共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 187 毫秒
1.
Quantum spin hall insulator state in HgTe quantum wells 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
König M Wiedmann S Brüne C Roth A Buhmann H Molenkamp LW Qi XL Zhang SC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5851):766-770
Recent theory predicted that the quantum spin Hall effect, a fundamentally new quantum state of matter that exists at zero external magnetic field, may be realized in HgTe/(Hg,Cd)Te quantum wells. We fabricated such sample structures with low density and high mobility in which we could tune, through an external gate voltage, the carrier conduction from n-type to p-type, passing through an insulating regime. For thin quantum wells with well width d < 6.3 nanometers, the insulating regime showed the conventional behavior of vanishingly small conductance at low temperature. However, for thicker quantum wells (d > 6.3 nanometers), the nominally insulating regime showed a plateau of residual conductance close to 2e(2)/h, where e is the electron charge and h is Planck's constant. The residual conductance was independent of the sample width, indicating that it is caused by edge states. Furthermore, the residual conductance was destroyed by a small external magnetic field. The quantum phase transition at the critical thickness, d = 6.3 nanometers, was also independently determined from the magnetic field-induced insulator-to-metal transition. These observations provide experimental evidence of the quantum spin Hall effect. 相似文献
2.
Structures in which electrons are confined to move in two dimensions (quantum wells) have led to new physical discoveries and technological applications. Modification of these structures to confine the electrons to one dimension (quantum wires) or release them in the third dimension, are predicted to lead to new electrical and optical properties. This article discusses techniques to make quantum wires, and quantum wells of controlled size and shape, from compound semiconductor materials, and describes some of the properties of these structures. 相似文献
3.
A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) event is popularly viewed as the flip of a single spin in a magnetc field, stimulated by the absorption or emission of only one quantum of radio-frequency energy. Nevertheless, resonances between nuclear spin states that differ by more than one unit in the Zeeman quantum number also can be induced in systems of coupled spins by suitably designed sequences of radio-frequency pulses. Pairs of states excited in this way oscillate coherently at the frequencies of the corresponding multiple-quantum transitions and produce a response that may be monitored indirectly in a two-dimensional time-domain experiment. The pattern of multiple-quantum excitation and response, influenced largely by the concerted interactions of groups of coupled nuclei, simplifies the NMR spectrum in some instances and provides significant new information in others. Applications of multiple-quantum NMR extend to problems in many different areas, ranging from studies of the structure and function of proteins and nucleic acids in solution to investigations of the arrangements of atoms in amorphous semiconductors. The specific spectroscopic techniques are varied as well and include methods designed, for example, to simplify spectral analysis for liquids and liquid crystals, eliminate inhomogeneous broadening, study interatomic connectivity in liquid-state molecules, identify clusters of atoms in solids, enhance the spatial resolution in solid-state imaging experiments, and probe correlated molecular motions. 相似文献
4.
[目的]探讨THz技术在农药识别和残留量检测中的应用。[方法]利用太赫兹时域光谱（THz-TDS）技术对2种除草剂丁草胺和异丙甲草胺在室温氮气环境下的THz远红外光谱特性进行测定,并利用菲涅尔公式的数据处理模型求取了其在0.2~2.2 THz波段内的折射率和吸收系数。[结果]2种农药在0.2~2.2 THz波段内分别存在不同的特征吸收峰。尽管2种农药分子结构相似,但其吸收谱和折射率却存在很大差异。[结论]THz-TDS技术在农药微量残留检测方面是可行的,特别是在识别结构较为相似的物质上有较大优势。 相似文献
5.
Luminescent centers with sharp (<0.07 millielectron volt), spectrally distinct emission lines were imaged in a GaAs/AIGaAs quantum well by means of low-temperature near-field scanning optical microscopy. Temperature, magnetic field, and linewidth measurements establish that these centers arise from excitons laterally localized at interface fluctuations. For sufficiently narrow wells, virtually all emission originates from such centers. Near-field microscopy/spectroscopy provides a means to access energies and homogeneous line widths for the individual eigenstates of these centers, and thus opens a rich area of physics involving quantum resolved systems. 相似文献
6.
Xu X Sun B Berman PR Steel DG Bracker AS Gammon D Sham LJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5840):929-932
Quantum dots are typically formed from large groupings of atoms and thus may be expected to have appreciable many-body behavior under intense optical excitation. Nonetheless, they are known to exhibit discrete energy levels due to quantum confinement effects. We show that, like single-atom or single-molecule two- and three-level quantum systems, single semiconductor quantum dots can also exhibit interference phenomena when driven simultaneously by two optical fields. Probe absorption spectra are obtained that exhibit Autler-Townes splitting when the optical fields drive coupled transitions and complex Mollow-related structure, including gain without population inversion, when they drive the same transition. Our results open the way for the demonstration of numerous quantum level-based applications, such as quantum dot lasers, optical modulators, and quantum logic devices. 相似文献
7.
太赫兹时域光谱检测农产品中2种酰胺类农药残留研究(摘要)(英文) 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
[目的]探讨THz技术在农药识别和残留量检测中的应用。[方法]利用太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)技术对2种除草剂丁草胺和异丙甲草胺在室温氮气环境下的THz远红外光谱特性进行测定,并利用菲涅尔公式的数据处理模型得到其在0.2～2.2THz波段的折射率和吸收系数。[结果]2种农药在0.2～2.2THz波段内分别存在不同的特征吸收峰。尽管2种农药分子结构相似,但其吸收谱和折射率却存在很大差异。[结论]THz-TDS技术在农药微量残留检测方面是可行的,特别是在识别结构较为相似的物质上有较大优势。 相似文献
8.
[目的]用太赫兹时域光谱技术（THz-TDS）研究三聚氰胺的渡谱特征,以鉴别乳品中是否添加三聚氰胺。[方法]采用THz—TDS技术测量了室温下三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸在0．3～2．5THz的吸收谱和折射率谱。[结果]2种样品在O．3～2．5THz波段各有明显的特征吸收峰,三聚氰胺在1．98和2．24THz,三聚氰酸在1．27和2．37THz,这是用THz—TDS技术进行鉴别的基础。密度泛函理论计算和晶体数据表明,2种样品的THz吸收光谱主要来源于分子间的与氢键相关的集体振动模式。三聚氰胺在该波段的吸收谱,可用于奶粉中不同含量三聚氰胺的定量分析,也可用于研究三聚氰胺和三聚氰酸形成的1：1网状结构。[结论]太赫兹光谱不仅是鉴别三聚氰胺与三聚氰酸的有效手段,而且为研究它们之间的复合物结构提供了新的思路。 相似文献
9.
自20世纪80年代末期以来，太赫兹（THz）射线的研究与应用得到了重要的进展。简要介绍了THz射线的特性及其应用。THz射线在生物学、医学以及其它诸多领域有着广泛的应用，因此提出了它在烟草化学方面新的应用和广阔前景。 相似文献
10.
Ozyuzer L Koshelev AE Kurter C Gopalsami N Li Q Tachiki M Kadowaki K Yamamoto T Minami H Yamaguchi H Tachiki T Gray KE Kwok WK Welp U 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5854):1291-1293
Compact solid-state sources of terahertz (THz) radiation are being sought for sensing, imaging, and spectroscopy applications across the physical and biological sciences. We demonstrate that coherent continuous-wave THz radiation of sizable power can be extracted from intrinsic Josephson junctions in the layered high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8. In analogy to a laser cavity, the excitation of an electromagnetic cavity resonance inside the sample generates a macroscopic coherent state in which a large number of junctions are synchronized to oscillate in phase. The emission power is found to increase as the square of the number of junctions reaching values of 0.5 microwatt at frequencies up to 0.85 THz, and persists up to approximately 50 kelvin. These results should stimulate the development of superconducting compact sources of THz radiation. 相似文献
11.
We show that the quantum spin Hall (QSH) effect, a state of matter with topological properties distinct from those of conventional insulators, can be realized in mercury telluride-cadmium telluride semiconductor quantum wells. When the thickness of the quantum well is varied, the electronic state changes from a normal to an "inverted" type at a critical thickness d(c). We show that this transition is a topological quantum phase transition between a conventional insulating phase and a phase exhibiting the QSH effect with a single pair of helical edge states. We also discuss methods for experimental detection of the QSH effect. 相似文献
12.
Toshihiro Sakamoto Anatoly A. Gitelson Brian D. Wardlow Timothy J. Arkebauer Shashi B. Verma Andrew E. Suyker Michio Shibayama 《Precision Agriculture》2012,13(3):285-301
In this study, an inexpensive camera-observation system called the Crop Phenology Recording System (CPRS), which consists of a standard digital color camera (RGB cam) and a modified near-infrared (NIR) digital camera (NIR cam), was applied to estimate green leaf area index (LAI), total LAI, green leaf biomass and total dry biomass of stalks and leaves of maize. The CPRS was installed for the 2009 growing season over a rainfed maize field at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE, USA. The vegetation indices called Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (VARI) and two green–red–blue (2g–r–b) were calculated from day-time RGB images taken by the standard commercially-available camera. The other vegetation index called Night-time Relative Brightness Index in NIR (NRBINIR) was calculated from night-time flash NIR images taken by the modified digital camera on which a NIR band-pass filter was attached. Sampling inspections were conducted to measure bio-physical parameters of maize in the same experimental field. The vegetation indices were compared with the biophysical parameters for a whole growing season. The VARI was found to accurately estimate green LAI (R2 = 0.99) and green leaf biomass (R2 = 0.98), as well as track seasonal changes in maize green vegetation fraction. The 2g–r–b was able to accurately estimate total LAI (R2 = 0.97). The NRBINIR showed the highest accuracy in estimation of the total dry biomass weight of the stalks and leaves (R2 = 0.99). The results show that the camera-observation system has potential for the remote assessment of maize biophysical parameters at low cost. 相似文献
13.
Gabelli J Fève G Berroir JM Plaçais B Cavanna A Etienne B Jin Y Glattli DC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,313(5786):499-502
What is the complex impedance of a fully coherent quantum resistance-capacitance (RC) circuit at gigahertz frequencies in which a resistor and a capacitor are connected in series? While Kirchhoff's laws predict addition of capacitor and resistor impedances, we report on observation of a different behavior. The resistance, here associated with charge relaxation, differs from the usual transport resistance given by the Landauer formula. In particular, for a single-mode conductor, the charge-relaxation resistance is half the resistance quantum, regardless of the transmission of the mode. The new mesoscopic effect reported here is relevant for the dynamical regime of all quantum devices. 相似文献
14.
Miller WH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1986,233(4760):171-177
15.
A NIR Technique for Rapid Determination of Soil Mineral Nitrogen 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Ehsani M. R. Upadhyaya S. K. Slaughter D. Shafii S. Pelletier M. 《Precision Agriculture》1999,1(2):219-236
The objective of this investigation is to determine the possibility of rapidly sensing soil mineral-N content using near infrared (NIR) reflectance. Simulation studies were conducted to determine the ability of Partial Least Squares (PLS) and Principal Components Regression (PCR) techniques to relate NIR spectral data to soil nitrate content in the presence of interfering effects and experimental noise. The simulation studies revealed that both PLS and PCR techniques were quite robust in predicting soil nitrate content provided the calibration set included the same interfering effects. These techniques failed completely if the prediction set contained interfering effects which were not included in the calibration set. This implies that a site-specific calibration is necessary for this technique to work successfully. Laboratory tests using Yolo loam and Capay clay soil samples as well as verification tests using field soils (Yolo loam and Capay clay) mixed with nitrogen fertilizer indicated that soil mineral-N content can be determined using the NIR technique provided site-specific calibration is used. 相似文献
16.
Local manipulation of electric fields at the atomic scale may enable new methods for quantum transport and creates new opportunities for field control of ferromagnetism and spin-based quantum information processing in semiconductors. We used a scanning tunneling microscope to position charged arsenic (As) vacancies in the gallium arsenide 110 [GaAs(110)] surface with atomic precision, thereby tuning the local electrostatic field experienced by single manganese (Mn) acceptors. The effects of this field are quantified by measuring the shift of an acceptor state within the band gap of GaAs. Experiments with varying tip-induced band-bending conditions suggest a large binding energy for surface-layer Mn, which is reduced by direct Coulomb repulsion when the As vacancy is moved nearby. 相似文献
17.
Daniel C Full J González L Lupulescu C Manz J Merli A Vajda S Wöste L 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,299(5606):536-539
Femtosecond high-resolution pump-probe experiments have been used together with theoretical ab initio quantum calculations and wave packet dynamics simulations to decode an optimal femtosecond pulse that is generated from adaptive learning algorithms. This pulse is designed to maximize the yield of the organometallic ion CpMn(CO)3 while hindering the competing fragmentation. The sequential excitation and ionization of the target ion are accomplished by an optimized field consisting of two dominant subpulses with optimal frequencies and time delays. 相似文献
18.
The canopy spectral characteristics of typical plants in the overburden of the Fuxin coal mine dump were measured and analyzed. The reflectance of Leymus chinensis was affected by the soil, with a slight shift from green (550 nm) to the near infrared (NIR) region. Changes in chlorophyll and water absorption were not significant in the red (670 nm) and NIR bands, respectively. The reflectance curve trend for Artemisia lavandulaefolia was similar to those of Sophora japonica and Ulmus pumila, while the reflectance of S. japonica and U. pumila fluctuated in the NIR region (760-1200 nm), especially with greater water absorption around 930 and 1120 nm. In contrast, the reflectance of A. lavandulaefolia fluctuated slightly around 930 nm and a significant peak appeared at 1127 nm. In addition, the spectral reflectance of S. japonica was lower than for the other species in the visible band (400-700 nm). However, it was higher than for L. chinensis in the NIR region (780-1200 nm). Three classifiers, the self-organizing map (SOM), learning-vector quantization (LVQ), and a probabilistic neural network (PNN), were used to classify the vegetation and the results of all classifiers were compared based on total spectral reflectance data from 400 to 1200 nm. The PNN was the best classifier in terms of training and testing accuracy. The first difference reflectance was calculated, and the red edge parameter was able to classify the herbs (L. chinensis and A. lavandulaefolia) and the arbores (S. japonica and U. pumila) with an accuracy of 77 and 84%, respectively, although it did not perform as well for detail species. A mixing parameter matrix was built based on the sensitive wavelengths (550, 674, 810, 935, and 1125 nm), the vegetation indices (SAVI and NDGI), and the water absorption slope. High classification accuracy was obtained by applying the mixing parameter matrix. This method could be used for revegetation monitoring and in decision making. 相似文献
19.
V Pellegrini A Pinczuk BS Dennis AS Plaut LN Pfeiffer KW West 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1998,281(5378):799-802
Inelastic light scattering by low-energy spin-excitations reveals three distinct configurations of spin of electron double layers in gallium arsenide quantum wells at even-integer quantum Hall states. The transformations among these spin states appear as quantum phase transitions driven by the interplay between Coulomb interactions and Zeeman splittings. One of the transformations correlates with the emergence of a spin-flip intersubband excitation at vanishingly low energy and provides direct evidence of a link between quantum phase transitions and soft collective excitations in a two-dimensional electron system. 相似文献
20.
The human brain is found to produce a magnetic field near the scalp which varies in synchrony with periodic electrical stimulation applied to a finger. Use of a highly sensitive superconducting quantum interference device as a magnetic field detector reveals that the brain's field is sharply localized over the primary projection area of the sensory cortex contralateral to the digit being stimulated. The phase of the response at the stimulus frequency varies monotonically with the repetition rate and at intermediate frequencies yields a latency of approximately 70 milliseconds for cortical response. 相似文献