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1.
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate: function in photoreceptors 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Inactivation of adenylate cyclase in outer segments of retinal photoreceptor cells is proportional to the bleaching of rhodopsin. Membranes of the outer segments also contain a particulate, light-insensitive phosphodiesterase of high specific activity. In electrophysiological experiments, application of cyclic adenosine monophosphate along with a methylxanthine mimics the effects of illumination on the photoreceptor cell of the compound eye of Limulus. 相似文献
2.
Oxygen consumption and cellular ion transport: evidence for adenosine triphosphate to O2 ratio near 6 in intact cell 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Oxygen (O2) consumption and net K+ uptake were measured simultaneously upon reintroduction of K+ into a K+-depleted suspension of renal tubules. The K+/O2 stoichiometries of 11.8 +/- 0.2 and 8.4 +/- 0.6 were obtained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- and flavoprotein-linked substrates, respectively. These values complement classical K+ to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and ATP/O2 stoichiometries, thereby demonstrating a remarkably efficient coupling between the processes of Na+- and K+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase-mediated ion transport and oxidative phosphorylation within the intact cell. 相似文献
3.
硫作为生命活动的必需元素,主要以-2价和+6价发挥生物学功能。硫的同化代谢包括胞内活化、转移以及还原等反应。其活化是同化代谢的关键反应,包括ATP硫酸化酶(ATP sulfurylase,ATPS)催化硫酸盐与ATP反应生成腺苷-5'-磷酰硫酸(adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate,APS)和焦磷酸(pyrophosphate,PPi)以及腺苷-5'-磷酰硫酸激酶(adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase,APSK)催化APS 3'羟基磷酸化生成3'-磷酸腺苷-5'-磷酰硫酸(3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate,PAPS),APSK催化APS磷酸机理已经较为清楚。利用APSK对AMP的磷酸化进行了初步分析,发现AMP可作为APSK的底物,反应生成3,5'二磷酸腺苷(3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate,PAP);对APSK的三维结构进行分析发现,R68同时和APS的磷酸根和硫酸根形成氢键,稳定APS的结合,而K侧链基团比R短2.4魡,R68K突变将导致K不能和距离较远的硫酸根离子相互作用,从而减弱APS的亲和力,而增加与磷酸根离子的相互作用,可能提高AMP的亲和力。研究结果表明,R68K突变体的最适底物变为AMP,KmAMP是对照的0.2倍,而催化效率是对照的5倍。以R68K为偶联酶成功测定了具有较低KmPAP的酵母3,5二磷酸核苷酸酶(3',5'-bisphosphate nucleotidase,YND)动力学常数,为分析测定AMP底物的酶活提供了工具。 相似文献
4.
Increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase after an increase in cyclic AMP in intact smooth muscle 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
P de Lanerolle M Nishikawa D A Yost R S Adelstein 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1984,223(4643):1415-1417
The role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate-mediated phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase in relaxing smooth muscle was examined. The kinase was immunoprecipitated from tissue extracts and the phosphate content was determined. The addition of forskolin to resting or methacholine-contracted muscles resulted in an increase in myosin light chain kinase phosphorylation of myosin light chain kinase is one of the reactions in the process by which cyclic adenosine monophosphate causes relaxation of smooth muscle. 相似文献
5.
Tritiated digoxin binding to (Na+ + K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase: possible allosteric site 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Tritiated H(3)-digoxin specifically binds to a cardiac (Na(+) + K(+))-activated adenosine triphosphatase. In the presence of adenosine triphosphate and other nucleoside di- and triphosphates, binding is stimulated by sodium ion, the apparent rate constant being similar to that reported for phosphorus-32 incorporation from adenosine triphosphate and for the adenosine triphosphatase activity. In the presence of magnesium, manganese, inorganic phosphate, or other ions, sodium ion inhibits binding. The data support an allosteric type of sodium-potassium ion pump. 相似文献
6.
Rakhilin SV Olson PA Nishi A Starkova NN Fienberg AA Nairn AC Surmeier DJ Greengard P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5696):698-701
Calmodulin (CaM) is a major effector for the intracellular actions of Ca2+ in nearly all cell types. We identified a CaM-binding protein, designated regulator of calmodulin signaling (RCS). G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-dependent activation of protein kinase A (PKA) led to phosphorylation of RCS at Ser55 and increased its binding to CaM. Phospho-RCS acted as a competitive inhibitor of CaM-dependent enzymes, including protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B, also called calcineurin). Increasing RCS phosphorylation blocked GPCR- and PP2B-mediated suppression of L-type Ca2+ currents in striatal neurons. Conversely, genetic deletion of RCS significantly increased this modulation. Through a molecular mechanism that amplifies GPCR- and PKA-mediated signaling and attenuates GPCR- and PP2B-mediated signaling, RCS synergistically increases the phosphorylation of key proteins whose phosphorylation is regulated by PKA and PP2B. 相似文献
7.
Restoration by calmodulin of a Ca2+-dependent K+ current missing in a mutant of Paramecium 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
R D Hinrichsen A Burgess-Cassler B C Soltvedt T Hennessey C Kung 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,232(4749):503-506
A combination of genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics was used to show that calmodulin is involved in the regulation of an ion channel. Calmodulin restored the Ca2+-dependent K+ current in pantophobiac, a mutant in Paramecium that lacks this current. The restoration of the current occurred within 2 hours after the injection of 1 picogram of wild-type calmodulin into the mutant. The current remained for approximately 30 hours before the mutant phenotype returned. The injection of calmodulin isolated from pantophobiac had no effect. These results imply that calmodulin is required for the function or regulation of the Ca2+-dependent K+ current in Paramecium. 相似文献
8.
Olesen C Sørensen TL Nielsen RC Møller JV Nissen P 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5705):2251-2255
P-type ATPases extract energy by hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in two steps, formation and breakdown of a covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate. This process drives active transport and countertransport of the cation pumps. We have determined the crystal structure of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ adenosine triphosphatase in complex with aluminum fluoride, which mimics the transition state of hydrolysis of the counterion-bound (protonated) phosphoenzyme. On the basis of structural analysis and biochemical data, we find this form to represent an occluded state of the proton counterions. Hydrolysis is catalyzed by the conserved Thr-Gly-Glu-Ser motif, and it exploits an associative nucleophilic reaction mechanism of the same type as phosphoryl transfer from ATP. On this basis, we propose a general mechanism of occluded transition states of Ca2+ transport and H+ countertransport coupled to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, respectively. 相似文献
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10.
Xu W Liu Y Wang S McDonald T Van Eyk JE Sidor A O'Rourke B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,298(5595):1029-1033
Ion channels on the mitochondrial inner membrane influence cell function in specific ways that can be detrimental or beneficial to cell survival. At least one type of potassium (K+) channel, the mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channel (mitoKATP), is an important effector of protection against necrotic and apoptotic cell injury after ischemia. Here another channel with properties similar to the surface membrane calcium-activated K+ channel was found on the mitochondrial inner membrane (mitoKCa) of guinea pig ventricular cells. MitoKCa significantly contributed to mitochondrial K+ uptake of the myocyte, and an opener of mitoKCa protected hearts against infarction. 相似文献
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13.
A 49-kilodalton phosphoprotein in the Drosophila photoreceptor is an arrestin homolog 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
T Yamada Y Takeuchi N Komori H Kobayashi Y Sakai Y Hotta H Matsumoto 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,248(4954):483-486
The gene encoding the 49-kilodalton protein that undergoes light-induced phosphorylation in the Drosophila photoreceptor has been isolated and characterized. The encoded protein has 401 amino acid residues and a molecular mass of 44,972 daltons, and it shares approximately 42 percent amino acid sequence identity with arrestin (S-antigen), which has been proposed to quench the light-induced cascade of guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate hydrolysis in vertebrate photoreceptors. Unlike the 49-kilodalton protein, however, arrestin, which appears to bind to phosphorylated rhodopsin, has not itself been reported to undergo phosphorylation. In vitro, Ca2+ was the only agent found that would stimulate the phosphorylation of the 49-kilodalton protein. The phosphorylation of this arrestin-like protein in vivo may therefore be triggered by a Ca2+ signal that is likely to be regulated by light-activated phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. 相似文献
14.
目的观察金黄色葡菌球菌（金葡菌）感染大鼠肺炎对肺动脉压力的影响,以及不同剂量腺苷对其调节作用。方法50只SD大鼠被随机分为对照组、肺炎组和腺苷处理A、B、C组。金葡菌经气管插管注入复制肺炎大鼠模型,实验第5天各腺苷处理组于心内肺动脉测压管内持续注射不同剂量的腺苷（50、100、150μg.kg-1.min-1）,各腺苷处理组动态测定心率（HR）和平均肺动脉压（mPAP）。对照组、肺炎组同法注射等量的生理盐水,测定指标同前。处死大鼠取心肌组织作病理检测。结果（1）心肌病理组织检查示肺炎组病变明显,与对照组比较P＜0.01;（2）肺炎组肺动脉压力较对照组增高[（2.67±0.38）vs（2.03±0.41）,P＜0.01）];（3）腺苷处理B、C组用药后平均肺动脉压均低于肺炎组（均P＜0.05）,而与对照组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论金葡菌感染大鼠肺炎可致肺动脉压力增高以及心肌损害,由肺动脉给以外源性腺苷可降低肺动脉压力。 相似文献
15.
A voltage-dependent potassium current (the delayed rectifier) has been found in murine B cells and their precursors with the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. The type of channel involved in the generation of this current appears to be present throughout all stages of pre-B-cell differentiation, since it is detected in pre-B cell lines infected with Abelson murine leukemia virus; these cell lines represent various phases of B-cell development. Thus, the presence of this channel is not obviously correlated with B-cell differentiation. Although blocked by Co2+, the channel, or channels, does not appear to be activated by Ca2+ entry. It is, however, inactivated by high intracellular Ca2+ concentrations. In addition, elevation of intracellular adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate induces at all potentials a rapid decrease in the peak potassium conductance and increased rates of activation and inactivation. Therefore, potassium channels can be physiologically modulated by second messengers in lymphocytes. 相似文献
16.
Oligodendrocyte adhesion activates protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of myelin basic protein 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
When isolated adult oligodendrocytes adhere to a substratum myelinogenesis occurs. Investigation of the mechanism by which this happens indicated that the oligodendrocyte-substratum interaction activated protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of myelin basic protein and promoted the synthesis of myelin basic protein. In addition, when agents that activate protein kinase C (second messenger diacylglycerol or a tumor-promoting phorbol ester) were added to nonattached oligodendrocytes, they mimicked the influence of the substratum by inducing phosphorylation of myelin basic protein; and reagents that increase cellular adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) inhibited phosphorylation of myelin basic protein. Thus, at least in vitro, the interaction between oligodendrocytes and the substratum may mediate myelinogenic events, and phosphorylation of myelin basic protein may be an early requirement in the sequence of steps that ultimately results in myelin formation. 相似文献
17.
Adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate modulates thyrotropin receptor clustering and thyrotropin activity in culture 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A Avivi D Tramontano F S Ambesi-Impiombato J Schlessinger 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1981,214(4526):1237-1239
A biologically active rhodamine conjugate of thyrotropin binds at 4 degrees C to diffusely distributed membrane thyrotropin receptors which patch and become endocytosed into thyroid cells in a temperature-sensitive process. When the cells are first incubated with 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate at 37 degrees C, the conjugate also binds to clustered receptors at 4 degrees C. Furthermore, 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate reduces the amount of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) induced by thyrotropin. Hence, increased intracellular cyclic AMP induces receptor patching and reduces the concentration of cyclic AMP normally induced by thyrotropin. This suggests that cyclic AMP acts both as the second messenger of thyrotropin and also as the regulator of the level of thyrotropin receptors. 相似文献
18.
Growth arrest and morphological change of human breast cancer cells by dibutyryl cyclic AMP and L-arginine 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The growth in vitro of human breast cancer cells, line MCF-7, was inhibited by a daily supplement of L-arginine (1 milligram per milliliter). Arginine acted synergistically with dibutyryl adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) (10(-6) molar) to enhance the growth inhibitory effect: the cell replication ceased completely within 2 days after treatment. The growth arrest accompanied a change in cell morphology and was preceded by increases in the cellular concentration of cyclic AMP, adenylate cyclase, and type II cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activities as well as a decrease of estrogen binding activity. The results suggest that growth of human breast cancer cells is subject to cyclic AMP-mediated regulation and that arginine may play a specific role in this process. 相似文献
19.
The molecular pathways involved in retrograde signal transduction at synapses and the function of retrograde communication are poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that postsynaptic calcium 2+ ion (Ca2+) influx through glutamate receptors and subsequent postsynaptic vesicle fusion trigger a robust induction of presynaptic miniature release after high-frequency stimulation at Drosophila neuromuscular junctions. An isoform of the synaptotagmin family, synaptotagmin 4 (Syt 4), serves as a postsynaptic Ca2+ sensor to release retrograde signals that stimulate enhanced presynaptic function through activation of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-cAMP-dependent protein kinase pathway. Postsynaptic Ca2+ influx also stimulates local synaptic differentiation and growth through Syt 4-mediated retrograde signals in a synapse-specific manner. 相似文献
20.
[目的]探讨在氮磷钾肥中添加微量元素进行配方施肥对西南桦幼林生长的影响,为营造西南桦人工丰产林提供参考依据.[方法]设西南桦幼树每株施用有效成分总含量为45%的氮磷钾肥0.5kg及分别添加10.0g硼或10.0g硼+5.0g铜9个配方施肥处理,分析各处理幼树的树高、胸径和单株材积.[结果]施用不添加微量元素的氮磷钾肥可极显著促进2年生西南桦幼林的树高生长(P<0.01,下同),对胸径和单株材积生长虽有促进作用但效果不明显;在氮磷钾肥中分别添加硼或硼+铜,可显著(P<0.05,下同)或极显著促进2年生西南桦幼林树高、胸径和单株材积生长;氮磷钾肥、氮磷钾肥+硼及氮磷钾肥+硼+铜3类配方施肥处理的西南桦幼林平均单株材积生长量比值为1.0:1.2:1.4,其中以磷、钾含量较高的氮磷钾肥+硼+铜的效果最明显.相关性分析结果表明,进行氮磷钾肥+硼或+铜配方施肥西南桦幼树的树高、胸径和单株材积间呈极显著正相关.[结论]在氮磷钾肥中添加微量元素硼或硼+铜进行配方施肥对2年生西南桦幼林生长均有促进作用,尤其以磷、钾含量较高的氮磷钾肥+硼+铜的施肥效果更佳. 相似文献