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1.
The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner et Buhrer) Nickle is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. We evaluated the efficacy of emamectin benzoate (EB) for preventing wilt disease in the field and its effect on the vector Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Four experimental plots were delimited in a maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Aiton) forest in Portugal. Trunk-injection trials with EB included three dose-rates: 0.032 g a.i. cm?1 diameter at breast height—DBH, n?=?75 trees; 0.064 g a.i. cm?1 DBH, n?=?75 trees; and 0.128 g a.i. cm?1 DBH, n?=?50 trees; along with an untreated control plot (n?=?75 trees). EB was successfully injected and translocated in pines at an effective concentration. None of the treated trees died after a period of 26 months, contrasting with a 33% mortality of non-treated pines. Analysis of residues successfully detected EB in branches of treated pines, with the quantity increasing relative to the injection dose rate, and was found to have a clear effect on the longevity and feeding activity of adult M. galloprovincialis feeding on branches. EB was efficient in preventing wilt disease and bark beetle attacks in the terrain, and its application by trunk injection is a new option for wilt disease management programs in Portugal and in Europe. 相似文献
2.
Süleyman Akbulut 《Phytoparasitica》2009,37(2):125-135
Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is one of the vectors of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), the causal agent of pine wilt in susceptible pine trees. It
is therefore important to study both the biological and ecological characteristics of the beetle. In this study reproductive
potentials of female beetles reared on two pine species were investigated under laboratory conditions and compared using fertility
tables constructed for beetles reared on each tree species. Beetle population parameters were compared between tree species.
The intrinsic rate of increase and associated population parameters of beetles reared on Pinus sylvestris L. were consistently higher than those reared on P. nigra Arnold. This result suggests that P. sylvestris has a significantly greater positive effect on the reproductive potential of M. galloprovincialis populations than does P. nigra. 相似文献
3.
褐梗天牛Arhopalus rusticus是一种严重为害针叶树的钻蛀性害虫,近年来在我国胶东沿海松材线虫病疫区黑松林严重发生。本研究以ZL-3型寄主利它素引诱剂诱芯为基础,配合褐梗天牛聚集-性信息素,在烟台黑松林中进行诱捕效果及其应用试验。结果发现,ZL-3型寄主利它素引诱剂诱芯对褐梗天牛诱捕效果较好,单个诱芯诱捕量高于APF-1型诱芯;林间监测时间从褐梗天牛羽化期一直持续到9月末,在6月初和7月中旬有两个羽化高峰;平均每个诱捕器可诱捕天牛126头,褐梗天牛与松褐天牛的比例为4.28:1;褐梗天牛聚集-性信息素与寄主利它素引诱剂相结合可以显著增加诱捕效果。由于ZL-3型寄主利它素引诱剂诱芯对褐梗天牛和松褐天牛都具有较好的诱捕效果,可以用于褐梗天牛和松褐天牛的种群监测和大量诱杀防治,而且与褐梗天牛聚集-性信息素相结合诱捕效果更强,具有广阔的应用前景。 相似文献
4.
S. Schläger C. Ulrichs R. Srinivasan F. Beran K. R. M. Bhanu I. Mewis M. Schreiner 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2012,64(4):183-186
The larvae of the legume pod borer, Maruca vitrata (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), cause severe damage on economically important legume crops in the tropics. The female moth produces volatile components to attract males for mating. The so-called sex pheromones are species-specific multi-component blends and are used as lures in crop protection for pest monitoring. Their chemical identification and ratios is critical to design efficient lures. The following sex pheromone components for M. vitrata have been described: (E, E)-10,12-hexadecadienal (major compound), (E, E)-10,12-hexadecadienol and (E)-10-hexadecenal (minor components). The ratio of 100:5:5 of these components was the most attractive in trapping experiments in Benin, Africa. According to this ratio, a synthetic pheromone lure was developed for commercial use. But the commercially available blend was not attractive in field trapping experiments in other regions of sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. These findings lead to the conclusion that there is a possible polymorphism in the blend composition of the M. vitrata sex pheromone among populations from different geographical regions. In Taiwan, M. vitrata moths were never caught efficiently by the commercially available pheromone lures and traps. This paper reports trap and lure optimization experiments for effective trapping of Taiwanese M. vitrata moths in different leguminous crops. 相似文献
5.
Maja Jurc Srdjan Bojovic Mercedes Fernández Fernández Du?an Jurc 《Phytoparasitica》2012,40(4):337-349
The attractiveness of different semio-chemicals to potential vectors of the phytoparasitic nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus was investigated in conifer forests in Slovenia. From 2007 to 2009, the presence of xylophagous beetles in Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris, P. halepensis, Picea abies and Abies alba stands was assessed at eight locations. Insects were collected at 1-month intervals during the growing season using four cross vane traps per location with a collecting container with propylene glycol and attractants (ethanol+??-pinene, Pheroprax? and Gallowit?). The trapped insects represented 24 families of the order Coleoptera, and we identified 94 species. The most numerous group was the weevil subfamily Scolytinae (76.55% of all insects collected), followed by the family Cerambycidae (8.12%), and the weevil subfamily Curculioninae (1.67%). With regard to species number, the most frequent wood-borers were Cerambycidae (24 taxa), Scolytinae (12 species) and Buprestidae (8 species). The most abundant species was Spondylis buprestoides, followed by Arhopalus rusticus, Monochamus galloprovincialis and Arhopalus ferus. At all locations, the largest catch of Cerambycidae occurred in July. The most effective attractant was ethanol+??-pinene, followed by Gallowit?; the least effective attractant was Pheroprax?. Among Monochamus species, M. galloprovincialis represented 17.54%, M. sutor 0.09% and M. sartor 0.04% of the long-horned beetles collected. Monochamus individuals were most numerous in the P. nigra stand and were attracted in the greatest numbers by Gallowit?, followed by ethanol+??-pinene. The cerambycid catch was highly correlated with the catch of non-target bark beetle predators (Cleridae, Staphylinidae, Histeridae, Trogositidae, Nitidulidae, Rhizophagidae) in the traps. 相似文献
6.
松材线虫是我国林业重大外来有害生物,松褐天牛是传播松材线虫病的主要媒介昆虫。本研究通过在松材线虫病疫区布设诱木引诱松褐天牛成虫集中产卵,翌年在下一代松褐天牛成虫羽化出孔前清理林中诱木和枯死木,以及在诱木布设区同时释放寄生性天敌花绒寄甲等措施,探讨对松材线虫病的控制作用。研究结果显示,林间设置诱木和释放天敌的样地内枯死木和衰弱木数量较对照显著下降,防治效果分别为71．27％和90．25％。防治后诱木处理区和释放天敌的样地内携带松材线虫的病木数量以及松褐天牛的虫口密度也显著降低。释放天敌的样地和未释放天敌的样地内松褐天牛的寄生率分别为38．34％和3．92％,二者差异明显。室内人工接种天敌的测定结果表明,天敌与害虫数量比例为1：1～4：1的寄生率为12．5％～40％,不同比例的处理寄生率无显著差异。每根木段释放10头花绒寄甲成虫比释放4头成虫的处理松褐天牛的寄生率明显要高,分别为19．45％和4．11％。表明天敌在林间对松褐天牛种群起到重要的控制作用,从而阻止天牛对松材线虫病的扩散传播。 相似文献
7.
亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)是危害我国玉米的重要害虫,为了探索其生物防治方法,测试了不同来源的3种诱芯(诱芯A、诱芯B和诱芯C)对陕西关中灌区玉米螟的引诱活性,并比较了水盆式和三角形两种诱捕器类型及诱捕器不同悬挂高度(1.0、1.5、1.8和2.0 m)的诱捕效果。结果表明:诱芯A(北京中捷玉米螟诱芯)和诱芯B(中国科学院动物研究所玉米螟诱芯)均对亚洲玉米螟成虫具有一定的引诱活性,以诱芯B效果更佳;两种类型诱捕器对玉米螟诱虫总数差异显著;三角形诱捕器悬挂在2.0 m处的效果优于悬挂在1.5 m处。诱芯B较适合陕西关中灌区玉米螟的预测预报及生物防控,建议在田间应用中使用三角形诱捕器,悬挂高度以1.8~2.0 m为宜。 相似文献
8.
9.
Z. Mendel 《Phytoparasitica》1988,16(2):109-117
Funnel traps baited with a synthetic aggregation pheromone ofIps typographus L. (Pheroprax) or with methyl-butenol were tested for mass-trapping ofOrthotomicus erosus (Woll.) andPityogenes calcaratus Eichh. (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), the major bark beetle pests of pine forests in Israel. The traps were operated during three periods in the years 1985–1986 in five pine forests. More than 170 individuals ofO. erosus and 180P. calcaratus per trap per day were caught in Pheroprax-baited traps in the warm season; the latter species was trapped in large numbers also during the winter. Traps baited with methyl-butenol did not attract significant numbers ofO. erosus orP. calcaratus. Sixteen species of insect associates and predators of pine scolytids were trapped, but onlyHylurgus micklitzi Wachtl (Scolytidae),Eremotes porcatus Germ. (Curculionidae) (first record in Israel) andAulonium ruflcorne Oliv. (Colydiidae) were caught in considerable numbers (a total of several hundred). The mass catches of the target beetles and the very small number of predators trapped, suggest that Pheroprax-baited traps may be useful for bark beetle management in Israeli pine forests. 相似文献
10.
Ricardo Petersen-Silva Lurdes Inácio Joana Henriques Pedro Naves Edmundo Sousa Juli Pujade-Villar 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(2):106-112
Six entomopathogenic fungal isolates were tested under controlled conditions, as biological control agents against Monochamus galloprovincialis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (Olivier), the vector of the pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae) (Steiner and Buhrer). The fungi Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill, Metarhizium anisopliae (Metchnikoff) Sorokin, Metarhizium sp. and Fusarium sp. were tested against larvae and adults of the insect, by comparing two exposure techniques: continuous contact and spraying. Regarding the larvae, only Fusarium sp. and Metarhizium sp. killed more than 40% of the individuals, while B. bassiana and M. anisopliae were found to kill 50% of the adults (LT50) within five days. Exposure to B. bassiana reduced adult longevity by 19 days, when compared to untreated beetles, and had a direct efficacy of 46%. Continuous contact with the fungi proved to be more effective than spraying. A larval disinfection protocol was developed to eliminate other fungal isolates from the wood-collected tested individuals. The implications of the results and possible applications of selected strains as bio-control agents against M. galloprovincialis are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Joana M. S. Cardoso Luís Fonseca Isabel Abrantes 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2012,133(2):419-425
The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. The international economic impact of the introduction of the PWN into new areas
has highlighted the need for the development of accurate and reliable detection methods of B. xylophilus, which are essential to define aspects of its control and management. In the present study, a methodology was developed for
the direct detection of PWN by conventional PCR assay, with a species specific set of primers based on PWN satellite DNA,
using total DNA extracted directly from maritime pine, Pinus pinaster, wood and bark samples, and from the insect vector, Monochamus galloprovincialis. This methodology involves homogenisation of wood, bark and insects using liquid nitrogen, DNA extraction and one or two
PCR amplification steps, which permit the rapid and direct detection of one single nematode present in 100 mg of wood and
bark and in one entire insect without the preliminary steps of nematode extraction. 相似文献
12.
为探索鲜食玉米田间主要害虫亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée)的绿色防控方法,于2018年－2019年在浙江东阳利用性诱剂对亚洲玉米螟进行了田间种群监测和诱捕效率试验,对7种亚洲玉米螟性信息素诱芯和2种诱捕器进行组合,并测试了诱捕器悬挂高度对诱捕效果的影响。结果表明,7种诱芯对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾均有引诱活性,不同诱捕器和诱芯组合的诱捕效率有显著差异,其中诱芯F、诱芯E、诱芯C分别与船型诱捕器组合及诱芯E与飞蛾诱捕器组合田间诱捕效果较好,两种诱捕器诱蛾总量无显著差异,诱捕器悬挂于1.8 m高度的效果优于1.5 m和1.2 m。田间种群监测结果表明,亚洲玉米螟在5月和9月各有一次比较典型的高峰,性诱剂可有效用于亚洲玉米螟田间种群监测。 相似文献
13.
为提高天敌昆虫寄生松褐天牛以此控制松材线虫病的效果,本研究采用松褐天牛疫木就地隔离,同时加上人工助放管氏肿腿蜂的方法,开展了控制松材线虫病的试验。结果表明：管氏肿腿蜂对松褐天牛低龄幼虫的致死率最高达68．50％,对中老龄幼虫的致死率为44．58％。3月和4月释放,松褐天牛死亡率分别为57．11％和65．64％,而5月份释放幼虫死亡率只有14．57％。将疫木劈为4开的情况下时,天牛死亡率最高,达71．33％。单边放蜂,松褐天牛的死亡率最高达67．18％。铁丝网、渔网和聚丙烯布隔离疫木对松材线虫病的发生都有较好的控制效果,其中铁丝网隔离后,健康松树死亡率下降到2．5％,渔网和聚丙烯布隔离后,松树死亡率为12％,均显著低于对照的80％。表明隔离松疫木加上施放管氏肿腿蜂能有效控制松材线虫病流行危害。 相似文献
14.
二化螟性诱芯中不饱和十六醛的比例对诱捕效果的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
作者于2006年夏季在河南信阳地区系统比较了二化螟性诱芯中Z11-/Z9-16∶Ald及Z13-18∶Ald剂量对2个世代的二化螟雄蛾诱捕量的影响。结果表明,二化螟越冬代成虫诱捕试验中,2个最佳配方中Z11-/Z9-16∶Ald分别为9∶1和8∶2,而比例在7∶3~1∶9之间的诱芯则无引诱作用。如果保持诱芯中Z11-16∶Ald和Z9-16∶Ald的剂量一致且质量比控制在2∶1,则二化螟诱捕量随诱芯中所含Z13-18∶Ald剂量的增加而下降。所有诱芯在二化螟第一代引诱效果显著下降,但该时期组分为Z11-16∶Ald(2)、Z9-16∶Ald(1)、16∶Ald(0.7)和Z13-18∶Ald(0.37)的诱芯诱捕量显著优于其他配比。 相似文献
15.
利用性诱剂干扰交配或诱杀钻蛀性蛾类害虫是果园害虫生物防治的重要途径之一,研发既诱雄蛾也诱雌蛾的新型诱剂近年来颇受关注。本研究在苹果蠹蛾性信息素基础上,加入寄主植物挥发物--梨酯、苯乙酮、香叶醇、冬青油和苯乙醇等制成若干配方,在南疆两地(库尔勒与阿克苏地区)梨园中于蛾类害虫发生的早期和中期进行诱捕试验。对苹果蠹蛾诱集结果表明,虽然与仅含性信息素配方相比,添加植物挥发物的配方可诱集到雌蛾,但诱集虫量较少。对梨小食心虫的诱集结果表明,在库尔勒,大部分配方诱到的虫量多于商品诱剂(对照),其中,在性信息素中添加少量植物挥发性物质的配方诱集的虫量总体较多;在阿克苏,所有配方诱集的虫量均多于对照,在性信息素中是否添加植物挥发物质对诱集效果总体上没有影响。对优斑螟的诱集结果表明,仅含2种性信息素物质的配方诱集的虫量最大,与加入少量梨脂的配方接近。果园诱集试验结果说明,在苹果蠹蛾性信息素中添加梨脂等多种寄主植物挥发物的供试配方诱集雌蛾效果不理想,但对多种混合发生的夜蛾害虫雄性具有较好诱集效果。 相似文献
16.
BACKGROUND: Tests were conducted on two insecticides (carbaryl and bifenthrin) for excluding subcortical beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae and Cerambycidae) from loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.). Two trap designs (single‐ and double‐pane windows) and two trapping heights (1.5 and 4 m) were also evaluated for maximizing beetle catches. RESULTS: In July 2009, 15 loblolly pine trees were double girdled and were either left unsprayed or sprayed with carbaryl or bifenthrin. A total of 28 473 bark beetles were caught in window traps, including Ips avulsus Eichoff, I. grandicollis (Eichhoff), I. calligraphus (Germar) and Dendroctonus terebrans (Olivier). Both insecticides significantly reduced colonization of the trees by bark and woodboring beetles by 300–400%, with no differences in efficacy observed between the two insecticides. About 59% more I. avulsus were caught in double‐ than in single‐pane window traps, with no differences for any other species. Traps at 4 m caught more I. avulsus and I. grandicollis (290 and 153% respectively), while traps at 1.5 m caught more D. terebrans (215%). CONCLUSIONS: Either bifenthrin or carbaryl can be used to exclude subcortical beetles from loblolly pine trees. Trapping data reflect known vertical partitioning on the bole by these insects. Double‐pane traps were slightly more effective than single‐pane traps in catching subcortical beetles. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
17.
Survival and development of Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (pine wood nematode) was studied for up to 40 weeks in Pinus pinaster sawn wood and branches: 30 boards (1200 × 100 × 25 mm), 30 long‐blocks (1200 × 95 × 95 mm), 10 pine branches with bark and nine branches without bark (1200 mm long). The nematode was found in all materials and through the entire sampling period, with higher abundance in the sawn wood (boards and long‐blocks). In the initial period B. xylophilus reproduced abundantly and a population peak was detected at 8–12 weeks. Subsequently, the populations declined and became dominated by third‐stage resistant larvae (JIII), and in the final sample nematode abundance was very low. Nematode decline in the wood was correlated with a decrease in the moisture content (MC) to below fibre saturation. Survival of the insect vector Monochamus galloprovincialis was also assessed in sawn boards (1200 × 100 × 25 mm, n = 31) and blocks (160 × 95 × 95 mm, n = 40). The majority of the larvae were killed when sawing the wood, although some adults successfully emerged from the boards (10% survival) and blocks (37%). These results represent a contribution to the quantification of the risks of dispersing pine wilt disease through wood packaging materials, confirming that untreated wood can support healthy and abundant B. xylophilus populations for sufficient time for vectors surviving the sawing process to complete their development, to emerge and disperse the nematode. 相似文献
18.
BACKGROUND: Monitoring traps and control methods are needed for the long‐legged chafer, Hoplia spectabilis Medvedev, which has recently reached outbreak numbers in pastureland of Qinghai Province, China. RESULTS: Field trapping experiments, using cross‐pane funnel (barrier) traps, showed that H. spectabilis adults were not significantly attracted to branches of the host plant Dasiphora fructicosa (L.) Rydb. However, beetles were slightly attracted to similar host plant branches infested by conspecific beetles, possibly owing to weakly attractive volatiles, primarily (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate, released from beetle‐damaged host leaves. This compound was weakly attractive when released from traps. However, H. spectabilis beetles showed strong visual responses to yellow‐ or white‐painted trap panes, with weaker responses to blue, red or green panes, and least response to black panes. Black traps at 0.2–1.5 m above ground intercepted significantly more beetles than traps at 2.5 m. The mean flight height based on trap catches was 0.88 m (SD = 0.76), yielding an effective flight layer of 1.9 m. Flight response of beetles to colored barrier traps occurred between 10:00 and 18:00, and peaked between 12:00‐14:00, when daily temperatures reached their maximum. CONCLUSION: Unbaited yellow or white cross‐pane funnel traps are recommended for both monitoring and mass‐trapping programs against this economically and ecologically important scarab beetle. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
19.
树栖真菌对扩散型松材线虫生活史的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
松材线虫病是一种涉及多个生物因子的复杂病害系统,其病原松材线虫的生活史受媒介昆虫、寄主、树栖真菌和伴生细菌等多种因素影响。利用感染松材线虫病的马尾松林内的两种优势内栖真菌的3个菌株,松球壳孢(Sphaeropsis sapinea)E11、MHS7.3和小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis microspora)M32,接种于松褐天牛模拟蛹室,研究松褐天牛蛹期和羽化过程松材线虫种群动态,以及松褐天牛携带扩散型松材线虫的动态变化。结果表明,天牛发育处于蛹期时,松材线虫主要以扩散型三龄幼虫(JⅢ)附着于天牛体表;发育至羽化期时,松材线虫主要以扩散型四龄幼虫(JⅣ)位于天牛体内。不同优势内栖真菌接种处理下,松褐天牛携带的扩散型幼虫数量的大小顺序为:小孢拟盘多毛孢M32>松球壳孢E11>松球壳孢MHS7.3,这与模拟蛹室中松材线虫种群的大小顺序是一致的,表明松褐天牛携带的线虫数目与蛹室中线虫种群的大小关系密切。在松褐天牛携带的JⅢ、JⅣ和扩散型幼虫(JⅢ＋JⅣ)占线虫种群比例方面,松球壳孢E11和MHS7.3均大于小孢拟盘多毛孢M32,显示不适宜繁殖的真菌能促进群体内更多个体转化为扩散型虫态。JⅣ在蛹期的第二天即从天牛体内分离得到,但数量极少,随着JⅢ在羽化前达到最大值,JⅣ也开始大量出现,预示着较大JⅢ种群数量可能是JⅣ大量发生的基础条件之一。研究结果表明在松材线虫的扩散过程中,松林优势树栖真菌对媒介天牛携带的松材线虫数量产生显著影响。 相似文献
20.
Lin Huang Xu-ling Xu Xiao-qin Wu Feng-mao Chen Chao Li Jian-ren Ye 《Phytoparasitica》2010,38(4):369-377
The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a disastrous pathogen of the pine forests in East Asia and Europe. Plant quarantine is one of the most important ways
to prevent its infection in current situation. A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the topoisomerse I
gene has been developed to detect PWN in this study. To assess the specificity of the assay, 44 morphologically characterized
nematode isolates including B. xylophilus, B. mucronatus, B. hofmanni, Seinura wuae, S. lii and Aphelenchoides macronucleatus were tested. Positive reactions characterized by amplification product of 509 bp were shown from all isolates of PWN. The
nested PCR assay can detect 50 femtogram (fg) of template DNA or one individual nematode, as small as an egg. The validity
was evaluated by analyzing the nematode samples extracted from the nematode-infested wood in the field. These results show
that the assay is a specific, sensitive method for detection of PWN with the potential in relation to the pest risk assessment
and quarantine regulations. 相似文献