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在集约化生产条件下,为追求高生产性能,常以高精料的营养策略饲喂高产奶牛和高强度育肥肉牛、肉羊。长期饲喂高精料或突然采食大量含易发酵碳水化合物饲粮时,动物易出现瘤胃代谢紊乱,诱发代谢性瘤胃酸中毒及腹泻等多种代谢性疾病。如何在高精料饲粮条件下保持瘤胃健康是进行营养调控的关键。酵母培养物作为微生态制剂的一种,已在反刍动物养殖中得到了广泛应用和研究,在维持瘤胃健康、提高动物生产性能和免疫功能等方面具有明显的作用。本文总结了酵母培养物的作用机制及其在高精料饲粮条件下的应用效果,并阐述了酵母培养物在反刍动物饲粮中适宜的添加量,为酵母培养物在反刍动物饲粮中合理利用提供参考和理论依据。 相似文献
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近年来,反刍动物集约化养殖中为追求快速高产,常饲喂高精料饲粮,但随之也带来一系列的危害。乳酸处理谷物饲粮通过改性淀粉,可调控反刍动物瘤胃发酵,增加其瘤胃消化抗性,使更多淀粉进入小肠消化,增加饲粮效率,并在缓解瘤胃酸中毒方面有积极的意义。本文主要分析了乳酸处理谷物饲粮对反刍动物瘤胃pH、胃肠道微生物、生产性能、饲粮中磷消化率、机体代谢组和炎性反应的影响及其潜在调控机制,为有效利用乳酸处理谷物饲粮、促进反刍动物健康养殖提供理论依据。 相似文献
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《动物营养学报》2021,33(2)
集约化养殖中,饲喂高精料饲粮已成为提高肉牛、肉羊等反刍动物经济效益的一种营养策略。但反刍动物摄入过多精料会造成谷物在瘤胃中快速降解,瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)大量积累,pH急剧下降,增加反刍动物患亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA)的风险。对谷物进行加工处理能够改变谷物在瘤胃中的降解速率,进而改善反刍动物的瘤胃发酵、养分消化和生产性能。而谷物加工方式不同,对反刍动物产生的影响也不同。本文分析了淀粉在瘤胃中的降解过程以及淀粉特性对淀粉消化率的影响,综述了国内外常见谷物加工处理方式在反刍动物饲粮中应用的研究成果,为谷物饲料在反刍动物饲粮中的合理利用提供参考。 相似文献
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瘤胃微生物菌群是反刍动物消化系统的组成部分,对动物的早期发育、健康和生理至关重要。近年来,越来越多的研究证实微生物菌群组成变化与宿主生产力和环境保护密切相关,调控瘤胃微生物菌群结构以提高反刍动物生产效率已经成为畜牧业领域研究的热点。文章介绍了反刍动物瘤胃微生物菌群组成,综述了微生物菌群对反刍动物胃肠道发育、免疫应答、生产性能和甲烷排放等生理参数的作用,探讨了添加剂、饲粮类型、季节变化和饲喂方式等因素对肠道微生物的影响,旨在为合理有效地调控瘤胃微生物区系和培育健康高效的反刍动物提供理论依据。 相似文献
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本试验旨在探究海带粉作为饲料原料对饲喂高精料饲粮奶牛瘤胃发酵参数及菌群结构的影响。试验选用体重为(605±36)kg的健康泌乳中后期荷斯坦奶牛15头,随机分为3组,每组5头。采用随机试验设计,3组奶牛分别饲喂45%低精料饲粮、55%高精料饲粮和55%高精料+5%海带粉饲粮。试验期为35d,于试验末对晨饲前奶牛经口腔采集瘤胃液,测定其pH,氨态氮、微生物蛋白、挥发性脂肪酸浓度和菌群结构。结果显示:1)相比55%高精料饲粮,在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,瘤胃中pH显著升高(P<0.05),氨态氮和微生物蛋白的浓度显著降低(P<0.05),总挥发性脂肪酸的浓度以及挥发性脂肪酸中丁酸、异丁酸和异戊酸的比例显著增加(P<0.05)。2)在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉降低了样本独有的操作分类单元(OUT)数量,但对瘤胃细菌α多样性的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在门水平上,与44%低精料饲粮相比,55%高精料饲粮显著增加了瘤胃中放线菌门的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了瘤胃中SR1_Absconditabacteria的相对丰度(P<0.05);而在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,瘤胃中拟杆菌门的相对丰度显著降低(P<0.05),瘤胃中厚壁菌门的相对丰度显著增加(P<0.05),同时进一步显著增加了瘤胃中放线菌门的相对丰度(P<0.05)。在属水平上,相对于45%低精料饲粮,55%高精料饲粮显著增加了瘤胃中瘤胃球菌属2(Ruminococcus_2)和毛螺菌科NK3A20类群(Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group)的相对丰度(P<0.05),显著降低了瘤胃中普雷沃氏菌属1(Prevotella_1)和普雷沃氏菌科UCG-003(Prevotellaceae_UCG-003)的相对丰度(P<0.05);在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%海带粉后,进一步显著降低了瘤胃中Prevotella_1的相对丰度(P<0.05),并显著增加了瘤胃中Ruminococcus_2的相对丰度(P<0.05)。综上可见,在55%高精料饲粮中添加5%的海带粉可以改善饲喂高精料饲粮奶牛的瘤胃发酵环境,调整瘤胃菌群结构,对瘤胃细菌多样性的影响较小。 相似文献
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本试验旨在研究不同精粗比饲粮中添加凝结芽孢杆菌（BC）对绵羊羔羊生长性能、瘤胃发酵和免疫功能的影响。试验采用2×2双因子完全随机设计,2个因素分别为精粗比[40∶60（低精料）、70∶30（高精料）]和BC[不添加和添加1.0×1010CFU/kg BC]。选取48只体重相近的4月龄杜泊×小尾寒羊F1代公羔,随机分为4个组,分别饲喂低精料饲粮（LD组）、添加BC的低精料饲粮（LD+BC组）、高精料饲粮（HD组）、添加BC的高精料饲粮（HD+BC组）,每组12只。预试期10 d,正试期60 d。结果显示：1)24只饲喂高精料饲粮的羔羊瘤胃内pH,氨态氮、乙酸、异丁酸浓度以及乙丙比值显著低于24只饲喂低精料饲粮的羔羊（P<0.05）,丙酸、戊酸和总挥发性脂肪酸浓度显著高于24只饲喂低精料饲粮的羔羊（P<0.05）;24只饲喂添加BC饲粮的羔羊瘤胃内丙酸浓度显著高于24只饲喂未添加BC饲粮的羔羊（P<0.05）。饲粮精粗比和BC之间在瘤胃发酵参数上不存在显著的交互作用（P>0.05）。2)24只饲喂高精料饲粮的羔羊瘤胃内淀粉酶和蛋白酶活性显著高于24只饲喂低精料饲粮的... 相似文献
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瘤胃亚急性酸中毒是目前困扰奶牛生产的一大难题。高精、低粗的饲粮结构会引起瘤胃微生物区系结构改变,挥发性脂肪酸浓度升高,瘤胃液 ｐＨ下降,从而引起瘤胃亚急性酸中毒。奶牛发生瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时瘤胃液细菌内毒素浓度升高。高浓度的内毒素转运至血液引发急性期反应,血浆中矿物质和代谢物水平发生改变,从而使奶牛生产性能下降。本文对高精饲粮下瘤胃中内毒素的产生和转运以及内毒素引发的急性期反应进行综述,同时,根据近年来的研究进展重点介绍一些减少内毒素产生和转运的新方法,旨在为更好地控制或减少瘤胃亚急性酸中毒时内毒素对奶牛的危害提供参考。 相似文献
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J. Boguhn T. Zuber M. Rodehutscord 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2013,97(3):547-557
Two nonlactating cows and two wether sheep, all fitted with a permanent cannula into the rumen, were fed either hay plus concentrate, grass silage or corn silage to study the effect of the donor animal and its diet on in vitro fermentation and microbial protein synthesis. Rumen inoculum was obtained before the morning feeding. Grass silage or corn silage was incubated in a semi‐continuous rumen simulation system for 14 days. Four replicated vessels were used per treatment. Degradation of crude nutrients and detergent fibre fractions as well as microbial protein synthesis and the production of volatile fatty acids were studied. Additionally, total gas and methane production was measured with a standard in vitro gas test. Gas production and methane concentration was higher when the inoculum used was from sheep than that from cows. The donor animal also affected the degradation of organic matter and ether extract as well as the amount of propionate and butyrate, and the acetate‐to‐propionate ratio. The effect of the diet fed to the donor animal on fermentation was much greater than the effect of the donor animal itself. Feeding hay plus concentrate resulted in higher gas production and degradation of acid detergent fibre, but in lower degradation of ether extract and reduced microbial protein synthesis. Additionally, the pattern of volatile fatty acids changed significantly when the diet of the donor animals was hay plus concentrate or one of the silages. These results show that in vitro fermentation and microbial protein synthesis is different when based on inoculum from either cattle or sheep. The diet fed to the donor animal is more important than the animal species and is probably mediated by an adjusted microbial activity. With regard to standardized feed evaluations, these results further support the need to harmonize in vitro approaches used in different laboratories. 相似文献
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Yuki YABUUCHI Masahide TANI Yoji MATSUSHITA Hiroshi OTSUKA Yasuo KOBAYASHI 《Animal Science Journal》2007,78(4):387-394
The effects of being fed lauric acid on rumen characteristics were evaluated in a double 3 × 3 Latin square design using six Holstein steers with ruminal cannulas on a high grain diet. The steers were fed commercial concentrate (8.7 kg/day/steer) with one of three levels of lauric acid (0, 25 or 50 g/day/steer) and timothy hay (1.8 kg/day/steer). The feed intake and digestibility were determined. Ruminal fluid was collected at 3 h after feeding to determine chemical, physical and microbial parameters. An in vitro pure culture study was performed to determine the effects of lauric acid on Streptococcus bovis, a potent bloat‐ and acidosis‐promoting rumen bacterium. There were no differences in feed intake and digestibility among the treatments. The proportion of butyrate and the viscosity of the rumen fluid tended to be lowered (P < 0.08 and P < 0.09, respectively) and the stable ingesta volume increase was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) by the lauric acid feed. The abundance of protozoa and bacteria did not differ among the treatments. In the in vitro study, the growth of S. bovis was inhibited by the lauric acid (100 nmol/L) but it showed an adaptive growth to lauric acid in long‐term subculturing. The S. bovis that had adapted to lauric acid showed decreased viscosity and lactate production (P < 0.01) in culture with sucrose. These results indicate that supplemental lauric acid added to a high grain diet improves physical properties, possibly by altering the metabolic activity of S. bovis, and it may prevent the occurrence of feedlot bloat and acidosis in beef cattle. 相似文献
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Factors limiting the maintenance of recombinant ruminal bacterium in the rumen were evaluated in vitro , using batch culture prepared from rumen fluid of sheep. Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens expressing a foreign xylanase gene ( B. fibrisolvens NO4) was used as a tested recombinant that was selectable on an erythromycin-containing agar medium. The recombinant tended to reduce its level slowly in the rumen fluid of sheep on a high hay diet, while its initial decrease was more apparent in the rumen fluid of sheep on a high concentrate diet. Incubation with cell-free ruminal fluid revealed a significant decrease of inoculated recombinant, suggesting the presence of antibacterial factors limiting maintenance of the recombinant. In particular, during the first 12 h of incubation this inhibition was more notable in culture prepared from rumen fluid of sheep given the high concentrate diet. Autoclaving the cell-free rumen fluid inactivated the inhibition. Numbers of the recombinant for inoculation did not influence the final level of survived recombinant, that is, the initial depression was larger as more recombinant was inoculated. Subculturing with xylan before inoculation and/or direct addition of xylan to the batch culture did not improve survival of the recombinant. From these results it is suggested that the level of survived recombinant is limited to 102–4 /mL of in vitro batch culture with restricted energy supply and that initial depression of the recombinant is mainly caused by the heat-sensitive antibacterial factors not associating with microbial cells in the rumen. 相似文献
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This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ruminal dosing of a mechanical stimulating brush on rumination time, ruminal passage rate and rumen fermentation status in steers fed a concentrate diet at maintenance level. Animals were dosed three Rumen Faibu (RF) per head through the rumen fistulae (RF treatment) and not dosed (control) in a change‐over design. The organic cell wall content of the concentrate diet was 12.7% of dry matter. Daily time spent on rumination was very short in both treatments with 24 min in RF treatment and 15 min in control. The turnover rate of ruminal fluid in RF treatment was higher than that in control. There were no differences in ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentration between RF treatment and control. Acetic and butyric acid concentrations were not different between the treatments. Propionic acid concentration tended to be higher in the animals on RF treatment than in control animals. The RF dosing in Holstein steers fed a low fiber diet did not affect the rumination time, but increased rumen digesta passage rate and ruminal propionic acid production. 相似文献
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利用体外产气法研究不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡对瘤胃代谢的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
旨在探讨利用体外产气法研究不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡日粮(RDPB,g·kg-1 DM)对瘤胃发酵、总产气量和甲烷产量的影响.试验选用美国Ankom产气系统,采用随机区组试验设计,配置6种不同瘤胃降解蛋白平衡日粮,分别为日粮1(-20 g· kg-1 DM),日粮2(-10 g· kg-1 DM),日粮3(0 g· kg-1 DM),日粮4(10g·kg-1DM),日粮5(20 g·kg-1 DM)和日粮6(30 g· kg-1 DM),每组2个重复,培养期为24 h.结果表明:(1)本研究中6种类型日粮发酵液的pH、乙酸/丙酸、产气量和CH4产生量表现为日粮3(P＜0.01)或日粮4(P＜0.01)值最低.(2)挥发性脂防酸乙酸、丙酸、丁酸以及氨氮的浓度随着瘤冒降解平衡值的增加而增加,表明改变日粮瘤胃降解蛋白平衡可以影响瘤胃发酵.而瘤胃降解蛋白平衡对总挥发性脂肪酸以及原虫数量无显著影响.(3)日粮瘤胃降解蛋白平衡值影响不同时间点甲烷的浓度和24 h甲烷产量.其中以日稂4(P＜0.05)甲烷总产量最低.由此可见,在体外培养条件下,改变日粮RDPB影响了瘤胃发酵液pH、氨态氮(NH3-N)及挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)浓度、总产气量、CH4产生量,综合考虑其对瘤胃发酵和甲烷产量等指标的影响,体外产气条件下适宜的RDPB水平为0～10g·kg-1 DM. 相似文献
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本实验旨在探究饲喂高精料日粮对山羊瘤胃和盲肠发酵、生物胺生成与吸收的影响研究。试验选用6头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的雄性波杂山羊,随机分成低精料组与高精料组,实验期24 d。结果显示,与低精料组相比,饲喂高精料日粮的山羊瘤胃液中总挥发性脂肪酸、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸、戊酸、总支链脂肪酸、酪胺、腐胺、组胺、甲胺和色胺浓度显著性增加(P<0.05),而瘤胃pH和乙丙比显著降低(P<0.05);饲喂高精料日粮的山羊盲肠内容物中的乙酸、丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸浓度和上述5种生物胺浓度显著增加(P<0.05);同时,瘤胃和盲肠静脉血中的上述5种生物胺的浓度显著提高(P<0.05)。相关性分析结果表明,瘤胃液中酪胺、腐胺、甲胺和色胺浓度与瘤胃静脉血所对应的生物胺浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05),且盲肠内容物中酪胺、腐胺、甲胺和色胺与盲肠静脉血中对应的生物胺的浓度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。结果说明,饲喂高精料日粮促进了山羊瘤胃和盲肠发酵,提高了瘤胃与盲肠内容物中生物胺浓度,暗示高精料日粮可能提高消化道上皮的通透性,促进消化道上皮对生物胺的吸收。 相似文献
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畜牧业集约化养殖越来越普遍。为提高反刍动物生产性能,饲喂大量能量饲料,进而引发亚急性瘤胃酸中毒(SARA),导致动物采食量下降、畜产品产出降低以及动物发生炎症反应。近年研究表明,SARA会改变瘤胃生理状态,而瘤胃健康对反刍动物饲养至关重要。本文综述了反刍动物SARA状态下瘤胃生理生化过程变化,结合瘤胃发酵模式变化和瘤胃微生物的改变,重点阐述了SARA引起的瘤胃上皮细胞形态结构变化、屏障功能改变、瘤胃上皮细胞中物质转运及相关载体表达及其引发的瘤胃上皮细胞炎症通路,为更好指导反刍动物饲养及为瘤胃营养生理生化研究提供参考。 相似文献
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Mohammad Mobashar Jürgen Hummel Ralf Blank Karl‐Heinz Südekum 《Journal of animal physiology and animal nutrition》2019,103(1):17-28
In this study, the relative contribution of different microbial groups to ruminal metabolism was investigated for different diets. The rumen microbial cultures included whole rumen fluid, fungi + protozoa, bacteria + protozoa, protozoa and bacteria + fungi and were established by physical and chemical methods. Gas production, short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) and ammonium production were measured at 24 hr in in vitro incubations using the Hohenheim gas test (HGT) procedure. Seven donor animal diets with different concentrate‐to‐roughage ratios (C:R: 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30, 70:30BC (BC = NaHCO3), 90:10 and 90:10BC) and five HGT diets (C:R: 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, 70:30 and 90:10) were formulated. Incubations in the HGT were always based on inoculum from sheep diets with the respective C:R ratio. Gas and ammonium production increased (p < 0.001) as a result of a gradual increase in concentrate proportion of the diets. In general, SCFA production followed the same trend. Whole rumen fluid and bacteria + fungi produced approximately 50% higher gas volume than protozoa and fungi + protozoa fractions, whereas gas production with bacteria + protozoa was at an intermediate level. Coculture of protozoa either with bacteria or with fungi produced more ammonium. Populations without bacteria were characterized by a particularly high acetate/propionate ratio. Although an interaction between microbial group and diet was observed for several variables, no clear direction could be established. Manipulating rumen fluid by selectively suppressing specific rumen microbial groups may be a helpful tool in elucidating their role in nutrient degradation and turnover in vitro. 相似文献