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1.
L. Lamberts E. De Bie V. Derycke W. S. Veraverbeke W. De Man J. A. Delcour 《Cereal Chemistry》2006,83(1):80-85
The effects of the soaking and steaming steps in rice parboiling on color changes and the levels of reducing sugars in rice were studied. Brown rice was soaked to different moisture contents (MC, 15, 20, 25, and 30%). The L*, a*, b* color parameters of the Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE 1976) indicated that during soaking, red and yellow bran pigments diffused from the bran into the endosperm. The increase in brightness brought about by soaking rice was attributed to migration of rice compounds (e.g., lipids) from the inner to the outer bran layers (rice surface). The levels of reducing sugars in brown and milled soaked rice samples increased with increasing brown rice MC after soaking. The total color difference (ΔE) between parboiled and nonparboiled rice increased with increasing MC after soaking and depended on the intensity of the steaming conditions as reflected in the degree of starch gelatinization. Parboiling affected yellowness more than redness in mildly steamed brown rice and most in intermediately steamed brown rice. Severe steaming of brown rice affected redness more than yellowness. All three parboiling conditions equally affected the yellow color more than the red color in milled rice. Linear regression analyses indicated that parboiling had a larger effect on ΔE of milled parboiled rice than of brown parboiled rice. Furthermore, the linear relationship between the level of gelatinized starch and ΔE of the milled parboiled rice samples showed that both parameters are indicators for the degree of parboiling. Reducing sugars were formed and lost during steaming, suggesting Maillard reactions during steaming. 相似文献
2.
If properly executed, parboiling, a hydrothermal treatment consisting of soaking, steaming, and drying of rice, substantially reduces its milling breakage susceptibility. Here, brown rice was soaked at 40, 55, or 65°C for different times (150 s to 240 min) and subsequently parboiled under standardized steaming and drying conditions. The moisture absorption during initial soaking induced fissures in more than 90% of the rice grains, which disappeared with further soaking. The fissuring incidence in the soaked rice samples was related to that of the parboiled rice samples. The extent of starch gelatinization during steaming increased with the moisture content of the soaked grains. In addition, as a result of starch gelatinization, the level of white bellies (i.e., parboiled grains with translucent outer layers and an opaque center) decreased from over 90% to less than 3%. Rice grains need to absorb sufficient moisture during soaking to minimize the level of breakage‐susceptible white bellies and fissured rice grains in the parboiled end product. 相似文献
3.
《Cereal Chemistry》2017,94(6):984-990
This work investigated the effect of parboiling on simultaneous fortification of rice with iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) using rough rice and brown rice as feedstocks. Three fortificant concentrations (0, 100, and 200 mg/L for both Fe and Zn) were tested, and two long‐grain rice cultivars (CLXL745 and RoyJ) were used as test samples. Cultivar had little impact on the retention of Fe and Zn; steaming combined with soaking significantly increased the migration of Fe and Zn into the endosperm compared with soaking only. The Fe and Zn contents of the resultant parboiled head rice were related to the initial concentrations in the soaking water and were 7.2–17.6 and 21.8–31.9 mg/kg, respectively, when rough rice was used as a feedstock, and they significantly increased to 32.4–84.9 mg/kg for Fe and 45.8–78.4 mg/kg for Zn when brown rice was used as a feedstock. Mineral retention after simulated washing was 87.5–95.1% for Fe and 81.1–84.3% for Zn. Dilute‐HCl extractability as an indicator of mineral bioavailability was 66.2–72.4% for Fe and 83.4–92.0% for Zn. The results indicate that brown rice is a better feedstock than rough rice for mineral fortification via parboiling. 相似文献
4.
Starch can be classified into rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS), and resistant starch (RS) according to its resistance to amylolytic enzymes. This study investigated the effects of cultivar and feedstock under varying parboiling conditions on the physicochemical properties and starch fractions of parboiled rice. Rice (rough or brown) was soaked, steamed under pressure, dried immediately or stored at room temperature for 24 hr prior to drying, and then treated with or without a repeated steam cycle prior to milling. The storage treatment significantly increased the retrograded amylopectin enthalpy and amylose‐lipid complex melting temperature of parboiled rice. Parboiled rice samples prepared from brown rice feedstock had higher peak melting temperatures but lower enthalpy values of retrograded amylopectin than samples prepared from rough rice after the storage treatment. The pasting viscosity of parboiled rice was most affected by the repeated autoclaving treatment and cultivar. Starch fractions in parboiled rice were significantly affected by cultivar and storage and by the interactions of cultivar and parboiling conditions. The storage treatment significantly increased SDS and generally decreased RDS in parboiled rice. Parboiled rice with different SDS and RS contents can be produced by varying rice cultivar and parboiling conditions. 相似文献
5.
Parboiling, a hydrothermal treatment of paddy or brown rice, improves the texture and nutritional characteristics of cooked rice. We investigated milling breakage susceptibility of brown rice parboiled under different soaking and steaming conditions, resulting in samples with different degrees of starch gelatinization and levels of fissured grains and white bellies, that is, parboiled grains with translucent outer layers and an undesirable opaque center. The milling breakage susceptibility was 2.1% for raw rice and ranged from less than 1% up to 11.3% for parboiled rice. Parboiled samples with increased milling breakage susceptibility contained higher levels of white bellies and fissured grains. In white bellies, starch gelatinization is incomplete. Scanning electron microscopy revealed inhomogeneities in individual white bellies and fissured rice grains, indicating moisture gradients inside the grains during parboiling. Starch needs to be completely gelatinized to ensure the absence of white bellies and minimal fissured grain levels in the parboiled end product and, as a consequence, a decreased milling breakage. 相似文献
6.
Rapid visco analysis (RVA) and differential scannning calorimetry (DSC) provided overall assessments of the effects of variable temperature soaking at 30, 50, 70, and 90°C and steaming at 4, 8, and 12 min. Calculation of the relative parboiling index (RPI) and percent gelatinization provided good metrics for determining the overall effects of partial parboiling. FT‐Raman and solid‐state 13C CP‐MAS NMR spectroscopies provided insight to conformational changes in protein and starch of paddy rice under various parboiling conditions. RVA showed lower pasting curves and DSC showed lower ΔH with increased temperature and steaming times. A large decrease in viscosity occurred with only the 30‐4 treatment as opposed to raw rice. This observation was consistent with FT‐Raman results that indicated substantial conversion of the protein from α‐helix to other conformations. DSC indicated incomplete gelatinization of starch, even with 90°C soaking and 12 min of steaming. Solid‐state 13C CP‐MAS NMR spectroscopy confirmed this result. However, it indicated the percent of Vh/amorphous plus the remaining crystalline starch in the 90‐12 treatment was equal to the amorphous and partially‐ordered starch in commercially parboiled rice. These results suggest that partial parboiling, 90°C soaking, and more than 8 min of steaming (ideally ≈12 min) of paddy rice is sufficient to induce changes that inactivate enzymes and provide enough starch gelatinization to prevent kernel breakage. 相似文献
7.
Brown rice kernels (japonica type) were soaked in water at different temperatures (25 or 50°C) before cooking to a moisture content of 20 or 30%. Soaked brown rice was cooked in either the soaking water (SW) or in distilled water (DW) (rice solids to water ratio 1:1.4). Color, texture, and in vitro digestive properties of the cooked rice were examined. When the soaking temperature was higher (50°C vs. 25°C), water absorption and starch leaching were greater. To reach 20% moisture, the rice required 1 hr of soaking at 50°C but 2 hr of soaking at 25°C. Both the moisture content of the soaked rice and the soaking temperature affected the texture of the cooked brown rice. Rice that attained 20% moisture content during soaking was harder and less adhesive when cooked compared with rice that attained 30% moisture content. The rice soaked at 50°C was slightly softer but more adhesive when cooked than rice soaked at 25°C. The soaking temperature and moisture content of the rice kernels also affected the digestive properties of the cooked rice. The cooked brown rice that had attained 30% moisture before cooking was digested to a greater extent than rice that had attained 20% moisture. Even at equal moisture content, the rice soaked at the higher temperature (50°C) was digested more readily. It was assumed that the amount of soluble material leached during soaking differed according to the soaking temperature and moisture content, which subsequently affected the texture and digestive properties of the cooked brown rice. The rice cooked in its own soaking water was harder and more adhesive, had higher levels of resistant starch (RS), and exhibited smaller glycemic index (GI) values than its counterpart cooked with distilled water. This result indicated that the soluble material leached during soaking made the cooked rice harder and less digestible, perhaps due to interactions between these molecules and the gelatinized rice during cooking. 相似文献
8.
Rice parboiled at various combinations of soaking temperature and steaming time were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Generally, gelatinization enthalpy decreased as the soaking temperature increased from 30°C to 50°C and 70°C to 90°C, and gelatinization enthalpy decreased as steaming times increased from 4 and 8 min to 12 min. As expected, a distinctive A‐pattern was observed in the XRD of raw rice. The most severely parboiled laboratory sample (90°C for 12 min), showed no discernable change toward the V‐pattern. Crystallinity decreased from the raw rice (24.6%) with increased cooking temperature. 相似文献
9.
Germinated brown rice is considered a more nutritious and palatable cooked product than conventional brown rice. However, germination usually decreases rice milling yield and alters some physicochemical properties. Parboiling is commonly used to increase milling yield and retain nutrients, but it also changes rice color and texture. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of parboiling on milling, physicochemical, and textural properties of a medium‐grain and a long‐grain rice after germination at varying durations. Germinated rice samples of three germination durations were prepared with one germination time before the optimum time at which 70% of rice revealed hull protrusion, the optimum time, and one time after. Germinated rice was then immediately parboiled at 120°C for 20 min and was then immediately dried. The milling, physicochemical, and textural properties of parboiled germinated rice from both cultivars were determined. Parboiling significantly decreased the percentage of brokens, whiteness, and the apparent amylose content and increased γ‐aminobutyric acid content (GABA) in the nongerminated rice and rice at the first germination duration for both cultivars. Parboiling reduced pasting viscosities for both cultivars, but Jupiter still exhibited higher pasting viscosities than Wells. Cooked parboiled germinated rice was overall softer than nonparboiled rice because of kernel splitting, but Wells remained harder and less sticky than Jupiter. In conclusion, it is beneficial to combine parboiling with germination to enhance nutritional values and improve milling properties without affecting textural properties for both rice cultivars. 相似文献
10.
预糊化条件对萌芽糙米蒸煮质构特性及品质的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了解决萌芽糙米不易蒸煮且蒸煮后米饭口感较硬、黏弹性不足、粗糙感明显等问题,该文应用预糊化技术对萌芽糙米进行品质改良,评价了预糊化条件(米粒含水率43.21%±2.15%、34.64%±1.49%、29.83%±1.67%,蒸汽处理时间2、5、10、15、20、25 min)对萌芽糙米蒸煮特性、米饭质构特性及感官品质的影响。研究结果表明,随着米粒含水率的降低,预糊化萌芽糙米的蒸煮时间、蒸煮吸水率、体积膨胀率显著增大(P0.05),固形物损失率显著降低(P0.05);预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭硬度、黏附性、黏聚性、胶黏性、弹性、咀嚼性随米粒含水率降低的变化较为复杂。随着蒸汽处理时间的延长,预糊化萌芽糙米的蒸煮时间显著缩短(P0.05),蒸煮吸水率、体积膨胀率、固形物损失率变化较小且无明显规律;预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭硬度先减小后增大,黏附性、黏聚性先增大后减小,胶黏性、弹性、咀嚼性变化较为复杂。感官评定结果表明,预糊化萌芽糙米的米饭感官评分随米粒含水率降低的变化较为复杂,随蒸汽处理时间的延长先增大后降低。总体而言,米粒含水率29.83%±1.67%、蒸汽处理15 min的预糊化条件可以显著改善萌芽糙米的蒸煮特性、质构特性及感官品质,使其接近白米的品质指标。研究结果可为预糊化萌芽糙米的产业化开发提供依据。 相似文献
11.
Harmeet S. Guraya 《Cereal Chemistry》2011,88(1):51-55
Long‐grain nonparboiled, long‐grain parboiled, and American basmati‐type brown rice were bombarded with parboiled rice flour particles to create microperforations on the water‐resistant outer layer of the kernels. These microperforations in the treated rice significantly increased the rate of hydration. Optimum conditions to produce microperforations without removal of the bran included air pressure maintained at 413 kPa and a parboiled rice flour average particle size of 124 μm. The optimum blasting time was 40–60 sec, depending on the type of rice. The relative hardness of the fully cooked flour‐blasted rice was the same at half the cooking time of the untreated brown rice but % water absorption of the untreated flour‐blasted brown rice was higher because it required longer time to cook. Overall, untreated brown rice was ≈4.7% higher in % water absorption due to longer cooking time in comparison with the treated counterpart. The blasting treatment resulted in shorter cooking time and firmer and less gummy cooked rice as compared to freshly cooked untreated brown rice. 相似文献
12.
13.
糙米机械破碎力学特性试验与分析 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
为了研究糙米机械破碎力学特性及其与籽粒结构特性的关系。采用物性测试仪对糙米的锥刺、三点弯曲、剪切、挤压4种机械破碎力学特性进行测试与分析,并对糙米和精米的破碎力学特性(三点弯曲)进行了比较。结果表明:糙米的断裂是由于内部胚乳组织不均匀,在外力作用下首先形成内部裂纹,裂纹尖端处的应力集中又进一步促进裂纹扩展,最终导致籽粒断裂;厚度为(1.0±0.5)mm的不同样品锥刺破碎力在10N左右,各样品籽粒内部的结合力相差较小,籽粒的断裂主要与厚度及胚乳特性有关,其中三点弯曲力更能反映籽粒的破碎特性,糙米的糠层对籽粒有一定的保护作用,糙米力学特性比精米好。该文为糙米储藏加工技术参数的确定提供依据。 相似文献
14.
Masaki Okuda Isao Aramaki Takuya Koseki Naoyoshi Inouchi Katsumi Hashizume 《Cereal Chemistry》2006,83(2):143-151
Structural and physicochemical characteristics of endosperm starch from milled rice grains of seven Japanese cultivars used in sake production were examined. Amylose content was 15.2–20.2%, number-average degree of polymerization (DPn) of amylose was 900–1,400, and the ratio of short-to-long chain amylopectin was 2.7–3.5, respectively. The degree of retrogradation of purified starch stored for seven days at 4°C after gelatinization was 20–31%. The degree of retrogradation correlated negatively with the ratio of short-to-long chain amylopectin. The effect of holding time after steaming on enzyme digestibility and starch retrogradation of steamed rice grains was investigated. The longer the holding time after steaming, the greater the extent of retrogradation, and the less the degree of enzymatic digestibility. The decreased rate of enzyme digestibility correlated with amylopectin chain length distribution. Samples with short-chain amylopectin exhibited a slow decrease in enzyme digestibility. It was determined that the structure and retrogradation properties of endosperm starch in Japanese rice cultivars affect the decreasing rate of enzyme digestibility of the steamed, milled rice grains. 相似文献
15.
《Cereal Chemistry》2017,94(3):369-376
The by‐product of rice milling (BRM), known as commercial rice bran, is the coproduct of rice processing. It is a mixture of outer layers of the grain, the embryo, and some of the starchy endosperm, and these are separated from brown rice to produce white, milled rice. This mixture contains a high concentration of protein (12–20%) in comparison with that of brown rice (7.1–8.3%) or white rice (6.3–7.1%) and is therefore an abundant and cheap protein source. Nearly 70% of the proteins in BRM are albumins and globulins, which are high in solubility, digestibility, and nutritional value. The BRM proteins are hypoallergenic and gluten‐free. With these properties, this type protein has many advantages as a unique and valuable protein source in markets such as protein supplements. The BRM protein can be extracted by physical, alkali, and enzymatic methods, which give yields ranging from 13% to more than 90%. This review highlights the opportunities and challenges in processing of BRM protein as a food ingredient. 相似文献
16.
Brown rice was blasted with rice flour rather than sand in a sand blaster to make microperforations so that water could easily penetrate the brown rice endosperm and cook the rice in a shorter time. The flour‐blasted American Basmati brown rice, long‐grain brown rice, and parboiled long‐grain brown rice samples were stored in Ziploc storage bags under atmospheric conditions and in vacuum‐packed bags. They were periodically tested for over 10 months for changes in water absorption, free fatty acid (FFA), peroxide value (POV), viscosity changes of flour using the Rapid ViscoAnalyser (RVA), and texture of whole cooked kernel using a texture analyzer during cooking. Flour‐blasted brown rice absorbed less water but needed less cooking time than its counterpart that was not flour‐blasted. There was an increase in FFA, POV, peak viscosity (PV), final viscosity (FV), breakdown viscosity (BD), and setback viscosity (SB) during storage of flour‐blasted brown rice for 300 days, but no change was observed in texture (hardness, gumminess) and water absorption. The combined coefficient of correlation (including all types of rice) between FFA and FV is r = 0.86 and between FFA and SB is r = 0.90 at P < 0.0001. 相似文献
17.
Rice endosperm often develop a yellow discoloration during commercial storage in conditions of high temperature and moisture, thereby reducing the value of the grain. This postharvest yellowing (PHY) appears to be coincidental with fungal presence. To study the yellowing process in a controlled manner, we developed a technique to induce PHY on a small, laboratory scale. Milled rice kernels were rinsed with water and incubated in clear test tubes or microfuge tubes at 65–80°C. This allowed direct observation of the color change and measurement using a colorimeter. Every rice cultivar tested (long and medium grain japonicas and indicas) showed some level of PHY, which increased with temperature yielding a maximum color change at 79°C. Most color change occurred within one day. The moisture parameters required for yellowing to occur were measured. Using sterilization and culture techniques, we found no indications of direct fungal involvement in the yellowing process. 相似文献
18.
Wood DF Siebenmorgen TJ Williams TG Orts WJ Glenn GM 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(28):6960-6965
During rice milling, the bran and germ are successively removed from the caryopsis (kernel). Because bran and germ contain large quantities of lipid, the amount of lipid remaining on the kernel surface may be used as a method for the assessment of milling quality. Bulk samples of rice pureline varieties and an experimental hybrid were milled for 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 s. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that brown rice kernels had large contours of linear protuberances and depressions running lengthwise along the kernel surface. The protuberances were abraded successively during milling, but varying amounts of material remained in the depressions. Light microscopy combined with the lipid-specific probes Nile Blue A or Sudan Black B demonstrated that the material in the depressions observed with SEM was lipid. Sections of whole, milled rice kernels, prepared using a modified sectioning technique and stained with Nile Blue A, showed that portions of the embryo remain after milling and that lipid is located on or near the surface of the kernel. Differences in quantity and distribution of residual lipid as milling duration increased were documented photographically to indicate the extent to which the bran and embryo components were removed during milling. This paper provides proof of concept that residual lipid is a robust measure of the degree of milling. 相似文献
19.
提高发芽糙米得率的复合酶预处理工艺优化 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
为解决传统工艺生产发芽糙米浸泡时间长、生产效率低等问题,提出以纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的复合溶液代替蒸馏水浸泡发芽前糙米的新工艺。以糙米为原料,探究复合酶预处理工艺中酶解时间、酶解温度、复合酶浓度及配比对发芽糙米得率的影响规律,采用二次正交旋转中心组合设计试验,建立了各因素对发芽糙米得率影响的数学模型。结果表明:酶解时间、酶解温度、复合酶浓度及酶配比对发芽糙米得率影响显著(P0.05),得到优化参数组合为:酶解时间135 min,酶解温度35℃,复合酶浓度0.57 g/L、纤维素酶和木聚糖酶质量比1.86:1,在此条件下,与传统工艺相比浸泡时间缩短62.5%、发芽糙米得率及γ-氨基丁酸含量分别提高约3.90%和3.86 mg/(100 g)。通过对酶解后糙米皮层微观结构的观察分析,糙米皮层在复合酶作用下部分降解,胚乳中淀粉更易与水分子相结合,从而吸水速率提升。研究结果可为发芽糙米生产提供参考。 相似文献
20.
Rice bran is a rich source of phytochemicals including tocopherols (T), tocotrienols (T3), and γ‐oryzanol that have purported positive effects on human health. The screening of germplasm to determine the genetic diversity influencing contents of these compounds requires knowledge of how sample preparation influences concentrations of the phytochemicals in rice bran. Obtaining this knowledge was the objective of this study. Cultivars with different milling qualities were all milled to different degrees. The differences in bran removal among cultivars decreased as the milling time increased. Samples that were milled for 30 and 40 sec (milled to the degree of 0.23–0.44% surface lipid content [SLC]) showed no significant differences in T and T3 concentrations in the bran within cultivars. Bran starch concentration affected the rankings of cultivars based on phytochemical contents. Expression of the γ‐oryanol concentration in bran after subtracting starch reduced the concentration differences resulting from differences in degree of milling (DOM). Bran from the mature thin kernels had phytochemical contents similar to that of the mature thick kernels milled for 30 sec. The immature thin kernels had significantly lower contents of most of the bran phytochemicals than did the mature kernel fractions. 相似文献