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1.
The pine sawyer beetle Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera Cerambycidae) gained importance as a pest in Europe after the introduction in Portugal of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the agent of pine wilt disease. As the nematode is transmitted by the adult beetles during both maturation feeding and oviposition, effective methods of monitoring of the longhorn beetle populations are needed for the surveillance of the disease spread in Europe. Although in the last years many studies focused on the efficacy of different trapping methods, the general results are still controversial. In this study, we compared the efficiency of two trap types, cross-vane and multi-funnel, and two attractive blends, a kairomonal lure (??-pinene, ipsenol and methyl-butenol) and a commercial kit specific for M. galloprovincialis (pheromone plus kairomonal lure), in order to identify the trap/blend combination more appropriate for the surveillance of the M. galloprovincialis populations. Moreover, the trap efficiency was tested also in a pine stand colonized by M. galloprovincialis after a hailstorm and in a control stand. The results showed that the multi-funnel traps baited with the specific commercial kit was the most effective combination. Interestingly, trap catch was similar in the two pine stands, despite a different density of the target species. As the trapping method was effective also at low population density of M. galloprovincialis, it may be adopted as a general tool for beetle surveillance in the forest and at ports of entry.  相似文献   

2.
Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the vectors of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), the causal agent of pine wilt in susceptible pine trees. It is therefore important to study both the biological and ecological characteristics of the beetle. In this study reproductive potentials of female beetles reared on two pine species were investigated under laboratory conditions and compared using fertility tables constructed for beetles reared on each tree species. Beetle population parameters were compared between tree species. The intrinsic rate of increase and associated population parameters of beetles reared on Pinus sylvestris L. were consistently higher than those reared on P. nigra Arnold. This result suggests that P. sylvestris has a significantly greater positive effect on the reproductive potential of M. galloprovincialis populations than does P. nigra.  相似文献   

3.
The attractiveness of different combinations of volatile compounds to several scolytid and cerambycid species, potential vectors of phytoparasitic nematodes of the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, was investigated in pine woods of central Italy. The blend composed of α-pinene, ethanol, ipsenol, ipsdienol and 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol was very efficient in trapping the cerambycids Monochamus galloprovincialis, Acanthocinus griseus and Arhopalus syriacus and the scolytids Ips sexdentatus, Orthotomicus erosus and Hylurgus ligniperda. This blend is proposed for operational surveys of Bursaphelenchus spp. associated with these beetles. Comparison of the capture levels with cross-vane and funnel traps baited with α-pinene, ethanol, ipsenol, ipsdienol, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol and cis-verbenol revealed the higher efficacy of the cross-vane traps for the above-mentioned cerambycids and the scolytid I. sexdentatus but greater effectiveness of the funnel traps in capturing H. ligniperda and O. erosus. Cross-vane traps were more efficient in capturing large numbers of these insects. Data on non-target xylophagous beetles and predator species are also reported.  相似文献   

4.
The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), is one of the most severe pests of ornamental palm species in urban areas of Mediterranean countries. Aiming to discover inhibitory semiochemicals for RPW population management in urban environments, we conducted electroantennographic (EAG) screenings of 17 commercially available synthetic compounds, representing three groups of plant volatiles (isoprenoids, phenyl propanoid derivatives and fatty acid derivatives) known for their repellent effects toward insects. These tests were followed by trap-based screenings of EAG-active menthone, α-pinene and methyl salicylate, singly and in combination, under urban conditions. In EAG bioassays, RPW antennae of both sexes showed positive dose-dependent responses to 13 of the 17 synthetic chemicals with significant differences among them. In field trapping experiments, conducted in the city of Palermo, Italy, from weeks 31 to 38 in 2010 and 2011, α-pinene, tested singly or in combination with methyl salicylate (2010) or menthone (2011), reduced trap catches by about 30% to 40%. Methyl salicylate and menthone alone were inactive. In conclusion, RPW is significantly affected by α-pinene. This isoprenoid is a promising disruptant for semiochemical-based management of this pest. In addition, identification of a large number of EAG-active chemicals could serve as a database for future design of active repellents or attractants of RPW adults.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

Since 2006, Arhopalus rusticus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) has expanded its range in the pine production area of Córdoba Province (Argentina). In this paper, we analyse the effect of landscape pattern on the distribution and abundance of A. rusticus. Land cover was estimated using Landsat 8 scenes. Landscape was quantified by estimating the Total Class Area, which showed a positive relationship with A. rusticus abundance, and Mean Euclidean distance and Mean Shape index, which had a negative relationship. Since its arrival, Arhopalus rusticus has proved to be a successful invader, affected by the landscape pattern of the patches.  相似文献   

6.
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7.
Of five cotton allelochemicals, (+)-α-pinene, β-caryophyllene, gossypol, umbelliferone, and scopoletin, all except gossypol induced cytochrome P-450 content, N-demethylation, and epoxidation activities more in tobacco budworm larval midguts than in adult or larval boll weevils. All except gossypol also induced glutathione transferase activity in tobacco budworm larval midguts and adult boll weevils. Microsomal esterase activity was unaffected or suppressed by all five allelochemicals. Soluble esterase activities were unaffected, or induced only in boll weevil larvae. The contrast in insecticide resistance development between the tobacco budworm and the boll weevil may be, in part, related to superior inducibility of cytochrome P-450 and associated activities in the former species in addition to overall higher uninduced activities (26).  相似文献   

8.
This study provide information on the first occurrence in Italy of the Coleoptera Cerambycidae Chlorophorus annularis (Fabricius, 1787). It is a species naturally and widely distributed in Asia and in oriental tropical and subtropical areas. This cerambyx is a post-harvest pest of bamboo belonging to several genera as Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Phyllostachys, Sinocalamus, but it can also infest cultivated plants as Citrus spp., Gossypium, Liquidambar spp., Saccharum officinarum L., Vitis spp., and Zea mays L.  相似文献   

9.
The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. We evaluated the efficacy of emamectin benzoate (EB) for preventing wilt disease in the field and its effect on the vector Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Four experimental plots were delimited in a maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) forest in Portugal. Trunk-injection trials with EB included three dose-rates: 0.032 g a.i. cm?1 diameter at breast height—DBH, n?=?75 trees; 0.064 g a.i. cm?1 DBH, n?=?75 trees; and 0.128 g a.i. cm?1 DBH, n?=?50 trees; along with an untreated control plot (n?=?75 trees). EB was successfully injected and translocated in pines at an effective concentration. None of the treated trees died after a period of 26 months, contrasting with a 33% mortality of non-treated pines. Analysis of residues successfully detected EB in branches of treated pines, with the quantity increasing relative to the injection dose rate, and was found to have a clear effect on the longevity and feeding activity of adult M. galloprovincialis feeding on branches. EB was efficient in preventing wilt disease and bark beetle attacks in the terrain, and its application by trunk injection is a new option for wilt disease management programs in Portugal and in Europe.  相似文献   

10.
First records of Urocerus albicornis (Fabricius, 1781) (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) for the Iberian Peninsula are reported. Samples of males and females were obtained unintentionally during surveys of Ips sexdentatus (Boerner, 1767) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) using multiple funnel traps baited with an I. sexdentatus‐specific attractant in different sawmills and timber processing industries of Basque Country (Northern Spain) during 2003 and 2011.  相似文献   

11.
A study was carried out at the Natural Park of Montesinho, NE Portugal, in order to evaluate the effect of different pine species (Pinus pinaster Ait.,P. nigra Arn. andP. sylvestris L.) onThaumetopoea pityocampa populations. The structure of the egg batches, the impact of the egg parasitoids on natural mortality of the pest and the species of parasitoids present, as well as their emergence dynamics, were analyzed. The length of the egg batches varied among pine species with the longest ones onP. nigra. The mean number of eggs per batch differed betweenP. sylvestris and the two other hosts studied, with fewer eggs per batch on the first. No differences were found in the size of eggs among pine species. The egg mortality varied between 25.8% and 33.0%, with no differences among hosts. Parasitism was the main cause of death.Baryscapus servadeii (Mercet.) was the most abundant parasitoid species, followed byOoencyrtus pityocampae (Dom.) andTrichogramma embryophagum Htg.B. servadeii dominated in the egg batches collected fromP. pinaster andP. nigra, whereasO. pityocampae was most frequent onP. sylvestris. The emergence ofB. servadeii started in the middle of March and continued until August, with the emergence peak at the end of May. The emergence ofO. pityocampae started at the end of April and continued throughout September, with maximum values in June. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 20, 2006.  相似文献   

12.
The red palm weevil (RPW) Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae) is the most serious pest of Canary Island date palms (Phoenix canariensis Hort. ex Chabaud) and date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Early infestations of this invasive weevil are difficult to detect under field conditions. The adults are very elusive and not visible inside the dense frond of the palms. Efficient methods for detecting this pest are needed for its successful management under field conditions and in particular at ports of entry to avoid its' spreading via infested imported palms. The present study evaluated the ability of Rottweiler and Golden Retriever dogs (Canis familiaris L.) to detect Canary Island palms that were baited with RPW adults or larvae under field conditions. During these experiments, the dogs successfully detected 78% of the baits hidden in the crown of the palms. These encouraging results need to be confirmed by evaluation of the performance of sniffing dogs in detection of naturally infested palms of different species.  相似文献   

13.
The efficiency of 100% purified Z-9, E-11-tetradecadienyl acetate, the major sex attractant for males ofS. littoralis, was evaluated in a field test. A trap (17-cm diameter) baited with 2 mg of the purified attractant dispensed in polyethene vials, was significantly less efficient in attractiveness than a trap baited with one virgin female. The importance of a synergistic component for improving the efficiency of theS. littoralis sex pheromone is discussed.  相似文献   

14.
The phagostimulatory response of the larvae of the gypsy moth,Porthetria dispar, to ethanolic-aqueous extracts of the leaf powder of different host and non-host plants, was assayed in no-choice experiments using the Styropor® method.Quercus robur L. was the most active at all concentrations tested;Picea excelsa Link, was highly active only at 4%;Pyrus malus L. showed an intermediate activity at 4%; and very slight or no feeding occurred with the extracts ofPinus silvestris L.,Ilex aquifolium L. andTaxus baccata L. The phagodeterrent effect of thePinus silvestris andIlex aquifolium extracts was demonstrated by treating the lamellae with a mixture of each one of them with the highly phagostimulatory extract ofQ. robur. The following monoterpenes tested were highly phagodeterrent at 0.2%: α-pinene, β-pinene, 3-carene; camphene was totally deterrent even at 0.05%, whereas limonene was not phagodeterrent even at 0.2%. Among other substances coumarin and lactic acid were active at 0.2%, whereas citric acid, oxalic acid and tannic acid were not phagodeterrent even at 0.2%.  相似文献   

15.
Zusammenfassung  In den Jahren 1992 und 1993 wurden 24 schwarzeTheysohn-Schlitzfallen mit Kombinationen von synthetischen Borkenk?ferlockstoffen, Pheroprax, Chalcoprax, Linoprax und Cembrax, auf ihre F?ngigkeit getestet. Zum Vergleich wurden Fallen mit Einzelbestückung und Zweifachkombinationen von Pheroprax+Cembrax und Linoprax+Cembrax sowie zwei Fallen ohne Lockstoff in einem 24 ha gro?en Forstgebiet aufgestellt. Mit den Fallen wurde die Flugaktivit?t der angelockten Scolytiden ermittelt. Die erhaltenen Fangzahlen vonIps typographus, Pityogenes chalcographys, Xyloterus lineatus undX. domesticus wurden w?chentlich registriert und in Verbindung mit der unterschiedlichen Pheromonbestückung der Fallen diskutiert. Von den drei letztgenannten Arten wurde der Fang von M?nnchen und Weibchen getrennt bewertet. In einzeln mit Pheroprax bestückten Fallen fanden sich die meisten Buchdrucker pro Falle. Ihr Anteil nahm 1993 um 9% gegenüber dem Vorjahr zu. Für den Kupferstecher waren die vierfach kombinierten Pheromonfallen etwas f?ngiger als die einzeln mit Chalcoprax bestückten Fallen. AuchXyloterus-Arten bevorzugten die vierfach kombinierten Pheromonfallen gegenüber solchen, die nur Linoprax enthielten. Die Anzahl der gefangenen Ambrosiak?fer wurde im Verlauf von 5 Jahren stark reduziert. In beiden Untersuchungsjahren wurden neben den gezielt gek?derten Scolytiden 252 K?ferarten aus 49 Familien registriert, von denen 10 Arten eine Pheromonpr?ferenz erkennen lie?en. Der Beifang betrug j?hrlich 0,6–0,7% der Gesamtzahl an gefangenen K?fern. Zu 85–87% war der Kupferstecher am Gesamtfang beteiligt. Der Buchdrucker hatte einen Anteil von 11–14% an der Gesamtausbeute.
In the years 1992 and 1993 blackTheysohn slit-traps were set up in a forest area near Hanover, Germany. The traps were baited with combinations of the synthetic bark beetle pheromones Pheroprax?, Chalcoprax?, Linoprax?, and Cembrax?. Their captivity was tested in comparison to singly baited and control traps without pheromone. Additionally, combinations of Pheroprax+Cembrax and Linoprax+Cembrax were tested. The captivity numbers obtained fromIps typographus, Pityogenes chalcographus, Xyloterus lineatus andX. domesticus were discussed in relation to the differently baited traps. In the latter three species, females and males were separated. The periods of flight activity of the four Scolytidae baited were ascertained for both years. Concerning the singly baited traps, Pheroprax captured the highest amount ofIps typographus per trap, its population increased 9% in 1993 related to that of 1992. ForP. chalcographus, the combination of the four pheromones resulted in a little higher number of individuals than in singly baited traps.Xyloterus lineatus preferred the four-pheromone combination, in which Linoprax was present showing a synergistic effect of baiting. In contrary, the baiting ofX. domesticus was lower by the combined pheromones than by Linoprax alone. The latter was found in lower numbers thanX. lineatus. The trapped amounts of both Xyloterus species were continuously reduced throughout the years 1989 to 1993. The Coleoptera species, not specially trapped, amounted yearly to 0.6–0.7% of the collected individuals.P. chalcographus was collected to 85–87%, andIps typographus to 11–14% of the total amount of Coleoptera trapped.
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16.
Six entomopathogenic fungal isolates were tested under controlled conditions, as biological control agents against Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (Olivier), the vector of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) (Steiner and Buhrer). The fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, Metarhizium sp. and Fusarium sp. were tested against larvae and adults of the insect, by comparing two exposure techniques: continuous contact and spraying. Regarding the larvae, only Fusarium sp. and Metarhizium sp. killed more than 40% of the individuals, while B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were found to kill 50% of the adults (LT50) within five days. Exposure to B. bassiana reduced adult longevity by 19 days, when compared to untreated beetles, and had a direct efficacy of 46%. Continuous contact with the fungi proved to be more effective than spraying. A larval disinfection protocol was developed to eliminate other fungal isolates from the wood-collected tested individuals. The implications of the results and possible applications of selected strains as bio-control agents against M. galloprovincialis are discussed.  相似文献   

17.
The composition of the essential oil of Zanthoxylum bungeanum was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 35 components, which constitute 99.10% of the oil, were identified. The major constituent was α-pinene (19.59%). Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the essential oil and α-pinene against Fusarium sulphureum were determined to be 6.25% and 12.50%, respectively. A determination of the antifungal activity and inhibitory effect of the essential oil and α-pinene showed that the essential oil more significantly decreased cell membrane integrity and inhibited spore germination than α-pinene. Observations using scaning electron microscope revealed morphological modification including mycelium asymmetry, hyphal swelling, curling, and a secretory appearance. Ultrastructural alterations were also observed including cell empty cavity and osmiophilic granule generation. In vivo testing showed that the oil and α-pinene effectively controlled dry rot of potato inoculated with F. sulphureum. These findings indicated that the oil and α-pinene directly inhibit fungal growth, and the essential oil showed pronounced potential than α-pinene.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
Wood packaging material (WPM) is an important pathway for the spread of non‐native plant pests. To reduce the likelihood of plant pest movement with WPM, the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures No. 15: “Regulation of Wood Packaging Material in International Trade” (ISPM 15) was developed in the framework of the International Plant Protection Convention. To be compliant with this Standard, WPM shipped internationally must be either heat‐treated or fumigated, regardless of any specific characteristics of the WPM. The objective of this survey was to determine if Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) or insects, especially Monochamus spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), were present in a specific subset of softwood boxes. While not compliant with ISPM 15, these boxes had been treated with wood preservatives, stored indoors for over five years, and, in addition to meeting various quality standards, almost all had a moisture content below 20 percent. United States Department of Agriculture staff inspected a sample of 630 softwood boxes, focusing on those showing signs of possible pest infestation. Based on a binomial distribution with an efficacy of detection equal to 0.95, a sample size of 630 provides a 95 percent confidence of detecting pests if >0.5 % of boxes are infested. No B. xylophilus or insect pests were found in the boxes, though other nematode genera (Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, and Filenchus), which feed on decomposing fungi in wood and do not damage trees, were found in 21 boxes. This study demonstrates that not all types of WPM present a high phytosanitary risk. It may be worthwhile to consider an amendment to ISPM 15 to differentiate between various risk categories of WPM in order to minimize costs and environmental impacts associated with treatments currently prescribed in ISPM 15.  相似文献   

20.
The objective of this paper is to compare, between regions of Russia, conifer beetles found in Scolytidae, Curculionidae and Cerambycidae. Of the 220 species of bark beetles which were found in Russia, 108 species are associated with conifers. Sixty-three species of bark beetles are established in the European region of Russia and 94 species have been found in the Asian region. In Western Siberia 50 species are found. Eastern Siberia — 54 species, Russian Far East — 79 species. Forty-nine species of bark beetles (such as Dendroctonus micans, Ips duplicatas, I. sexdentatus and I. typographus ) are widely distributed throughout all Russian regions. There are 12 species of Pissodes found in all or various parts of Russia. Six weevil species ( Pissodes gyllenhali, P. harcyniae, P. castaneus, P. pini, P. piniphilus and P. validirostris ) are found throughout Russia and Western Europe. Five weevil species have only been found in the Asian region of Russia ( Pissodes cembrae, P. insignitus, P. irrogatus, P. nitidus, P. nemorensis ). Information concerning surveys of Russian conifer forests for wood nematodes, Bursaphelenchus spp., and their vectors is analysed. There is no evidence that B. xylophilus has ever occurred in Russia. Only B. mucronatus has been found. Six species of Monochamus beetles are found in Russia.  相似文献   

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