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1.
双低油菜籽脱皮冷榨的关键技术研究 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
针对双低油菜籽脱皮籽仁在冷榨过程中存在的一些关键技术问题，提出了双阶多级压榨的冷榨结构模型，对现有的螺旋榨油机的榨膛结构进行了改进，设计并制造了一种小型实验型冷榨机。在该机上，对操作工艺参数对脱皮籽仁的冷榨性能的影响进行了实验研究，结果表明，榨油机设定在较低转速(11 r/min) 有利于油料的冷榨，对入榨油料进行适度的调质(水分在6.4%)处理能改善油脂的提取效率，5%以下的仁中含皮率的要求是适宜的。冷榨脱皮菜籽仁的最大料筒温度始终低于70℃，确保了冷榨的需要。所研究的成果将为大型商用冷榨机的开发铺平道路。 相似文献
2.
菜籽挤压膨化系统参数对出油率影响的试验研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
该文研究了用于浸油的一种菜籽挤压膨化预处理工艺(油菜籽清理—带壳粉碎—膨化—浸油)的可行性，油菜籽挤压膨化系统参数(模孔孔径、套筒温度、物料含水率、螺杆转速)对各考察指标(粕的残油率、膨化物含油率及榨笼出油率)的影响规律，挤压膨化系统优化参数的范围为模孔孔径8～12 mm、套筒温度105～125℃、物料含水率6.6%、螺杆转速35～55 r/min。研究表明：只要参数选择合适，带壳油菜籽清理、粉碎、挤压膨化、浸出的菜籽浸油预处理工艺是可行的，且残油率较低。该菜籽挤压膨化浸油预处理工艺可供生产参考。 相似文献
3.
双螺杆冷榨机的研制与应用 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
为实现双低菜籽脱皮后的冷态压榨，研制了一种双螺杆榨油机，采用啮合式和非啮合式相组合的原理，在榨膛内实行多级压缩和松弛及薄料层压榨，其理论压缩比达23.0，榨膛长径比达11.5，压榨时间达180 s，并具有强大的物料自清功能，解决了脱皮菜籽仁在榨膛内输送困难的问题。双螺杆榨油机成功投入了生产应用，结果表明，脱皮菜籽冷榨饼残油率(干基)在15%左右，冷榨油接近菜籽三级压榨油国家标准，冷榨出饼温度低于70℃，满足冷榨工艺要求。双螺杆榨油机实现了脱皮菜籽的冷态压榨，可显著改善产品质量，降低加工能耗，提高了双低菜籽加工的经济效益。 相似文献
4.
超临界CO_2萃取脱皮菜籽饼粕油脂的可行性 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
为提高脱皮双低菜籽低温压榨饼的附加值,采用Box-Behnken响应面设计优化超临界CO2萃取脱皮双低菜籽低温压榨饼中油脂的工艺,研究萃取压力、温度和时间对油脂提取率的影响,并对萃取得到的油和粕的品质进行检测。结果表明:萃取温度对油脂提取率的影响显著(P0.05);萃取压力和时间对油脂提取率的影响极显著(P0.001),且交互作用非常显著(P0.01);最佳工艺参数为萃取温度40℃、压力28 MPa和时间120 min,此条件下菜籽油的提取率为95.08%。超临界萃取的油色泽较浅,酸价与过氧化值都优于正已烷工艺,磷脂质量分数为0.051 mg/g约是正已烷工艺的1/32,维生素E和总酚含量较高;超临界萃取的脱脂粕蛋白溶解度高,颜色较浅,硫甙含量较少,品质明显优于正已烷脱脂粕。研究结果可为脱皮双低菜籽低温压榨饼的高值化利用提供数据参考。 相似文献
5.
6.
可加工脱皮菜籽仁的YPHG100型高油分油料挤压膨化机研制 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
介绍了解决脱皮菜籽仁制油难题的关键设备——YPHG100型高油分油料挤压膨化机的研究及应用情况,在入榨水分3.7%～5.0%、温度90～95℃,机膛温度108℃,饱和蒸汽压力0.75～0.80 MPa的工艺条件下,该机可挤压榨出菜籽仁中的部分油脂,并将物料膨化成直径6.5 mm、容重480～495 kg/mm的多微孔状膨化粒料,膨化系数1∶1.69,膨化粒料残油率27%～28%(干基）,出油效率39.0%。 相似文献
7.
该文通过4因素5水平二次正交旋转组合试验，研究了用于浸油的玉米胚挤压膨化预处理过程中的挤压系统参数(套筒温度、模孔孔径、物料含水率、螺杆转速)对考察指标(残油率、剪切强度、密度)的影响规律。得到最佳挤压工艺参数：模孔直径9 mm，物料出口温度93℃，喂入物料含水率13.3%，螺杆转速238 r/min，在此条件下得出残油率最优值为0.40%。和传统工艺相比，浸提时间缩短一半，膨化物的密度与轧坯和预轧样相比分别增加29.3%和13.8%。只要参数选择合适，可使原设备的浸出能力提高60%～120%。 相似文献
8.
选用双螺杆挤压机对水产全价配合原料进行挤压熟化,以沉性水产硬颗粒饲料理化特性(膨化度、堆积密度、糊化度、耐久性和水中稳定性)为重要指标,采用表面响应分析法研究了物料水分含量(25～35%)、套筒温度(90～150℃)和螺杆转速(80～100 r/min)对其挤压工艺和饲料理化特性的影响规律,SEM分析其微观结构。结果表明：物料水分、套筒温度和螺杆转速均显著影响饲料的理化特性。中高物料水分和套筒温度及低螺杆转速时,才能获得理想的沉性高熟化水产颗粒饲料,其理化特性具有低膨化度(1.15),高堆积密度(754.7 g/L)、糊化度(882.3 g/kg)、耐久性(96.6%)和水中稳定性(89.1%)。SEM分析显示优化条件(物料水分30%,套筒温度120℃,螺杆转速80 r/min)下生产的颗粒饲料结构光滑质密。 相似文献
9.
速溶牦牛油茶生产工艺及参数研究 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
通过L9(34)正交试验选择出最佳膨化工艺参数：进料速率0.9 kg/min，模具预热温度160℃，原料含水率15%；兼顾营养和膨化度确定大豆、青稞的混合膨化比例为15∶85；利用高压提取、减压浓缩技术，提取生长在海拔3 400多米高寒草地牦牛骨髓油，配以混合膨化粉及其他辅料，通过造粒、远红外干燥、自动计量包装等流水线生产，制成含蛋白质152 g/kg，热能17 556 kJ/kg、Ca 15.6 g/kg，P 31 g/kg、Fe 330 mg/kg的营养丰富、冲调性好、极具民族风味特色的新型颗粒状固体油茶。 相似文献
10.
菜籽粕综合提取工艺研究 总被引：32，自引：1，他引：32
以筛选的提取液依次提取华杂4号油菜籽冷榨粕的多酚及植酸，能实现多酚、植酸与蛋白质的综合利用。通过部分因素实验、中心组合实验及响应面分析，优化出多酚提取工艺并建立了预测多酚与植酸提取率的数学模型。优化的多酚提取工艺为：多酚提取液体积分数64.63%，提取助剂浓度1.249×10-2g/mL，温度50.77℃。按此条件，多酚与植酸的提取率为2.82%与2.34%，剩下粕的蛋白质达70.23%，而有害物硫代葡萄糖苷及抗营养物质多酚与植酸分别为0.76 μmol/g、1.33 mg/g、3.01%，各自下降了96.55%、95.88%、38.45%。 相似文献
11.
【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。 相似文献
12.
Kyle Devey Michael Mucalo Gordon Rajendram Joseph Lane 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2015,46(4):72-80
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing. 相似文献
13.
《中国生态农业学报》2014,(8)
正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology, 相似文献
14.
M.A. Callaham Jr. J.M. BlairT.C. Todd D.J. KitchenM.R. Whiles 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2003,35(8):1079-1093
The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils. 相似文献
15.
Grete Skrede Berit Karoline Martinsen Anne-Berit Wold Stein-Erik Birkeland Kjersti Aaby 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(3):193-208
Abstract A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species. 相似文献
16.
《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(7):865-877
Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L?1 nitric acid (HNO3) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L?1 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) and 1.0 mol L?1 HNO3 extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils. 相似文献
17.
Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells. 相似文献
18.
Aleš Lebeda Ivana Doležalová Eva Křístková Barbora Mieslerová 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2001,48(2):153-164
Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions. 相似文献
19.
Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico
and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria
(Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite
amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation.
Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured
as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions. 相似文献
20.
Y. Bashan J. J. Bustillos L. A. Leyva J.-P. Hernandez M. Bacilio 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2006,42(4):279-285
Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several
photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene.
This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments
for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference
in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless
of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots.
Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production
or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation. 相似文献