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1.
AIM: To investigate the angiogenesis status,the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF),angiopoietin-1 (ANG-1),angiopoietin-2 (ANG-2),thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) and relationship with tumor angiogenesis,differentiation,invasion and metastasis.METHODS: 33 specimen of surgically resected CCC were investigated.Immunohistochemical staining of CD34,VEGF,ANG-1,ANG-2 and TSP-1 was carried out.RESULTS: The mean MVD was (87.2±52.6)/mm2.VEGF positive expression was found in 75.6% cases;ANG-1 positive expression was observed in 36% cases;ANG-2 positive was detected in 57.6% cases and 45.5% cases exhibited positive TSP-1 expression.VEGF and ANG-2 expressions were found to be associated with significant higher level of MVD (P<0.01 and P<0.05,respectively).TSP-1 expression was found to be associated with significant low level of MVD (P<0.01).Positive TSP-1 expression was also found to be associated with higher level of intrahepatic metastasis (46.7% vs 5.6%,P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Considerable angiogenesis compared to other solid tumors can be observed in CCC.VEGF and ANG-2 might play a proangiogenic role and TSP-1 may play an inhibitory role.Although TSP-1 may increase the intrahepatic metastasis of CCC,neither MVD levels nor the expression of VEGF,ANG-1,or ANG-2 is associated with tumor differentiation,invasion and metastasis.  相似文献   

2.
AIM: To study the angiogenic effect of hypoxia inducible factor 1α(HIF-1α) and its significance on human extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma. METHODS: The protein levels of HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) and VEGF receptor 2(VEGFR2) in human extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma were detected by immunohistochemistry. Microvessel density (MVD) of the tumor tissues was determined by labeling of microvessel endothelium with CD34 antibody. The correlation between the expression of HIF-1α, VEGF and VEGFR2 and MVD was analyzed with SPSS 13.0 statistical software. RESULTS: The positive expression of HIF-1α was observed in 39 cases (39/50, 78%) and the positive expression of VEGFR2 was 27 cases (27/50, 54%) of human extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma. A statistical difference of HIF-1α and VEGFR2 expression between tumor tissues and normal lymphocytes in lymph node was observed (P<0.05). In the tumor tissues, the co-expression of VEGF or VEGFR2 with HIF-1α was 72% and 64%, respectively, significantly higher than that without HIF-1α co-expression (P<0.05). The expression of HIF-1α, VEGFR and VEGFR2 was positively correlated with MVD of the tumor tissues (P<0.01). HIF-1α was expressed in all 15 cases of extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma with angiocentric infiltration.CONCLUSION: HIF-1α may promote angiogenesis of extranodal nasal-type NK/T-cell lymphoma through VEGF/VEGFR2 signaling pathway.  相似文献   

3.
AIM: To study the expression and significance of osteopontin (OPN) in endometrial carcinoma and cervical cancer. METHODS: Immunohistochemical S-P assay was used to detect the expression of OPN in paraffin-embedded sections of 30 cases of endometrial carcinoma, 20 cases of cervical cancer and 30 cases of normal control tissues. The relationship between OPN expression and clinical-pathological characteristics was evaluated. RESULTS: The positive immunostaining rates of OPN in endometrial carcinoma (70%) and cervical cancers (55%) were significantly higher than that in the normal secretive and proliforative endometrium (50% and 10%) and normal cervical epithelium (10%), respectively (P<0.01). The positive immunostaining rate of OPN in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix was 53.3% and 60%, respectively, there was no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). The positive immunostaining rate of OPN in stage Ⅲ and stage Ⅱ and G3 and G2 of endometrial carcinoma was significantly higher than that in stage Ⅰ and type G1 of endometrial carcinoma. The positive immunostaining rate of OPN in stage Ⅱb and type G3 of cervical cancer was significantly higher than that in stage Ⅰa and type G1 of cervical cancer. CONCLUSION: OPN is significantly highly expressed in both endometrial carcinoma and cervical cancer, and its expression is closely related to the stage and grading of these malignant tumors.  相似文献   

4.
AIM: To investigate the expression of PTEN, VEGF and COX-2, and the relationship with angiogenesis in the bone tissues of JAK2 V617F mutation positive myeloroliferative neoplasm(MPN)patients. METHODS: JAK2 V617F positive MPN patients (n=42) were selected in the First Hospital of Baoding including 25 cases of newly diagnosed group and 17 cases of treatment group with IFN-α 2b, and 10 cases of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) patients served as controls. The ratio of mutant and wild type JAK2 was detected by real-time PCR. The protein levels of p-JAK2, PTEN, VEGF and COX-2, and microvascular density (MVD) marked with CD105 in pathological tissues of bone marrow were detected by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: The levels of p-JAK2, VEGF, COX-2 and MVD in newly diagnosed group were significantly higher than those in control group. However, the expression level of PTEN was significantly lower than that in control group. The levels of p-JAK2, VEGF, COX-2 and MVD in treatment group were significantly lower than those in newly diagnosed group, while the expression level of PTEN was significantly higher than that in newly diagnosed group. JAK2 V617F mutation burden was positively correlated with VEGF, COX-2 and MVD (P<0.05). PTEN was negatively correlated with VEGF and MVD (P<0.05). The levels of p-JAK2, VEGF, COX-2 and MVD in JAK2 V617F/JAK2 ratio≥0.5 group were significantly higher than those in JAK2 V617F/JAK2 ratio<0.5 group, but PTEN showed the contrary to the above.CONCLUSION: PTEN, VEGF, COX-2 and JAK2 V617F are involved in the pathogenesis of angiogenesis in MPN patients.  相似文献   

5.
AIM: To investigate the effect of Eph receptor A2 (EphA2) on drug resistance of colorectal carcinoma cells and its possible mechanisms. METHODS: Real-time PCR and Western blot were used to detect the expression of EphA2 at mRNA and protein levels in LoVo and LoVo/5-FU cells. EphA2 siRNA was transfected to down-regulate the EphA2 expression in LoVo/5-FU cells, and the drug sensitivity was calculated by CCK-8 assay. Meanwhile, cell migration and invasion were measured by wound healing assay and Transwell assay, and the protein levels of E-cadherin, β-catenin, N-cadherin, vimentin, Notch and Snail were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: The expression of EphA2 at both mRNA and protein levels was significantly up-regulated in LoVo/5-FU cells (P<0.05). Knockdown of EphA2 suppressed the cell viability, and migration and invasion abilities, but promoted drug sensitivity of LoVo/5-FU cells. Up-regulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin, and down-regulation of N-cadherin and vimentin were observed, indicating that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process was suppressed. Knockdown of EphA2 decreased the expression levels of Notch and Snail. CONCLUSION: Down-regulation of EphA2 partly reverses drug resistance of LoVo/5-FU cells. The mechanism may be related to suppressing cell growth, migration, invasion and EMT process via Notch/Snail signaling pathway.  相似文献   

6.
AIM: To investigate the diffusion effect of malignant tumor in cervix by diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).METHODS: Routine MRI sequences and axial diffusion weighted sequences were performed in the cases of cervical cancer and endometrial carcinoma. Normal cervixes and endometria were served as controls. The ADC values of cervical cancer and normal cervix, endometrial carcinoma and normal endometrium were measured and analyzed respectively.RESULTS: (1)The ADC values in 37 cases of cervical cancer and normal cervix of 16 volunteers were (0.92±0.20)×10-3 mm2/s and (1.26±0.24)×10-3 mm2/s respectively, with statistically significant difference between cervical cancers and normal cervixes (P<0.01). (2)The ADC values in 14 cases of endometrial carcinoma and normal endometrium of 14 volunteers were (0.87±0.17)×10-3 mm2/s and (1.34±0.26)×10-3 mm2/s respectively, with statistically significant difference between endometrial carcinoma and normal endometria (P<0.01).CONCLUSION: The diffusion effects of cervical cancer and endometrial carcinoma were different from those of normal cervical tissues. The DWI of 3.0T MRI may be used to quantitatively determine the limitation of diffusion effect in the malignant tumor in cervix by measuring the ADC value.  相似文献   

7.
AIM: To elucidate the correlation between the expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1)/ATP-binding cassette subfaminly G member 2 (ABCG2) and microvessel density (MVD) in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC).METHODS: In 198 specimens of EOC and 60 specimens of ovarian benign epithelial tumor tissues, the protein expression of ALDH1/ABCG2 and CD105 (microvessel marker) was detected by immunohistochemical staining.RESULTS: The positive rates of ALDH1 and ABCG2 in the EOC were 64.1% and 61.6%, respectively, while the positive rates in benign epithelial tumor tissues were 8.3% and 6.7%, respectively, and there were significant differences between them (P<0.05). In EOC and benign epithelial tumor tissues, the MVD were 22.6±9.7 and 5.03±3.35, respectively, and the difference was also significant (P<0.05). The expression of ALDH1 and ABCG2 in EOC was significantly related to differentiation, FIGO stage,and abdominal organ and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). MVD had correlation with differentiation, FIGO stage, ascite, and abdominal organ and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). MVD had positive correlation with the expression of ALDH1 and ABCG2 (P<0.01). There was also a positive correlation between the expression of ALDH1 and ABCG2 (P<0.01). Over-expression of ALDH1/ABCG2 and MVD≥23 were related to the poor prognosis. The survival rates in ALDH1/ABCG2 positive and MVD≥23 groups were significantly lower than those in ALDH1/ABCG2 negative and MVD<23 groups (P<0.05). The FIGO stage, the expression of ALDH1/ABCG2 and MVD were indepen-dent prognosis factors of EOC (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the expression of ALDH1/ABCG2 and MVD in EOC are related to differentiation, lymph node metastasis, clinical stage and prognosis. Combined detection of these indexes may play an important role in predicting the progression and prognosis of EOC.  相似文献   

8.
AIM:To explore the expression of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) in the endometrium of rats with polycystic ovarian syndrom (PCOS) and evaluate the relationship between GLUT4 expression and insulin resistance (IR). METHODS:54 female SD rats of 85 days were randomized to control group (n=20), PCOS model group (n=17) and metformin treatment group (n=17). The rats in the latter two groups were induced by Poretsky’s method for PCOS model, followed by placebo or metformin, respectively. After 14 days of treatment, the rats were sacrificed and the expression of GLUT4 in endometrium was detected by ElivisionTM Plus two steps immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS:The expression of GLUT4 and insulin receptor(INS-R) proteins of endometrial glandulan epitheliu in PCOS rats were significantly lower (P<0.01,P<0.05) than those in control group, however, the expression of insulin(INS) protein in PCOS rats was higher than that in control group (P<0.01). The expression of GLUT4 in the treatment group increased (P<0.01), but was still lower than that in control group (P<0.01). However, compared with PCOS group, the expression of INS protein was decreased (P<0.05), but was still higher than that in control group (P<0.05). There was no GLUT4 expression in interstitial cells in endometrium, and the changes of the expressions of INS and INS-R proteins in those cells were similar with those in glandulan epitheliu. CONCLUSION:The decrease in GLUT4 expression of endometrium in PCOS rats is related with endometrial insulin resistance.  相似文献   

9.
AIM: To assess the significance of c-erbB-2, BCSG1 (breast cancer specific gene-1) expression and other parameters in recurrence or metastasis of breast cancer. METHODS: The expression of c-erbB-2, BCSG1, and ER, PR, MVD, VEGF, VEGF-C, FLT-4, LVD were determined with the SP immunohistochemical method in 58 cases of invasive breast cancer patients occurred over 5 years. The cases were used to analyze the effect of c-erbB-2, BCSG1, VEGF-C and ER, PR, MVD, VEGF, FLT-4, LVD expression on clinical-pathological manifestations and prognosis in breast cancer. RESULTS: The expression rates of c-erbB-2, BCSG1, VEGF-C, LVD were respectively 25.9%, 62.1%, 36.2%, 32.8% in association with the lymph node metastasis and recurrence of breast cancer (P<0.05), the expression rate of MVD was also increased significantly (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The c-erbB-2, BCSG1, VEGF-C, LVD are highly expressed and strongly correlated with the lymph node metastasis and recurrence of breast cancer, of which BCSG1 may be used as a predictor of prognosis.  相似文献   

10.
AIM: To investigate the molecular mechanism of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) promoting the migration and invasion of hepatoma cells. METHODS: The differentially expressed splicing proteins in different cell lines were screened by qPCR and Western blot. The difference of the expression of PTBP1 between liver cancer and normal liver tissues was analyzed by bioinformatics. Wound-healing and Transwell assays were used to study the effect of PTBP1 on the migration and invasion of hepatoma cells, and Western blot was used to detect the effect of PTBP1 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling pathway. RESULTS: Compared with the HepG2 cells, the expression of splicing factor PTBP1 was significantly increased in the HCCLM3 cells with high metastatic ability (P<0.05), and the expression level of PTBP1 in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal tissues (P<0.05). Over-expression of PTBP1 significantly increased the migration and invasion of HCCLM3 cells (P<0.05), increased the expression of mesenchymal marker proteins N-cadherin and vimentin (P<0.05), and promoted the EMT process of liver cancer cells. CONCLUSION: PTBP1 promotes the migration and invasion of liver cancer cells by promoting the EMT pathway of liver cancer cells.  相似文献   

11.
AIM:To investigate the potential mechanism of interleukin-17 (IL-17) promoting the viability, migration and invasion of human endometrial carcinoma cells. METHODS:The expression of IL-17 and microRNA-195-5p (miR-195-5p) in the human endometrial carcinoma and benign uterine lesion samples were detected by RT-qPCR. The expression of miR-195-5p in human endometrial carcinoma HEC-1-B cells after treatment with IL-17 at different concentrations for 48 h was detected by RT-qPCR. The viability, migration and invasion of HEC-1-B cells after treatment with IL-17 at 100 μg/L or transfection of miR-195-5p mimics were detected by MTT assay and Transwell assays. The viability, migration and invasion of HEC-1-B cells after over-expression of miR-195-5p combined with 100 μg/L IL-17 intervention were also observed. RESULTS:The expression of IL-17 was increased while the expression of miR-195-5p was decreased in the human endometrial carcinoma samples (P<0.05). The expression of miR-195-5p in the HEC-1-B cells after treatment with IL-17 at 10,100 and 300 μg/L for 48 h was significantly decreased (P<0.05). The results of MTT assay and Transwell experiments indicated that IL-17 at 100 μg/L enhanced the viability, migration and invasion of HEC-1-B cells, while over-expression of miR-195-5p resulted in the opposite effect. CONCLUSION:Over-expression of miR-195-5p inhibits the enhancing effects of IL-17 on the viability, invasion and migration of HEC-1-B cells.  相似文献   

12.
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AIM: To investigate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) and CD31 in relation to metastasis in ovarian epithelial tumors. METHODS: VEGFR-3 and CD31 expression were examined by immunohistochemical methods, VEGFR-3 positive microlymphatic count (MLC) and microvessel density (MVD) were assessed by the image analysis. RESULTS: Both MLC and MVD in ovarian epithelial carcinomas were higher than those in benign tumors(MLC, P<0.05; MVD, P<0.01). In ovarian epithelial carcinomas, MLC and MVD were higher in the cases of clinical stage Ⅲ-Ⅳ and with lymphatic metastasis than those of clinical stage Ⅰ-Ⅱ and without lymphatic metastasis, respectively (P<0.05 or P<0.01) . There were no significant differences between MLC, MVD and histologic type, histologic grade(differentiation) in ovarian epithelial carcinomas(P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: VEGFR-3 and CD31 expression correlate significantly with metastasis, MLC and MVD might predict peritumoral lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis, which may be as a biologic marker for metastasis in ovarian epithelial tumors.  相似文献   

14.
AIM: To explore the expression of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factors (bFGF) in avascularization of hydatidiform mole. METHODS: The morphologic character of villous stroma blood vessel of hydatidiform mole and the expression of VEGF and bFGF in the placental villi obtained from 14 cases of normal early gestation, 27 cases of partial hydatidiform mole and 11 cases of complete hydatidiform mole were detected by immunohistochemistry test (SP method). RESULTS: 1. Considerable vessels were detected by CD34 in the villous stroma of complete hydatidiform moles. 2. Microvessal density (MVD) in complete hydatidiform mole group was evidently lower than that in partial hydatidiform mole group (P<0.01). MVD in partial hydatidiform mole group was evidently lower than that in normal early gestation group (P<0.01). 3. In villous stroma, the content of VEGF and bFGF in complete hydatidiform mole group were evidently lower than that in partial hydatidiform mole group (P<0.01 and P<0.01, respectively). The contents of VEGF and bFGF in partial hydatidiform mole group were evidently lower than that in normal early gestation group (P<0.01 and P<0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: The lower expression of VEGF and bFGF in villous stroma may have relation with avascularization in hydatidiform mole. The disturbance of blood development of hydatidiform mole may cause fetal death.  相似文献   

15.
AIM: To investigate the relationship between microvessel density (MVD) and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in glomeruli of diabetic mice. METHODS: Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice as well as the control mice were involved in this study for 6 weeks. The body weight and blood glucose level of the mice in each group were weekly measured at certain time point. The morphological changes of the kidney were observed under light microscope, and the diameter, perimeter and area of the glomeruli were detected by an image analysis system. The expression of CD34 and VEGF in glomeruli was examined by immunohistochemistry method, and MVD and VEGF index were also calculated. RESULTS: In comparison with the control mice, the blood glucose level was significantly increased,and the body weight was decreased in diabetic mice(P<0.01). The diameter, perimeter and area of glomeruli in diabetic mice were significant greater than those in control mice (P<0.05). Increased expression of CD34 and VEGF in the glomeruli of diabetic mice was observed. Glomerular MVD of diabetic mice was significantly higher than that of the controls (P<0.01), and was positively correlated with the VEGF index (r=0.9979, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: VEGF may promote the angiogenesis in glomeruli of diabetic mice. The increase in VEGF expression may play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy.  相似文献   

16.
AIM: To investigate the neuroprotective effect of progesterone against adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-injured human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.METHODS: The SH-SY5Y cells in the logarithmic phase were divided into different groups according to the progesterone and ATP concentrations. The cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay. The membrane permeability was detected using fluorescent dye YO-PRO-1. Cytosolic Ca2+ concentration was measured with fluorescent dye Fluo-3/AM. The expression of purinergic P2X7 receptor was assessed by Western blot.RESULTS: The viability of the SH-SY5Y cells was significantly decreased (P<0.05) and YO-PRO-1 uptake was obviously increased (P<0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner compared with control group when SH-SY5Y cells were treated with ATP at 1, 3, 5 and 7 mmol/L for 2 h. The viability reduction of the SH-SY5Y cells induced by ATP was obviously counteracted by treatment with progesterone at 3, 10 and 30 nmol/L for 30 min (P<0.05) as compared with ATP group. YO-PRO-1 fluorescence enhancement induced by ATP in SH-SY5Y cells was significantly reduced (P<0.05) by progesterone (30 nmol/L) or P2X7 receptor antagonist KN-62 (500 nmol/L) pretreatment for 30 min, and no obvious difference between treatments with progesterone and KN-62 was observed. Cytosolic Ca2+ fluorescence intensity in normal group was a little, but that in ATP group was increased (P<0.05). Progesterone or KN-62 pretreatment significantly decreased the cytosolic fluorescence intensity of Ca2+ induced by ATP (P<0.05). However, no obvious difference between treatments with progesterone and KN-62 was found. The expression of P2X7 receptor in ATP group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05), and progesterone inhibited ATP-induced P2X7 receptor expression (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Progesterone inhibits P2X7 receptor expression, membrane pore formation, intracellular Ca2+ increase and cell death induced by ATP, so progesterone may protect SH-SY5Y cells against ATP-induced injuries.  相似文献   

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AIM: To investigate the effects of down-regulation of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1) expression on cell cycle and invasion of human cervical carcinoma SiHa cells.METHODS: The protein expression of AEG-1 was detected by Western blotting in normal cervical tissues, cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues, HeLa cells, SiHa cells and CaSki cells. Control siRNA or AEG-1 siRNA was transfected into SiHa cells, and the protein expression of AEG-1 in SiHa cells was detected by Western blotting. The changes of cell cycle distribution and cell invasion were determined by flow cytometry and Boyden chamber, respectively. The protein levels of cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 2(CDK2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were analyzed by Western blotting.RESULTS: The protein expression of AEG-1 in cervical squamous cell carcinoma tissues was significantly higher than that in normal cervical tissues (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the protein expression of AEG-1 in the 3 cervical carcinoma cell lines was obviously higher than that in normal cervical tissues, in which SiHa cells displayed the highest AEG-1 protein level (P<0.05). In addition, AEG-1 siRNA effectively down-regulated the protein expression of AEG-1 in SiHa cells, which led to increase the percentage at G0/G1 phase and reduced the invasion of SiHa cells. Furthermore, the protein levels of cyclin D1, CDK2 and MMP-9 in AEG-1 siRNA group were markedly lower than those in non-treatment group and control siRNA group (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Over-expression of AEG-1 may be closely associated with the occurrence and development of cervical carcinoma, and the AEG-1 down-regulation-mediated cell cycle arrest and attenuation of invasion may be tightly related to the down-regulations of cyclin D1, CDK2 and MMP-9 at protein levels.  相似文献   

20.
AIM: To analyze the difference of endonuclease domain containing 1 (ENDOD1) expression between benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissues and prostate cancer (PCa) tissues and to investigate the effect of ENDOD1 on the biological function of human prostate cancer cells. METHODS: The BPH samples (n=20) and PCa samples (n=21) were processed and analyzed according to the instruction of immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. The mRNA and protein levels of ENDOD1 in the normal prostate epithelial cells and prostate cancer cells were evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western blot, respectively. The recombinant plasmids pCMV-N-Flag-ENDOD1 was constructed and was transfected into the human prostate cancer cells. The proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion abilities of the prostate cancer cells were evaluated by MTT assay, flow cytometry, Transwell migration and Matrigel invasion assays, respectively. RESULTS: The analysis of variance of the immunoreactivity score showed that PCa tissues with high Gleason score displayed significantly lower ENDOD1expression than that with low Gleason score and BPH (P<0.05). The expression of ENDOD1 at mRNA and protein levels in PC3 cells and DU145 cells was significantly lower than that in the LNCap cells (P<0.05). The proliferation of DU145 transfected with ENDOD1 was inhibited. The flow cytometry indicated that ENDOD1 over-expression in the DU145 cells resulted in a notable increase in G0/G1 phase arrest (P<0.05), but the apoptotic rates showed no statistical difference. The results of Transwell assay showed that migration and invasion abilities of the cells were also inhibited after transfection with over-expressing ENDOD1 plasmid (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of ENDOD1 significantly decreased in prostate cancer with high Gleaon score. Meanwhile, the ENDOD1 is specifically down-regulated in androgen independent prostate cancer (AIPC) cell lines. Over-expression of ENDOD1 remarkably inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of AIPC.  相似文献   

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