浒洋水流域2018—2020年4个径流小区92次侵蚀性降雨产流产沙实测数据,研究次降雨条件下,裸露坡面和块石出露小区对产流产沙的影响。结果表明:(1)侵蚀性降雨可以分为A、B、C 3类,A类降雨是造成喀斯特黄壤坡面土壤侵蚀的主要雨型。侵蚀性降雨的标准为次降雨量＞6.6 mm或I30＞3.6 mm/h。(2)裸露坡面63.27%的侵蚀性降雨径流深＜0.4 mm,66.30%的侵蚀性降雨土壤流失量＜1 g/m2,坡面土壤侵蚀量主要是由个别的次降雨所贡献。比较3类降雨,产流产沙的规律总体上表现为A雨型＞C雨型＞B雨型。(3)土壤流失量主要是由径流深决定,径流深直接决定着坡面产沙的多少。A类降雨中20 mm降雨量是喀斯特黄壤坡面径流深和土壤流失量明显增加的突变值。(4)3类降雨下,块石出露增加了坡面产流量,产流量随着出露率的增加而变大。但产沙量的变化比较复杂,A类降雨下,产沙量随着块石出露率的提高呈明显增加。研究结果对喀斯特坡面水土流失治理和土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立具有重要意义。 相似文献
10.
为有效防治流域土壤侵蚀、维护生态安全,基于九曲水流域1982—2019年逐日降雨数据,运用小波分析、交叉小波变换等方法分析了中雨、大雨、暴雨及年降雨侵蚀力的年际变化规律,并探讨了太阳黑子、厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（ENSO）、北极涛动（AO）及太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）对它们的影响。结果表明：（1）中雨、大雨、暴雨及年降雨侵蚀力的年际变化趋势均不显著（p>0.05）,其变异系数（CV）分别为0.24,0.31,0.64,0.26,均属于中等变异。（2）不同量级降雨侵蚀力的周期变化差异明显,年降雨侵蚀力与暴雨侵蚀力均存在15~23年周期变化和19年主周期,二者联系更紧密。（3）年降雨侵蚀力和暴雨侵蚀力与太阳黑子、ENSO、AO、PDO均分别存在9~11,10~11,10~11,9~10年的显著共振周期,暴雨侵蚀力受太阳黑子、ENSO、PDO的影响大于中雨、大雨侵蚀力,大雨侵蚀力受AO的影响大于中雨、暴雨侵蚀力。研究成果可为赣南乃至我国土壤侵蚀预测预报与防治提供科学依据。 相似文献
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12.
M. Rodríguez-Quijano M.T. Nieto-Taladriz J.M. Carrillo 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(6):599-607
A collection of 136 accessions of Aegilops umbellulata (39), Ae. comosa (75) and Ae. markgrafii (22) was analysed for high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits composition. The homogeneity of the accessions was studied and 55.1% of the collection was homogeneous for HMW glutenin subunits (29 Ae. umbellulata, 33 Ae. comosa and 14 Ae. markgrafii). The HMW glutenin subunits of Ae. umbellulata are encoded by the Glu-U1 locus; in Ae. comosa results showed that this proteins are encoded at the 1M chromosome, and the locus was named Glu-M1. In Ae. markgrafii it was assumed that HMW glutenin subunits were encoded by an homoeologous locus and it was named Glu-C1. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and Ae. markgrafii expressed both, x-type and y-type subunits. Among the Ae. comosa accessions, only one expressed an x-type subunit alone. All the accessions of Ae. umbellulata and some of Ae. comosa had x-type glutenins of higher molecular weights than those commonly present in bread wheat. A total of 8 alleles were detected at the Glu-U1 locus, 11 at the Glu-M1 and 4 at the Glu-C1. The new HMW glutenin variation found in this work suggests their possible utilisation in breeding for wheat quality. 相似文献
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14.
One hundred and forty-seven Chinese barley varieties maintained at the Gene Bank of the National Barley Improvement Centre,
Zhejiang, and 84 progenies from these varieties were tested at the seedling stage for their reaction to 32 selected pathotypes
of Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei. Eighteen resistance spectra were identified comprising single or combined resistances from eight known (Ml(Bw), Ml(Ch), Mla7, Mla8, Mla9, Mla13, MlaRu4 and Mlg) and six unknown resistance genes. The most frequent gene was Ml(Bw), which was found in 69 varieties and previously detected in only a few European winter barley varieties. The genes Mla8 and Ml(Ch) were also often present, but other resistance genes were rare. After inoculation, considerably fewer pathogen colonies were
observed in ‘Aiganqi’ and one line of ‘Tong5’. Twenty varieties were composed of lines with different resistance genes. China
is likely to be a region of origin of the genes Ml(Bw), Mla7, as well as three unknown genes found in original landraces and perhaps another three unknown genes detected in cultivars
bred in China. The resistances of varieties from the Zhejiang province and those originating from 11 other Chinese provinces
were quite different. Unfortunately, none of the varieties are promising sources of resistance to powdery mildew and China
does not seem to be a region suitable for identifying such sources. 相似文献
15.
I. V. Rodushkin T. I. Moiseenko L. P. Kudryavtseva 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(2):731-736
The powerful mass-flow of melt water during the brief period of spring thaw provides a surge of pollutants and causes extremely toxic short term conditions. Together with the increase in total metal concentrations during this period, a redistribution in metal speciation occurs that increases the proportion of more toxic forms. Concentrations of ion-exchangeable fractions of nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), aluminium (Al), and manganese (Mn) show strong negative correlations with pH. The sum of complex metal species shows a strong positive correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). A data analysis model based on relationships observed between key parameters and metal behaviour together with gidrological data allowed an assessmrnt of the metal impact on waterbodies from accumulated airborne pollution (Ni, Cu) as well as from accelerated leaching from watersheds (Al, Mn). 相似文献
16.
A total of 1,383 accessions of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) held in the USDA-National Small Grains Collection, Aberdeen were screened for resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria
graminis f. sp. hordei) in the Czech Republic. They were subsequently tested at the seedling stage for reaction to selected powdery mildew pathotypes and simultaneously for their adult plant resistance in the field. One hundred and twenty-three accessions exhibited resistance to 22 pathotypes in the greenhouse tests (reaction type 2–3 or lower) as well as resistance to the natural population of this pathogen in the field in the Czech Republic during at least 2-year testing. These accessions represent large amount of promising sources in breeding barley for resistance to powdery mildew. 相似文献
17.
Massimo Romani Efisio Piano Luciano Pecetti 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2002,49(4):341-349
Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium. 相似文献
18.
Sofie E. De Meyer Koenraad Van Hoorde Bram Vekeman Tamara Braeckman Anne Willems 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2011,43(12):2384-2396
We investigated the diversity of rhizobia isolated from different indigenous legumes in Flanders (Belgium). A total of 3810 bacterial strains were analysed originating from 43 plant species. Based on rep-PCR clustering, 16S rRNA gene and recA gene sequence analysis, these isolates belonged to Bradyrhizobium, Ensifer (Sinorhizobium), Mesorhizobium and Rhizobium. Of the genera encountered, Rhizobium was the most abundant (62%) and especially the species Rhizobiumleguminosarum, followed by Ensifer (19%), Bradyrhizobium (14%) and finally Mesorhizobium (5%). For two rep-clusters only low similarity values with other genera were found for both the 16S rRNA and recA genes, suggesting that these may represent a new genus with close relationship to Rhodopseudomonas and Bradyrhizobium. Primers for the symbiotic genes nodC and nifH were optimized and a phylogenetic sequence analysis revealed the presence of different symbiovars including genistearum, glycinearum, loti, meliloti, officinalis, trifolii and viciae. Moreover, three new nodC types were assigned to strains originating from Ononis, Robinia and Wisteria, respectively. Discriminant and MANOVA analysis confirmed the correlation of symbiosis genes with certain bacterial genera and less with the host plant. Multiple symbiovars can be present within the same host plant, suggesting the promiscuity of these plants. Moreover, the ecoregion did not contribute to the separation of the bacterial endosymbionts. Our results reveal a large diversity of rhizobia associated with indigenous legumes in Flanders. Most of the legumes harboured more than one rhizobial endosymbiont in their root nodules indicating the importance of including sufficient isolates per plant in diversity studies. 相似文献
19.
In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimalo), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimalo), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy. 相似文献
20.
This study was carried out in a semiarid degraded area to assess the effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation with a mixture of native arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi or an allochthonous AM fungus (Glomus claroideum), on the establishment of Olea europaea subsp. sylvestris L. and Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boissier in this area. Associated changes in the soil microbiological properties and aggregate stability related to these AM inocula were also recorded. Eighteen months after planting, G. claroideum had increased available P in the rhizosphere of both shrub species. In general, both inoculation treatments increased water-soluble C and water-soluble and total carbohydrates, G. claroideum being the most effective inoculum, particularly in R. sphaerocarpa. The mixture of native AM fungi was the most effective treatment for increasing the aggregate stability of R. sphaerocarpa soil, while that of O. europaea was increased only by G. claroideum. Increased (dehydrogenase, urease, protease-BAA, acid phosphatase and -glucosidase) enzyme activities, in particular of dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase, were recorded in the rhizosphere of both mycorrhizal shrub species. The mixture of native AM fungi was the most effective treatment for stimulating the growth of O. europaea and R. sphaerocarpa (11.6-fold and 3.3-fold, respectively, greater than control plants). The establishment of mycorrhizal shrub species favoured the reactivation of soil microbial activity, which was linked to an increase in aggregate stability. 相似文献