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长期定位施肥对夏玉米钾素吸收及土壤钾素动态变化的影响 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
以长期定位试验为平台,夏玉米品种郑单136为材料,设置CK（不施肥）,NP（施氮、 磷肥）,NPK（施氮、 磷、 钾肥）和1.5MNPK（小麦季施高量氮、 磷、 钾肥+有机肥,玉米季仅施用化肥）4个处理,研究夏玉米钾素吸收规律及生育期内土壤钾素动态变化。结果表明,生育期内施钾与不施钾处理夏玉米干物质积累量均一直增加,在成熟期达到最大值; 在施用氮、 磷肥的基础上增施钾肥不但可以提高夏玉米地上部干物质积累量,同时也可以提高叶片及茎秆中的钾素含量,进而提高夏玉米整个地上部吸钾量;而在氮、 磷、 钾肥基础上增施有机肥,对夏玉米干物质积累无显著影响,但可显著提高茎秆及叶片的钾素含量和地上部钾素吸收总量。夏玉米钾素吸收主要集中在灌浆期之前,在灌浆期达到最大值,之后钾素出现回流现象。夏玉米收获后与播种前相比,土壤水溶性钾和交换性钾含量无明显下降或者略有增加,而非交换性钾明显下降,非交换性钾是夏玉米钾素吸收的主要形式。夏玉米吸钾量与播种前土壤3种形态的钾素含量呈显著正相关。因此,增施钾肥对于改善夏玉米生产,维持土壤钾素平衡及实现农业可持续发展具有深远意义。 相似文献
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为探讨水钾互作对高产夏玉米产量和钾素利用的影响。以郑单958(ZD958)为试验材料,采用干旱棚池栽试验,设置2个施钾量,4个灌水量,共8个处理,分析夏玉米产量、钾素吸收和转运的变化。结果表明,随灌水量增加,不同施钾水平夏玉米产量和钾素吸收转运均得到不同程度提高。在同一水分条件下,施钾可提高夏玉米产量和钾素的吸收转运,在最大灌水量时,施钾显著地提高了夏玉米产量、钾素总积累量、营养器官的钾素转运量、籽粒吸钾量和钾素农学利用率,且显著高于其他水分处理。在最大灌水量时施钾较不施钾的产量和钾素积累量分别提高22.1%~33.0%和22.2%~25.1%,施钾且供水充足较供水不足产量和钾素积累量分别提高54.5%~121.5%和103.3%~103.8%。钾素的吸收和积累主要是在吐丝前,前期干旱显著降低钾素积累速率,花期和花后灌水提高了籽粒对钾素的吸收。水钾互作能够显著提高夏玉米产量和钾素的吸收利用。本试验条件下,施K_2O 180kg/hm~2,增加灌水量可获得较高产量和钾素利用率。 相似文献
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烤烟钾素营养特性的基因型差异研究 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
以10个烤烟基因型为材料,进行了离子耗竭溶液培养、土壤耗竭盆栽试验和田间小区试验,研究比较钾素营养特性的基因型差异。结果表明,不同基因型的吸钾速率和耐低钾能力差异显著。吸钾速率以红大和K358最大,耐低钾能力Nc27NF和K358最强,Nc729最弱。10个基因型全株含钾量在低钾水平下变幅为0.87%～1.25%,而在高钾水平下为1.40%～1.94%。高钾条件下,基因型G28、77089-12、Rg11和Nc82的叶片含钾量高于2%;K358、Coker319、K346和Nc27NF有较高的钾素利用效率,K346、Nc729、G28和K358的钾素收获指数大于50%。各烤烟基因型的钾素营养特性在不同供钾条件下无显著相关性。综合比较K346属于钾高效基因型。 相似文献
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机械旱直播方式对水稻氮磷钾吸收转运及分配的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
为了明确机械旱直播模式下水稻主要生育时期氮、磷、钾素吸收利用特征,以杂交籼稻(F优498)和常规粳稻(徐稻4号)为试材,通过免耕机械旱直播(B1)、"调墒、两旋"机械旱直播(B_2)2种机械旱直播处理,并以人工撒播(B_3)处理为对照,研究其对直播稻养分吸收、转运、分配及产量的影响,并探讨不同生育阶段养分累积及转运间的相互关系。结果表明,品种及直播方式对水稻主要生育时期氮素和钾素的累积、转运、分配及最终产量均存在显著的调控作用;且直播处理下各生育阶段氮、磷、钾养分间吸收与转运存在显著的协同效应,对促进抽穗至成熟期各养分向籽粒的转运和提高产量影响显著;但直播处理下水稻对磷素的吸收和转运与氮、钾素间的协同性降低。不同直播处理下,F优498在产量及各生育时期养分吸收、转运各指标整体上均显著高于徐稻4号。与B_3相比,同一品种下机械旱直播各处理均能不同程度地提高主要生育时期养分的累积,促进抽穗至成熟叶片和茎鞘中养分转运,尤其能显著提高杂交稻抽穗至成熟叶片氮素、钾素转运率,进而显著促进抽穗至成熟氮素、钾素转运贡献率,提升籽粒中氮素、钾素所占稻株氮素及钾素累积总量的比例,发挥出氮素和钾素协同吸收与利用的耦合效应,是机械旱直播水稻高产的重要原因。不同机械旱直播处理下,B_2比B_1处理能进一步不同程度地提高机械旱直播水稻抽穗至成熟期养分的累积,促进叶片和茎鞘养分的转运,利于抽穗至成熟茎鞘中钾素的累积,最终促进了产量的提高,为最佳的机械旱直播方式。 相似文献
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不同供钾水平下水稻钾素吸收利用与产量的基因型差异 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
通过田间试验研究了不同供钾水平对8个水稻品种钾紊吸收利用和稻谷产量的影响。研究结果表明，两种供钾水平下，水稻的稻谷产量、钾利用效率和各生育期地上部钾积累都存在显著的基因型差异。低钾胁迫显著降低水稻的稻谷产量和各生育期地上部钾积累量，显著提高水稻的钾利用效率。相关性分析表明．低钾胁迫下水稻生育前期（秧苗期＋分蘖期）地上部钾积累量以及生育中期（抽穗期）地上部钾积累量呈显著正相关；正常供钾条件下水稻生育前期地上部钾积累量呈显著正相关。因此筛选和培育具有较高钾利用效率和在生育前期具有较强钾索积累特性的水稻基因型可能是缓解南方水稻土钾素严重缺乏的有效途径之一。 相似文献
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通过盆栽试验研究了5种钾肥[粉碎性钾矿粉(K1)、全部枸溶性钾肥(K2)、含25%水溶性钾的枸溶性钾肥(K3)、含50%水溶性钾的枸溶性钾肥(K4)和硫酸钾(K5),施钾量均为K2O 150 mg/kg]及其施用量(0.5K2、K2、1.5K2和2K2,施钾量分别为K2O 75、150、225和300 mg/kg)和配施(0.5K2+0.5K5)对水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量的影响。研究结果表明,与不施钾相比,施钾肥处理(除K1外)均显著提高水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量。在相同施钾量下,随着肥料水溶性钾比例的增加,水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量表现为先上升后下降的趋势,其中水稻产量、钾素吸收量以及土壤速效钾含量以K4(分别为240.90 g/盆、2.60 g/盆、75.4 mg/kg)和K3(分别为234.86 g/盆、2.24 g/盆、73.9 mg/kg)处理最高。与水溶性钾肥(K5)处理相比,K4和K3处理均显著提高了水稻产量、钾素吸收量和土壤速效钾含量,分别提高了9.35%和6.61%、40.43%和21.26%、22.01%和19.58%(P0.05)。水稻产量、钾素吸收量及土壤速效钾含量随同一种枸溶性钾肥(K2)施用量的增加而增加,以2K2最高。综合结果表明,在相同施钾量下,含25%~50%水溶性钾的枸溶性钾肥(K4和K3)对水稻的增产效果最佳,而全部枸溶性钾肥在2倍施钾量下可获得相同增产效果。 相似文献
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水磷耦合烤烟养分吸收分配规律研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为探究烤烟适宜的水磷耦合模式及其对氮、磷、钾养分吸收积累的影响。采用田间小区试验,试验设置3种灌水水平和施磷水平,分别为低水(W_1:0.50 L/株)、中水(W_2:1.00 L/株)、高水(W_3:2.00 L/株)和低磷(P_1:32 kg/hm^2)、中磷(P_2:64 kg/hm^2)、高磷(P_3:96 kg/hm^2),研究了不同施磷量和灌水量条件下烤烟对氮磷钾养分吸收积累的影响。结果表明:施磷量相同时,灌水处理能够明显增加烟株对氮、磷、钾养分的吸收积累量,表现为:W_3P_i>W_2P_i>W_1P_i>CK_i(其中i=1或2或3);当灌水量相同时,增加施磷量也有利于烟株对氮磷钾养分的吸收积累,且在施磷水平为96 kg/hm^2时表现较好,表现为:W_iP_3>W_iP_2>W_iP_1;高磷水平下,灌水量为1.00,2.00 L/株时,W_3P_3和W_2P_3处理烟株对氮磷钾养分的吸收积累量差异不显著;烟株和根、茎、叶各器官对钾的吸收量高于氮和磷,氮、磷、钾在根、茎、叶器官中的分配顺序呈现叶>茎>根的变化规律;在烟株的不同生育期,对养分的吸收积累量和积累强度存在差异。烟株对养分的吸收积累主要在旺长期,烟叶是养分的主要吸收积累器官;施磷量为96 kg/hm^2,灌水量为1.00～2.00 L/株的水磷耦合处理在促进烟株对氮磷钾养分的吸收积累方面效果较好。烤烟施肥中要注意调整氮磷钾的施用比例和水磷耦合配比。 相似文献
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P. E. Barney Jr. 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(6):625-635
Calcium has been reported to be involved in the basipetal transport of indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA). It has been suggested that basipetal transport of IAA requires the influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm from the cell wall free space and that Ca2+ acts as a second messenger. Experiments were conducted to determine the interaction of free space Ca2+ with the basipetal transport of IAA. Four day old sunflower (Helianthus annus L. cv ‘Russian Mammoth') seedlings grown in 0.20 strength Hoagland's solution were either left intact or excised below the cotyledonary node to remove the meristem, the source of IAA in the shoot. After removal of the node, the plants were treated with or without 500 μM IAA in lanolin paste. After 24 h, 3 mm segments were cut from the hypocotyls and incubated in KCl. Solution Ca2+ concentration, representing free space Ca2+, increased when the source of IAA was removed. Plants which were provided a source of IAA, either endogenously or exogenously, had low levels of free space Ca2+. In a separate experiment, segments of sunflower hypocotyls were incubated in KCl solutions with or without 10 μM IAA. Free space Ca2+ was lower when the segments were incubated in solutions containing IAA. It was concluded that basipetal IAA transport resulted in low levels of Ca2+ in the free space, which supports the hypothesis that basipetal IAA transport has a requirement for the influx of Ca2+ from the free space into the cytoplasm. 相似文献
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为了揭示外源GA3对胡萝卜肉质根发育的影响机理,并为高原夏季胡萝卜安全高效栽培技术研究提供参考理论,本试验以耐先期抽薹的胡萝卜品种为试材,采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA),研究了外源GA3对高原夏季胡萝卜肉质根膨大、木质化及其内源激素含量的影响。结果表明,在叶片旺盛生长期和肉质根迅速膨大期分别喷施5.78×10-4 mol·L-1外源GA3 1次,或在苗期、叶片旺盛生长期和肉质根迅速膨大期喷施5.78×10-4 mol·L-1外源GA3 1~3次,能显著降低高原夏季胡萝卜苗期肉质根日鲜重增长速率与库活力,促进肉质根木质化。与对照相比,喷施外源GA3,可显著降低苗期肉质根内源GA3、IAA、GA4、ABA、DHZR与IPA含量,显著提高肉质根内源ZR含量;显著降低叶片旺盛生长期肉质根内源GA3、IAA、GA4、IPA含量,显著提高内源ZR含量;显著提高迅速膨大期肉质根内源IAA、GA4、ZR含量;显著降低肉质根迅速膨大期之前的IAA/ZR和GA4/ZR比值。随着外源GA3喷施次数的增多,IAA/ZR和GA4/ZR比值在肉质根迅速膨大期有逐渐增高的趋势。外源GA3通过改变内源激素含量及其平衡状态来影响高原夏季胡萝卜肉质根的发育。 相似文献
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小麦不同品种吸收钾离子的动力学研究 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：14
小麦不同品种吸收钾离子(K+)的动力学参数不同。米氏常数(Km)以绵阳11最大,红矮1最小;最大吸收速率(1max)繁6最高,红芒22最低。供试小麦各品种吸收K+的补偿点(Cmin)3.44.mol/L,远低于一般土壤溶液中的K+浓度,说明土壤溶液中K+浓度与小麦吸收K+的需要相适应。此外,硝酸根(NO3)、吲哚乙酸(IAA)和稀土显著促进小麦吸收K+;但铵离子(NH4+)显著抑制K+吸收;尿素对小麦吸收K+无显著影响。动力学参数的测定表明,NH4+抑制K+吸收的原因是提高了小麦吸收K+的Km;而NO3和稀土产生促进作用的原因分别是吸收K+的Imax增加和Km减少。IAA能促进H+分泌,导致小麦吸收K+的速率提高。 相似文献
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The influx and partitioning of sodium (Na) is controlled by potassium (K)/Na selectivity/exchange mechanisms. Since ammonium‐nitrogen (NH4‐N) has been shown to inhibit K absorption and K/Na selectivity/exchange mechanisms control Na influx and partitioning, our objective was to observe if NH4‐N affects Na influx and partitioning in muskmelon. Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) were grown in a pH controlled nutrient solution with 100 mM NaCl in a complete nutrient solution containing either 10 mM nitrate‐nitrogen (NO3‐N) or NH4‐N. With NH4‐N, Na accumulation and partitioning to the leaf blade increased while K absorption was almost completely inhibited. A second study omitted K to simulate the inhibition of K absorption by NH4‐N and monitored Na accumulation and partitioning as K was depleted in the plant. Sodium accumulation and partitioning to the leaf increased as K decreased in the plant, mirroring the effect of NH4‐N. Roots appeared healthy in both studies. Our work indicates that at a given level of NaCl stress, NO3‐N reduces the level of stress experienced by muskmelon plants through reducing the net rate of Na influx and transport to the sensitive leaf blade, not by reducing chloride (Cl) absorption, thereby permitting these plants to “avoid”; this stress. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2695-2705
A commonly occurring auxin indole‐3‐aceticacid (IAA) and a rarely occurring chlorosubstituted auxin (4‐Cl‐IAA) were compared for their impact on growth and nitrogen metabolism in mung bean for the first time. The plants were generated from healthy and Rhizobium coated seeds in earthen pots. The seedlings at 7 and/or 14 days were percolated with 0, 10?10, 10?8, or 10?6 M of IAA or 4‐Cl‐IAA. The plants were sampled at 30 days after sowing (DAS) to assess the growth and various biochemical characteristics. The auxins significantly enhanced the growth (length and dry mass of shoot and root), nodule fresh mass, nitrogenase activity in fresh nodules, leaf carbonic anhydrase activity, chlorophyll content, and rate of photosynthesis. The effect of the auxins lasted up to the harvest where the seed yield, 100 seed mass, and number of pods per plant were significantly affected by the auxins. At a moderate concentration (10?8 M), 4‐Cl‐IAA generated the best response. However, a comparable response was generated by the higher concentration (10?6 M) of 4‐Cl‐IAA. The application of the hormone twice (at 7 and 14 DAS) was much more effective than single application (at 7 or 14 DAS). It was concluded that IAA and 4‐Cl‐IAA improved the growth and nitrogen fixation in mung bean. The 4‐Cl‐IAA proved more effective than IAA. 相似文献
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Martha L. López Jose R. Peralta-Videa Tenoch Benitez M. Duarte-Gardea Jorge L. Gardea-Torresdey 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(8):1247-1261
ABSTRACT The element concentrations of alfalfa plants exposed for 10 d to 40 mg lead (Pb) L? 1 from lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2] alone, or combined with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), was determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Indole-3-acetic acid at 10 μ M and Pb/EDTA/IAA at 10 μ M increased potassium (K) concentration in roots by 87% and 94%, respectively (P < 0.05). However, IAA at 100 μ M decreased K concentration in leaves (P < 0.05). Plants exposed to 100 μ M IAA, Pb/IAA at 100 μ M, and Pb/EDTA/IAA at 100 μ M had, respectively, 30%, 55%, and 40% more sulfur (S) in leaves than control plants (P < 0.05). Lead and Pb/IAA reduced Ca concentration in stems and leaves (P < 0.05). Conversely, Pb and Pb/EDTA increased Cu concentration in roots and stems. IAA at 100 μ M, Pb, and Pb/EDTA/IAA decreased Zn concentration in roots (P < 0.05). Manganese (Mn) and molybdenum (Mo) concentration in roots and stems was lower in plants treated with Pb and Pb/IAA (P < 0.05). Pb and Pb/IAA reduced (P < 0.05) the iron (Fe) concentration in roots. However, the addition of EDTA and IAA at 10 μ M reduced the negative effects of Pb on Fe absorption. 相似文献
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Root response mechanisms for acid soil tolerance adaptability are generally unknown. Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars (Funk G522DR, GP140, SC599, TAM428, SC283, and SC574) were grown in white quartz flintshot sand and watered with 0.01M sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, or 6.0 and Ca++ (0, 10, 100 mgl‐1 as CaCl2) or Mn++ (0, 1.4, or 140.0 mgl‐1 as HnCl2). At the acid soil tolerance impact response phase (< 10 days old), Ca++ did not influence initial root growth. Increased H+ concentration inhibited juvenile root growth equivalently in all six cultivars. This inhibition was reversed by exogenous GA3 in Funks G522DR but not in SC283 or SC574. Excess Mn++ (140 mgl‐1) further decreased root growth. Induction of an auxinase inhibitor by GA3 would support a hypothesis of H+ concentration influence on IAA transport and/or availability. Root growth matched IAA water partitioning and exogenous IAA (10‐10 and 10‐9 M) reversed the H+ concentration influence on root growth of SC283. We suggest that low pH (<4.8) soil influence on root growth is explicable as an influence on IAA synthesis and/or transport and that excess Mn++, which is known to induce IAA oxidation, further exacerbates the deleterious growing conditions. 相似文献
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D.D. Howard C.O. Gwathmey R.K. Roberts G.M. Lessman 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(12):1645-1656
Potassium (K) fertilization of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has been a major research focus the last few years throughout the cotton belt. The objective of this field research, conducted from 1991 through 1994 on two high Mehlich I extractable K (EK) soils, was to evaluate broadcast and foliar applied K for conventional‐ (CT) and no‐tillage (NT) production. Main plot broadcast K rates were 0, 28, 56, and 112 kg K ha‐1. Foliar sub‐plot treatments were a non‐foliar check, KNO3, and Ca(NO3)2. The KNO3 was applied four times per year at 4.1 kg K ha‐1 application‐1. Calcium nitrate was applied at 1.6 kg N ha‐1 to equal the N applied in the KNO3. Extractable K increased annually with broadcast K for both tillage systems and soils and was higher for NT than CT. Lint yields from CT of both soils were increased two of the eight site‐years while yields from NT were increased five of eight site‐years by broadcast K. Three of the NT site‐year yields plus four‐year mean yields of both soils were increased by applying 56 kg K ha‐1, a rate higher than currently recommended for high EK soils. Yield responses to foliar fertilization were from added N rather than the K. Petiole K levels were sufficient so that extra K applied foliarly was not recommended for either soil or tillage system. 相似文献