共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
采用人工模拟降雨试验研究不同雨强(60,90,120 mm/h)、不同坡度(10°,15°,20°)、不同生物炭含量(0,3%,6%)等多因素耦合作用下黄土植被坡面水沙及养分流失规律。结果表明:(1)水沙及PO_4~(3-)—P的流失随着雨强的增大而增大,NO_3~-—N随雨强的增大呈先上升后下降的趋势,径流及氮磷与坡度的规律性不明显,雨强坡度与k值(产沙速率系数)变化率的线性关系中,雨强的影响较大。(2)产流产沙过程相似,均随降雨历时先上升后趋于平稳,NO_3~-—N与降雨历时呈幂函数关系,PO_4~(3-)—P在流失过程中最大浓度与最小浓度比为1～2,且在侵蚀产沙及NO_3~-—N的流失过程中,雨强与生物炭相关性极显著。(3)生物炭含量≥3%会增加侵蚀产沙及PO_4~(3-)—P的流失,雨强为60,90 mm/h时,NO_3~-—N流失量随生物炭的增多呈先减小后增大的趋势,雨强为120 mm/h时,NO_3~-—N流失量随生物炭添加量的增大呈上升趋势。研究结果可以为黄土丘陵沟壑区水土资源管理提供科学的指导。 相似文献
2.
为了揭示坡耕地种植作物后径流和氮素流失间的差异,采用径流小区法对坡耕地种植玉米、莜麦和土豆3种作物后坡面径流、地面作物状况、氮素流失量及其关系进行了研究。结果表明:2014年7—9月6场侵蚀性降雨平均降雨量为31.49mm,径流量(Q)为Q_(莜麦-总)Q_(土豆-总)Q_(玉米-总),且与降雨量成线性关系;作物种类对径流中氮素浓度有显著影响,各形态氮浓度均值范围分别为:NO_3~-—N含量10.33~11.83mg/L,TN含量27.48~31.28mg/L,NH_4~+—N含量0.72~0.92mg/L,NO_2~-—N含量0.35~0.49mg/L;6次侵蚀性降雨全氮流失量(TNL)为TNL_(莜麦)TNL_(土豆)TNL_(玉米),均值分别为147.01,139.45,125.63mg;硝态氮流失量(NL_硝)占TNL的33.33%~43.14%,NL_硝和TNL与径流量之间存在线性关系;7—9月份,农作物进入生殖生长阶段,作物覆盖度变化较小,与降雨量和氮素流失量之间没有显著关系,不是影响坡面径流和养分流失的主要影响因素。 相似文献
3.
坡长和雨强对氮素流失影响的模拟降雨试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为研究氮素的流失特征,探索坡长和降雨强度对氮素流失的影响,选定坡长(2,3,4,5m)和降雨雨强(0.65,0.69,0.83,0.85,1.01,1.20,1.37,1.54,1.68,1.80mm/min)作为可变因素,在红壤裸坡上进行室内人工模拟降雨试验。结果表明:(1)坡面径流中各形态氮素流失随时间推移基本趋势为降雨初期径流携带氮素的浓度大,随后氮素浓度下降,至20min左右下降趋势变缓,最终径流中同一形态氮素的浓度趋于一致。(2)坡长一定时,径流中各形态氮素的总流失量随降雨强度的增大而增大,呈现较为明显的正相关性。各场次降雨中,各形态氮素的总流失量均为5m坡长最大,2m坡长最小。(3)径流量与TN、NO_3~-—N的总流失量之间存在极为显著的相关性,而对NH_4~+—N的总流失量影响较小。(4)径流中TN、NO_3~-—N的流失量与坡长、雨强、径流量都达到了极显著相关水平,相关性依次为径流量雨强坡长,而径流中NH_4~+—N的流失量只与雨强显著相关。(5)坡长、雨强及径流量与径流中各形态氮素总流失量的综合影响分别可以用线性相关方程进行描述,显著性依次为TNNO_3~-—NNH4+—N。 相似文献
4.
间歇性降雨对黄土坡地水土养分流失的影响 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
坡面水土养分流失是研究农业非点源污染方面的核心问题,涉及土壤侵蚀、坡地水文和环境治理等方面的内容。以黄土坡地为研究对象,利用人工降雨模拟试验,分析间歇降雨时坡地产流-入渗-土壤侵蚀过程,以及通过预先在坡地喷施养分(NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P),研究间歇降雨时坡面水土流失以及土壤溶质的迁移规律。试验采用针孔式人工模拟降雨器进行模拟降雨,对试验坡地间歇性进行3次降雨,雨强恒为100mm/h,每次降雨历时60min,降雨间隔时间60min。结果表明:(1)3次降雨的初始含水率不同,但产流规律相似,降雨径流率均为先增大后趋于平稳。(2)3次降雨产生的泥沙累积量分别为250.91,100.20,79.76g,第1次降雨的泥沙量远高于第2,3次。泥沙率先迅速增大到峰值然后缓慢减少,平均泥沙率随降雨次数的增多而递减。(3)对于非吸附性的NO_3~-、NH_4~+,3场降雨过程中溶质浓度均呈现由高降低并逐渐平稳的变化趋势;PO_4~(3-)-P浓度的变化规律却略显不同,降雨初期溶质浓度先短暂升高,然后再由高降低并逐渐平稳。(4)3次降雨的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P的径流总流失量分别为535.33,1 058.18,400.79mg,其中NO_3~--N流失量最多,PO_4~(3-)-P流失量最少。随着降雨次数的增加,不同降雨次数下的NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、PO_4~(3-)-P径流流失量均逐渐减少,流失量较前次降雨分别降低了19%,14%、3%,62%和57%,28.3%。因此,通过对间歇性降雨条件下黄土坡地水土溶质迁移特征的研究,对揭示降雨-径流-土壤相互作用过程和土壤养分迁移机理具有重要意义。 相似文献
5.
[目的]研究砂姜黑土区采煤塌陷坡耕地动态过程中表层土壤NH+4—N和有效磷(AP)的时空分布,揭示氮磷随地表径流流失的雨强和坡度变化特征。[方法]选择淮北平原砂姜黑土区两类不同煤矿井工开采方式引发的地表塌陷坡耕地,动态监测表层土壤中NH+4—N和AP含量,并在实验室应用人工模拟降雨,测定2种雨强和3种坡度处理的地表径流中可溶态及颗粒态NH+4—N,AP含量。[结果](1)充填开采地表塌陷坡耕地表层土壤中NH+4—N含量为16.5~72.0mg/kg,AP为26.0~63.5mg/kg,非充填开采分别为9.08~67.2 mg/kg和22.4~82.1 mg/kg,未塌陷区域为83.5~162 mg/kg和38.7~86.5mg/kg;(2)两种开采方式地表塌陷坡地土壤NH+4—N和AP含量与未塌陷区域相比,均显著降低(p0.05),NH+4—N含量自坡顶至坡底逐渐增加。随时间推移,NH+4—N和AP含量未显著降低,AP含量反而有增加迹象;(3)强降雨时NH+4—N和AP的流失量是弱降雨的3~5倍,颗粒态NH+4—N和AP流失量占总流失量的60%以上。坡度越大,NH+4—N和AP的流失量越多,流失量突变的坡度为5°~10°之间。[结论]砂姜黑土区采煤塌陷坡耕地土壤氮磷流失显著增加,颗粒态NH+4—N和AP为径流流失的主要形式。 相似文献
6.
模拟降雨对工程建设区裸露坡地产流产沙及氮素流失的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为揭示不同降雨强度下工程建设区裸露坡地土壤侵蚀过程和氮素流失特征,采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究不同降雨强度(1,1.5,2mm/min)和处理(裸地、坡面覆盖纱网)对工程裸露坡地产流产沙及氮素流失的影响。结果表明:(1)径流强度、径流含沙量、土壤剥蚀率都与降雨强度呈正相关关系,土壤入渗率与降雨强度呈现负相关关系。(2)累积泥沙量与累积径流量在裸地处理中呈现线性函数关系,在纱网处理中呈现幂函数关系。(3)地表径流中氮素流失浓度随降雨历时呈现"下降—稳定"趋势,氮素流失量随降雨强度的增加而增大,其中NO_3~-—N流失量占总氮比重高于NH_4~+—N。(4)土壤坡面覆盖纱网后能有效控制水土流失量和氮素流失量,其中径流量和NO_3~-—N流失量在小雨强处降低效果显著,分别降低了60.21%和56.74%;TN流失量和NH_4~+—N流失量在小、中雨强处降低效果较好,均达到59.26%以上;侵蚀泥沙量在小、中、大雨强处均降低了79%以上。说明土壤坡面覆盖纱网这一措施对降低工程建设区裸露坡地土壤侵蚀量和氮素流失量具有效果显著,可以作为工程建设区水土流失防止措施。 相似文献
7.
生物炭和秸秆添加对海南热带水稻土氮素淋溶的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过室内土柱模拟淋洗试验,研究不同水分条件下添加秸秆和生物炭对海南热带水稻土氮淋失的影响。物料添加设对照(CK)、添加生物炭(B)、生物炭+水稻秸秆(BCS)、水稻秸秆(CS)4个处理,培养水分设75%田间持水量(WHC,模拟旱作土壤)和淹水(模拟水田)2个水平。结果表明,生物炭和秸秆添加均可以提高土壤pH,增加土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾和有效磷含量。75%WHC条件下,相比CK,BCS和CS处理显著增加土壤NH_4~+—N的淋失量,分别增加16.30%和48.56%,B处理无显著差异;CS处理增加土壤NO_3~-—N淋失,BCS处理降低土壤NO_3~-—N淋失,B处理对硝、铵态氮淋失无显著影响;BCS和CS处理显著增加土壤硝、铵态氮总量(S)淋失,B处理对S无显著影响。淹水条件下,相比CK,B处理降低土壤的NH_4~+—N和S的淋失,分别降低16.30%和12.81%,而对NO_3~-—N淋失量无显著影响;CS处理土壤降低土壤NH_4~+—N、NO_3~-—N和S的淋失,分别降低19.26%,33.96%和22.37%;BCS处理降低土壤NH_4~+—N和S的淋失,分别降低14.52%和14.19%,但对NO_3~-—N淋失影响不显著。综上,海南热带地区稻菜轮作种植模式下,旱作条件秸秆还田增加土壤NH_4~+—N和NO_3~-—N的淋失,但生物炭对硝、铵态氮淋失无影响;水田时,生物炭添加可以降低土壤NH_4~+—N淋失,对NO_3~-—N无影响,秸秆还田后土壤NH_4~+—N和NO_3~-—N的淋失均降低。 相似文献
8.
聚天门冬氨酸钙盐对水稻田面水中三氮动态变化的影响 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
利用桶栽试验探究不同浓度水平的聚天门冬氨酸钙盐(PASP-Ca)对水稻田面水中铵态氮(NH_4~+)、硝态氮(NO_3~-)和总氮(TN)浓度动态变化的影响。结果表明,施氮后,田面水中TN、NH_4~+和NO_3~-分别于第1,3,9天达到最大值,随后逐渐降低。NO_3~-/TN多在0.1以下,(NH_4~++NO_3~-)/TN多在0.5以上。因此,可以将NH_4~+和TN作为农田水污染防治的主要监测指标,NO_3~-作为辅助指标。添加一定浓度的PASP—Ca能对田面水中氮素浓度的变化起到缓释作用,其中0.3%浓度水平的PASP—Ca效果相对较好,田面水中NH_4~+和TN的下降速率分别为3.452,4.806mg/(L·d),与单施氮肥(CK)相比,分别降低了11.68%和16.25%;同时,NH_4~+的平均浓度为6.999mg/L,较CK低了3.88%;NO_3~-的平均浓度为0.396mg/L,较CK低了24.83%;TN的平均浓度为20.077mg/L,较CK提升了3.10%。施氮后田面水中TN浓度随时间呈对数递减,而NH_4~+浓度在施氮后3天内随时间呈对数增加,之后随时间呈对数递减趋势。施氮后的9天内是防止稻田田面水中氮素流失的关键时期。 相似文献
9.
为探讨山地丘陵区农业小流域氮素迁移特征,对典型山地丘陵区农业小流域降雨—径流事件、水体氮素形态与浓度、时间变异特征及其迁移通量进行了全年观测研究。结果表明:(1)小流域水体氮素浓度存在显著季节变异特征,全年总氮(TN)平均浓度为2.14 mg/L,硝态氮(NO_3~-—N)平均浓度为0.77 mg/L,铵态氮(NH_4~+—N)平均浓度为0.25 mg/L,溶解性有机氮(DON)平均浓度为0.51 mg/L,其中NO_3~-—N是氮素迁移的主要形态;(2)小流域春季(3—5月)对全年氮素迁移通量贡献最高(43.56%),而秋季(9—11月)贡献率最低(3.70%);(3)降雨—径流事件和施肥等农事活动是小流域氮素迁移及其通量的重要驱动因子。 相似文献
10.
控释尿素减施对双季稻田径流氮素变化、损失及产量的影响 总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7
为了探究双季稻田典型自然降雨径流过程中氮(N)的输出特点,采用田间径流池法,通过长期田间定位试验,比较普通尿素(U)和控释尿素(CRU)减施稻田径流水中总氮(TN)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)和硝态氮(NO_3~--N)的动态变化及N素径流流失量和流失率。结果表明:稻田施肥初期出现N素径流峰值,是防控N素径流损失的关键时期。早、晚稻季生育期间施N处理径流水中以NH_4~+-N为主要形态,分别占TN径流损失量的64.5%~66.3%,61.0%~68.6%。早、晚稻季U处理径流水TN流失量(率)分别为5.6(2.2%),5.0(1.7%)kg/hm~2;CRU处理较U处理径流水TN流失量分别降低17.4%~34.1%,17.3%~37.7%;且随着N肥用量的减少,TN流失量(率)逐渐降低。受降雨强度的影响,早稻季N素径流损失较晚稻季高,且晚稻季CRU处理N素径流损失减排效果优于早稻季。早、晚稻季及连作周期CRU处理TN径流累计损失量和籽粒产量与施N量呈显著线性关系,随着N用量的增加而增加。总之,U处理显著提高径流水中N素浓度以及NH_4~+-N占TN的比例。CRU处理有效减缓N素释放速度,降低施肥初期N素径流损失量,实现增产;而CRU减施有利于进一步防控稻田N素流失风险,促进农业面源污染减排,且以减N 10%效果较好。 相似文献
11.
不同沟灌方式下玉米根区矿物氮迁移动态研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为探索交替隔沟灌溉下玉米根区矿物氮分布规律, 通过遮雨棚内微区试验, 研究了常规沟灌、交替隔沟灌和固定隔沟灌3 种沟灌方式对玉米根区硝态氮、铵态氮迁移的影响。结果表明: 交替隔沟灌溉根区硝态氮等值线和常规沟灌相似, 沟内硝态氮含量基本沿垄的中心对称分布。固定隔沟灌溉的湿润沟内硝态氮含量小于干燥沟, 施氮后非灌水沟硝态氮保持较高水平。收获时交替隔沟灌溉的根区硝态氮残留量比常规灌溉略高。与硝态氮分布相比, 铵态氮在根区土壤中的含量很小, 3 种沟灌方式在沟和垄中的铵态氮含量没有明显差异。 相似文献
12.
Core lysimeters containing undisturbed coarse sandy soil (from grassland) were amended with a high rate of anaerobically digested sewage sludge (equivalent to >1,000 t ha–1). Water, at a rate equivalent to the mean weekly rainfall for the soil, was applied to amended and control lysimeters for 30 weeks and the leachate analysed for anions and cations. Lysimeters were also destructively sampled at intervals throughout the experiment and soil samples were analysed for extractable NH4+-N, NO3–-N and PO43–-P. Ammonium N leached for about 11 weeks from the amended lysimeters, then abruptly stopped. A similar amount of NO3–-N leached, but leaching was continuing when the experiment finished. The control lysimeters leached as much NO3–-N as those that were amended, but no NH4+-N. The amended lysimeters also leached NO2–-N. Negligible PO43–-P, but large amounts of SO42– were leached from the amended lysimeters. Concentrations of extractable NH4+-N and PO43–-P were very high in the amended soils, but NO3–-N concentrations remained low throughout the experiment, indicating that nitrification rates were low and/or that denitrification rates were high. 相似文献
13.
水蚀条件下硝酸铵施用对黄绵土氮素流失的影响 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
研究结果表明不同坡度谷子地,高N处理小区径流中铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮浓度平均为1.06、0.76和1.82mg/kg,低N分别为0.64、1.29和1.93mg/kg;高氮处理土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有效氮平均流失量分别达到17.90、12.93和30.84kg/(km2·a),低N流失量为11.90、23.86和35.77kg/(km2·a)。高氮处理小区泥沙中有机质和全氮浓度平均为5.21和0.536g/kg,而低氮处理分别为4.94和0.481g/kg;高氮和低氮处理土壤有机质流失量分别为5702和5743kg/(km2·a),土壤全氮流失量为498和559kg/(km2·a) 相似文献
14.
Durán Zuazo Victor Hugo Martínez Raya Armando Aguilar Ruiz José 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2004,153(1-4):355-373
The nutrient fluxes of nitrate, ammonium, phosphorus and potassium in runoff and sediments were evaluated over a two-year period (1999–2000) on the taluses of terraces, in a zone of intense subtropical orchard cultivation (SE Spain). The erosion plots were located on a terrace of 214% (65°) slope, at 180 m in altitude and with 16 m2 (4 × 4 m) in area. Shrubby covers were tested for effectiveness in controlling the nutrient fluxes caused by runoff and sediments. Covers of Thymusserpylloides Bory sbsp. Gadorensis and Salvia officinalis L. reduced the NO3 - runoff losses by 53 and 48%, with respect to the bare soil without natural vegetation, the NH-4 + 61 and 56%; the PO4 -3 65 and 56%; and K+ 58 and 46%, respectively. A greater proportion of NO3 -, NH-4 + and K+ were transported in runoff than in sediments. Thyme and sage with respect to the control reduced NO3 - loss in sediments by 74 and 65%, NH-4 + by 71 and 62%, P by 72 and 67%, and K by 69 and 61%, respectively. The total loss (runoff and sediments) in the bare-soil plot for NPK was 260, 39 and 888 mg m-2 yr-1, in the sage plot 119, 15 and 460 mg m-2 yr-1, and in the thyme plot 105, 12 and 360 mg m-2 yr-1, respectively. The results show the importance of the plant covers in soil conservation and in the recycling of nutrients on terrace slopes. This has far-reaching implications in the sense that the control of pollution from erosion is vital in reducing the eutrophication of both surface waters and groundwater located in lowlands. 相似文献
15.
在红壤自然状况下,模拟了施肥沟,对红壤不同污泥施肥处理的N素释放特性进行了研究。试验结果表明,干污泥配比在10%~20%时,碱解氮、铵态氮和硝态氮累计释放量分别为:25.71%~33.48%,9.57%~14.85%和4.08%~7.65%。堆肥污泥配比在20%~33%时,其累计释放量分别为13.55%~15.65%,2.03%~4.23%和3.11%~5.37%。干污泥处理的释放量大于堆肥污泥处理的释放量,释放过程变化较堆肥污泥剧烈,铵态氮和硝态氮均有明显峰值,铵态氮最大含量532.98±10 mg/kg,释放量最大达10.95%;硝态氮含量最大为149.2±14 mg/kg,释放量最大时为3.32%。无论是从氮的肥效角度,还是氮释放的环境风险角度考虑,污泥堆肥处理后施肥方式均优于干污泥处理施肥方式。 相似文献
16.
施用包膜尿素对水稻生长和氮磷流失的影响 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
施用新型肥料是减少养分径流损失的重要途径。采用田间试验研究了施用包膜尿素对水稻生长和径流氮磷损失的影响,试验设置CK(习惯施肥)、PU1(减磷41%、减氮20%、施普通尿素)、PU2(PU1基础上减氮13%)、UR1(PU2基础上施包膜尿素)和UR2(UR1基础上减氮13%)5个处理。结果表明:PU1和UR1处理水稻氮磷含量与CK处理相近,PU1成熟期氮、磷总积累量比CK增加11.21,2.69kg/hm~2。PU1和UR1处理成熟期地上部生物量和籽粒产量高于CK处理,籽粒产量分别提高7.68%,5.77%。PU1、PU2、UR1和UR2处理径流总磷含量和累积流失量比CK处理低,减少13.18%~21.51%。施用包膜尿素(PU1、PU2)处理径流总氮、铵氮和硝氮含量低于施用普通尿素(CK、UR1、UR2)处理;稻田径流总氮、铵氮和硝氮累积流失量分别减少12.90%~26.91%,54.52%~49.38%和4.03%~15.95%,其中包膜尿素处理铵氮累积流失量显著(P0.05)小于普通尿素处理。施用包膜尿素和优化施肥能促进水稻对氮磷养分的吸收,提高水稻籽粒产量,显著减少稻田氮磷流失量,值得在水稻生产中推广应用。 相似文献
17.
Nitrification inhibition of soil and applied fertilizer N is desirable as the accumulation of nitrates in soils in excess
of plant needs leads to enhanced N losses and reduced fertilizer N-use efficiency. In a growth chamber experiment, we studied
the effects of two commercial nitrification inhibitors (NIs), 4-amino 1,2,4-triazole (ATC) and dicyandiamide (DCD), and a
commonly available and economical material, encapsulated calcium carbide (CaC2) (ECC) on the nitrification of soil and applied NH4
+-N in a semiarid subtropical Tolewal sandy loam soil under upland [60% water-filled pore space (WFPS)] and flooded conditions
(120% WFPS). Nitrification of the applied 100 mg NH4
+-N kg–1 soil under upland conditions was retarded most effectively (93%) by ECC for up to 10 days of incubation, whereas for longer
periods, ATC was more effective. After 20 days, only 16% of applied NH4
+-N was nitrified with ATC as compared to 37% with DCD and 98% with ECC. Under flooded soil conditions, nitrates resulting
from nitrification quickly disappeared due to denitrification, resulting in a tremendous loss of fertilizer N (up to 70% of
N applied without a NI). Based on four indicators of inhibitor effectiveness, namely, concentration of NH4
+-N and NO3
–-N, percent nitrification inhibition, ratio of NH4
+-N/NO3
–-N, and total mineral N, ECC showed the highest relative efficiency throughout the 20-day incubation under flooded soil conditions.
At the end of the 20-day incubation, 96%, 58% and 38% of applied NH4
+-N was still present in the soil where ECC, ATC and DCD were used, respectively. Consequently, nitrification inhibition of
applied fertilizer N in both arable crops and flooded rice systems could tremendously minimize N losses and help enhance fertilizer
N-use efficiency. These results suggest that for reducing the nitrification rate and resultant N losses in flooded soil systems
(e.g. rice lowlands), ECC is more effective than costly commercial NIs.
Received: 25 May 2000 相似文献
18.
The short-term effects of excessive NH4+-N on selected characteristics of soil unaffected (low annual N inputs) and affected (high annual N inputs) by cattle were
investigated under laboratory conditions. The major hypothesis tested was that above a theoretical upper limit of NH4+ concentration, an excess of NH4+-N does not further increase NO3− formation rate in the soil, but only supports accumulation of NO2−-N and gaseous losses of N as N2O. Soils were amended with 10 to 500 μg NH4+-N g−1 soil. In both soils, addition of NH4+-N increased production of NO3−-N until some limit. This limit was higher in cattle-affected soil than in unaffected soil. Production of N2O increased in the whole range of amendments in both soils. At the highest level of NH4+-N addition, NO2−-N accumulated in cattle-affected soil while NO3−-N production decreased in cattle-unaffected soil. Despite being statistically significant, observed effects of high NH4+-N addition were relatively weak. Uptake of mineral N, stimulated by glucose amendment, decreased the mineral N content in
both soils, but it also greatly increased production of N2O. 相似文献