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1.
稻田反硝化速率测定方法研究进展   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
李晓波  马兰  马舒坦  马倩倩  颜晓元 《土壤》2021,53(6):1107-1114
反硝化作用是淹水稻田肥料氮损失的主要途径之一。采用合适的反硝化测定方法是开展稻田反硝化作用研究的前提。然而，由于反硝化过程主要产物N2的大气背景值较高，以及反硝化作用具有高度时空异质性，淹水稻田反硝化作用损失氮量难以准确量化一直是阻碍科学评价稻田气态氮损失的关键难题。本文综述了研究稻田反硝化作用的4种方法（乙炔抑制法、15N同位素示踪法、密闭培养-氦气环境法和N2/Ar比值-膜进样质谱法），分析了这些方法各自的优缺点和适用性，并提出了稻田反硝化研究的参考建议，以期推动稻田反硝化的研究。  相似文献   

2.
土壤是产生N2O的最主要来源之一。硝化和反硝化反应是产生N2O的主要机理，由于硝化和反硝化微生物同时存在于土壤中，因而硝化和反硝化作用能同时产生N2O。N2O的来源可通过使用选择性抑制剂，杀菌剂以及加入的标记底物确定。通过对生成N2O反应的每一步分析，主要从抑制反应发生的催化酶和细菌着手，总结了测量区分硝化、反硝化和DNRA反应对N2O产生的贡献方法。并对15N标记底物法，乙炔抑制法和环境因子抑制法作了详细介绍。  相似文献   

3.
不同利用方式红壤反硝化势和气态产物排放特征   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1  
采用厌氧培养-乙炔抑制法测定了4种不同利用方式红壤的反硝化势和气态产物N2O和N2的排放速率。结果表明，不同利用方式红壤反硝化势和N2O和N2的排放速率差异明显，土壤反硝化势强弱顺序依次为：竹林>茶园>林地>旱地。反硝化势与土壤有机碳(P<0.05)、厌氧培养期间土壤CO2累积排放量(P<0.01)、nirS基因丰度( P<0.05)和nirK基因丰度(P<0.05) 呈显著正相关关系。逐步回归分析结果表明，CO2累积排放量表征的易矿化碳是造成不同利用方式红壤反硝化势差异的主要原因，可以解释反硝化势变化的66%(P<0.01)。不同利用方式红壤N2O和N2排放速率差异明显，旱地红壤N2O和N2排放速率均最低，表明土壤pH的提升并没有增加旱地红壤的反硝化损失风险和N2O排放速率。土壤易矿化有机碳含量也是影响不同利用方式红壤N2O和N2排放速率的主要因素。反硝化功能基因nirS、nirK和nosZ的丰度均与CO2累积排放量呈显著正相关关系，进一步支持了土壤易矿化有机碳含量是影响不同利用方式红壤反硝化势和气态产物排放的主要因子。土壤pH是影响不同利用方式红壤反硝化气态产物N2/N2O的主要因素，但是pH影响红壤N2/N2O的微生物机制仍需要进一步研究。  相似文献   

4.
生物质炭在温室气体减排方面具有很大的发展前景,它不仅能实现固碳,对于在大气中停留时间长且增温潜势大的N2O也能发挥积极作用。本研究采用室内厌氧培养试验,按照生物质炭与土壤质量比（0、1%和5%）加入一定量生物质炭,土壤重量含水率控制在20%。利用Robotized Incubation平台实时检测N2O和N2浓度变化,通过测定土壤中反硝化功能基因丰度（nirK、nirS、nosZ）分析生物质炭对N2O消耗的影响及其微生物方面的影响机理。结果表明：经过20 h厌氧培养后,0生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度（基因拷贝数·g-1）分别为6.80×107（nirK）、5.59×108（nirS）和1.22×108（nosZ）。与0生物质炭处理相比,1%生物质炭处理的nirS基因丰度由最初的2.65×108基因拷贝数·g-1升至7.43×108基因拷贝数·g-1,nosZ基因丰度则提高了一个数量级,由4.82×107基因拷贝数·g-1升至1.50×108基因拷贝数·g-1,然而nirK基因丰度并无明显变化;5%生物质炭处理的反硝化功能基因丰度并未发生显著变化。试验结束时,添加生物质炭处理的N2/（N2O+N2）比值也明显高于0生物质炭处理。相关性分析结果表明,nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均与N2O浓度在0.01水平上显著相关。试验末期nirS基因丰度和nosZ基因丰度均随着N2O浓度的降低而升高。因此在本试验中,添加1%生物质炭可显著提高nirS和nosZ基因型反硝化细菌的丰度,增大N2/（N2O+N2）比值,促进N2O彻底还原成N2。生物质炭对于N2O主要影响机理是增大了可以还原氧化亚氮的细菌活性,促进完全反硝化。  相似文献   

5.
太湖地区水稻土优势反硝化细菌的数量、组成与酶活性   总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4  
本研究结果表明太湖地区主要水稻土中反硝化细菌常在百万/克干土以上,占细菌总数的50—80%。同一类型土壤中,肥力高者含菌数多于肥力低者。各类土壤中反硝化细菌数与细菌总数呈显著正相关。其优势种中,以巨大芽孢杆菌、荧光假单胞菌和施氏假单胞菌等出现的机率最高,占反硝化细菌的10—50%;地衣芽孢杆菌及坚强芽孢杆菌等出现的机率较少。具有使NO3-还原为N2O的菌株和使N2O还原为N2的菌株,分别占供试菌株的67%和56%;使15NO3-异化还原为15NH4+的菌株占供试菌株的92%,其中以蜡质芽孢杆菌和地衣芽孢杆菌的这种能力特别强。  相似文献   

6.
宁夏引黄灌区稻田氮素浓度变化与迁移特征   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
过量施氮与不合理灌水是农田面源污染加剧的主要原因。为了寻求较优的水氮管理模式以促进农业生产和减少农田退水对黄河水体的污染, 在宁夏引黄灌区典型稻田中开展了不同水氮条件下稻田氮素迁移转化规律研究。结果表明: 不同水氮条件下稻田田面水NH4+-N 与NO3--N 浓度伴随施肥出现明显峰值, NO3--N 峰值出现时间较NH4+-N 晚, 且变化较平缓。3 次追肥时期和整个生育期田面水NH4+-N 平均浓度与施氮量和灌水量都呈显著相关, 田面水NO3--N 平均浓度与施氮量呈显著正相关, 与灌水量相关性不显著。稻田30 cm与60 cm 深度的直渗水NH4+-N 浓度受施肥影响较大, 与田面水NH4+-N 浓度变化规律相似, 90 cm 处直渗水NH4+-N 浓度峰值出现较为滞后, 且浓度较上层土体低, 120 cm 处直渗水NH4+-N 浓度大体呈现持续上升趋势,整个生育期直渗水NH4+-N 平均浓度与施氮量呈显著相关, 仅30 cm 处NH4+-N 平均浓度与灌水量呈负相关, 其他土层深度不显著。30 cm 与60 cm 直渗水NO3--N 浓度在首次灌水后急剧下降, 在施肥后有较小幅度上升, 90 cm 与120 cm 直渗水NO3--N 浓度下降缓慢, 仅30 cm 处NO3--N 平均浓度与施肥量显著正相关。总的结果表明减少施肥或灌水均可达到减少农田氮素淋失的目的。  相似文献   

7.
肥液浓度对单膜孔入渗NO-3-N运移特性影响的室内试验研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
该文通过室内入渗试验，研究了不同浓度的单膜孔肥液入渗NO-3-N的分布特性。研究表明：不同浓度的膜孔肥液入渗土壤NO-3-N浓度的湿润锋运移距离与土壤水分运动的湿润锋一致；肥液浓度越大，相同入渗时间的NO-3-N浓度锋运移距离越大，土壤剖面NO-3-N浓度最大值越大，相同深度处土壤NO-3-N浓度也越大。肥液入渗土壤NO-3-N浓度分布特征与湿润体深度符合分段函数模型。供水入渗过程中，NO-3-N浓度锋运移距离和浓度最大值均随时间的延长而增大；再分布过程中，NO-3-N浓度锋运移距离继续增大，而NO-3-N浓度最大值逐渐减小。  相似文献   

8.
通过连续7 年的定位试验, 研究了日光温室生产中不同施肥模式(常规模式、无公害模式和有机模式)对土壤NO3--N 时空分布及累积的影响。结果表明, 随着种植年限的增加, 3 种施肥模式土壤剖面各层次NO3--N含量均呈上升趋势, 年增加量顺序为常规施肥模式＞无公害施肥模式＞有机施肥模式。受氮素输入量(施肥)的影响, NO3--N 主要分布在0~40 cm 土层, 0~60 cm 土层NO3--N 含量总体呈作物生长前期低、中期高、后期低的趋势; 与上层土壤相比, 100 cm 以下土层NO3--N 含量有不同程度的增加。0～200 cm 土体NO3--N 平均累积量有机施肥模式比无公害施肥模式低33.8%, 比常规施肥模式低45.9%; 无公害施肥模式比常规施肥模式低18.3%。3 种施肥模式下, NO3--N 都有向2 m 以下土体淋洗的趋势。与施用化学肥料相比, 施用有机肥能明显降低土壤剖面NO3--N 含量, 控制其累积峰的下移, 但不合理施用有机肥也会产生NO3--N 淋洗而污染环境。  相似文献   

9.
不同施肥条件下农田硝态氮迁移的试验研究   总被引：22，自引：5，他引：22  
NO-3-N的淋失是旱地农田氮素损失的重要途径之一，也是引起地下水污染的一个主要原因。在黄土高原地区，夏玉米生长正逢雨季，是NO-3-N淋失的主要时期。该研究基于阻水层理论和黄土高原地区传统的垄作习惯，在手工模拟机具成垄压实施肥的基础上研究了该施肥法与传统的平地施肥、垄沟施肥(成垄不压实)条件下土壤NO-3-N的迁移动态，结果表明，在供水量相同条件下，由于平地和垄沟条件下水分分布的差异，导致平地土壤中的NO-3-N较垄沟耕作易于迁移。在生育前期，由于作物根系对NO-3-N的吸收和拦截，成垄压实与成垄不压实施肥对阻止NO-3-N随水下移差异不大；生育后期，当作物需肥量减小时，成垄压实施肥能够阻止NO-3-N向深层土壤迁移累积。玉米收获后，3种施肥方式下土壤NO-3-N迁移深度为平地(>60 cm)>垄沟施肥(>45 cm)>成垄压实施肥(＜35 cm)。  相似文献   

10.
利用长期定位试验 ,比较了长期施用含SO42-和Cl- 化肥 22年后稻田土壤的 pH值、养分状况及其吸附解吸特性。结果表明 ,长期施用含SO42-化肥 ,土壤有机质、速效氮和速效钾的含量较高 ,但全量氮磷钾的含量较低 ;长期施用含Cl- 化肥 ,土壤全量氮磷钾和速效磷的含量较高 ,但pH值相对较低。长期施用含上述二种阴离子的化肥后 ,土壤对H2PO4-的最大吸附量均较大 ,且在Cl- 处理下土壤对H2PO4-吸附的结合能较大 ,而SO42-处理下土壤在同等吸附量时对H2PO4-的解吸量相应较多。长期施用含SO42-的化肥亦使土壤对钾素的供应强度较大 (ΔK0的绝对值较大 )、缓冲能力增强 (AR0值较高 ) ,而长期施用含Cl- 的化肥时则与SO42-相反  相似文献   

11.
Denitrification losses from puddled rice soils in the tropics   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
Summary Although denitrification has long been considered a major loss mechanism for N fertilizer applied to lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) soils, direct field measurements of denitrification losses from puddled rice soils in the tropics have only been made recently. This paper summarizes the results of direct measurement and indirect estimation of denitrification losses from puddled rice fields and reviews the status of research methodology for measurement of denitrification in rice fields. The direct recovery of (N2+N2O)-15N from 15N-enriched urea has recently been measured at sites in the Philippines, Thailand, and Indonesia. In all 12 studies, recoveries of (N2+N2O)-15N ranged from less than 0.1 to 2.2% of the applied N. Total gaseous N losses, estimated by the 15N-balance technique, were much greater, ranging from 10 to 56% of the applied urea-N. Denitrification was limited by the nitrate supply rather than by available C, as indicated by the values for water-soluble soil organic C, floodwater (nitrate+nitrite)-N, and evolved (N2+N2O)-15N from added nitrate. In the absence of runoff and leaching losses, the amount of (N2+N2O)-15N evolved from 15N-labeled nitrate was consistently less than the unrecovered 15N in 15N balances with labeled nitrate, which presumably represented total denitrification losses. This finding indicates that the measured recoveries of (N2+N2O)-15N had underestimated the denitrification losses from urea. Even with a probable two-or threefold underestimation, direct measurements of (N2+N2O)-15N failed to confirm the appreciable denitrification losses often estimated by the indirect difference method. This method, which determines denitrification losses by the difference between total 15N loss and determined ammonia loss, is prone to high variability. Measurements of nitrate disappearance and 15N-balance studies suggest that nitrification-denitrification occurs under alternate soil drying and wetting conditions both during the rice cropping period and between rice crops. Research is needed to determine the magnitude of denitrification losses when soils are flooded and puddled for production of rice.  相似文献   

12.
利用15N同位素标记方法,研究在两种水分条件即60％和90％ WHC下,添加硝酸盐(NH4NO3,N 300 mg kg-1)和亚硝酸盐(NaNO2,N 1 mg kg-1)对中亚热带天然森林土壤N2O和NO产生过程及途径的影响.结果表明,在含水量为60％ WHC的情况下,高氮输入显著抑制了N2O和NO的产生(p＜0.01);但当含水量增为90％ WHC后,实验9h内抑制N2O产生,之后转为促进.所有未灭菌处理在添加NO2-后高氮抑制均立即解除并大量产生N2O和NO,与对照成显著差异(p＜0.01),在60％ WHC条件下,这种情况维持时间较短(21 h),但如果含水量高(90％ WHC)这种情况会持续很长时间(2周以上),说明水分有效性的提高和外源NO2-在高氮抑制解除中起到重要作用.本实验中N2O主要来源于土壤反硝化过程,而且加入未标记NO2-后导致杂合的N2O(14N15NO)分子在实验21 h内迅速增加,表明这种森林土壤的反硝化过程可能主要是通过真菌的“共脱氮”来实现,其贡献率可多达80％以上.Spearman秩相关分析表明未灭菌土壤NO的产生速率与N2O产生速率成显著正相关性(p＜0.05),土壤含水量越低二者相关性越高.灭菌土壤添加NO2-能较未灭菌土壤产生更多的NO,但却几乎不产生N2O,表明酸性土壤的化学反硝化对NO的贡献要大于N2O.  相似文献   

13.
In the tropics,frequent nitrogen(N)fertilization of grazing areas can potentially increase nitrous oxide(N2O)emissions.The application of nitrification inhibitors has been reported as an effective management practice for potentially reducing N loss from the soil-plant system and improving N use efficiency(NUE).The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the co-application of nitrapyrin(a nitrification inhibitor,NI)and urea in a tropical Andosol on the behavior of N and the emissions of N2O from autotrophic and heterotrophic nitrification.A greenhouse experiment was performed using a soil(pH 5.9,organic matter content 78 g kg-1,and N 5.6 g kg-1)sown with Cynodon nlemfuensis at 60%water-filled pore space to quantify total N2O emissions,N2O derived from fertilizer,soil ammonium(NH4+)and nitrate(NO3-),and NUE.The study included treatments that received deionized water only(control,NI).No significant differences were observed in soil NH4+content between the UR and UR+NI treatments,probably because of soil mineralization and NO3-produced by heterotrophic nitrification,which is not effectively inhibited by nitrapyrin.After 56 d,N2O emissions in UR(0.51±0.12 mg N2O-N concluded that the soil organic N mineralization and heterotrophic nitrification are the main processes of NH4+and NO3-production.Additionally,it was found that N2O emissions were partially a consequence of the direct oxidation of the soil's organic N via heterotrophic nitrification coupled to denitrification.Finally,the results suggest that nitrapyrin would likely exert significant mitigation on N2O emissions only if a substantial N surplus exists in soils with high organic matter content.  相似文献   

14.
Coupled nitrification-denitrification and potential denitrification were measured as 15N2O and 15N2 evolution rates in ammonium sulphate-treated rice soils with or without Terrazole [5-ethoxy-3 (trichloromethyl) 1,2,3 Thiadizole] under laboratory and field conditions. The greatest coupled nitrification-denitrification activity was found after drying and rewetting the soil, with maximum values of 322 ng N cm–2 h–1 in the laboratory and 90.8 ng N cm–2 h–1 in the field. These 15N2O + 15N2 evolution rates were about 10 times lower than potential denitrification in these soils. These results and the observed decrease in 15N2O + 15N2 evolution rate in soils treated with Terrazole (60% under laboratory conditions and 52% under field conditions) indicate that denitrification was limited by coupled nitrification-denitrification activity. Oxygen and previous addition of ammonium sulphate appear to control the rate of 15N2O + 15N2 evolution in ammonium sulphate-fertilised soils.  相似文献   

15.
N2O emissions from soils treated with NH4+-N under aerobic conditions in the laboratory were 3- to 4-fold higher than those from controls (no extra N added) or when NO3?-N was added. Although the emission of N2O-N in these field and laboratory experiments represented only 0.1–0.8% of the applied fertilizer NH4+-N and are therefore not significant from an agronomic standpoint, these studies have conclusively demonstrated that the oxidation of applied ammoniacal fertilizers (nitrification) could contribute significantly to the stratospheric N2O pool.Like N-serve, acetylene was shown to be a potent inhibitor of nitrification as it stopped the oxidation of NH4+-N to (NO3+-N + NO2?)-N and hence reduced the evolution of N2O from nitrification within 60 min after its addition.Although high amounts of NO3?-N were present, the rate of denitrification was very low from soils with moisture up to 60% saturation. The further increase in the degree of saturation resulted in several-fold increase of denitrification which eventually became the predominant mechanism of gaseous N losses under anaerobic conditions.  相似文献   

16.
蔡祖聪 《土壤学报》2003,40(3):414-419
采用15N技术标记尿素和KNO3,研究了淹水条件下黄泥土和红壤性水稻土生成N2 O的主要过程。结果表明 ,黄泥土反硝化过程产物以N2 为主 ,N2 O的生成量可以略而不计。加入KNO3促进NO- 3异化还原成铵过程 ,从而增加N2 O生成速率。红壤性水稻土主要通过反硝化或好气反硝化过程生成N2 O ,随着土壤pH的提高或NO- 3 浓度升高 ,N2 O生成速率增大。无论是黄泥土还是红壤性水稻土 ,有相当一部分样本的N2 O的15N丰度在NO- 2 、NO- 3 、NH 4的15N丰度范围外 ,由此推论 ,氮转化生成N2 O的过程应在微生物细胞内进行。  相似文献   

17.
Molecular nitrogen (N2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) generated by denitrification increase N losses in the soil–plant system. This study aimed to quantify N2 and N2O from potassium nitrate (K15NO3) applied to soils with different textures and moisture contents in the absence and presence of a source of carbon (C) using the 15N tracer method. In the three soils used (sandy texture (ST), sandy clay loam texture (SCLT), and clayey texture (CT)), three moisture contents were evaluated (40%, 60%, and 80% of the water holding capacity (WHC)) with (D+) and without (D?) dextrose added. The treatments received 100 mg N kg?1 (KNO3 with 23.24 atom% 15N). N2 emissions occurred in all of the treatments, but N2O emissions only occurred in the D+ treatment, showing increases with increasing moisture content. SCLT with 80% WHC in the D+ treatment exhibited the highest accumulated N emission (48.26 mg kg?1). The 15N balance suggested trapping of the gases in the soil.  相似文献   

18.
The contribution of nitrification to the emission of nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils may be large, but its regulation is not well understood. The soil pH appears to play a central role for controlling N2O emissions from soil, partly by affecting the N2O product ratios of both denitrification (N2O/(N2+N2O)) and nitrification (N2O/(NO2−+NO3−). Mechanisms responsible for apparently high N2O product ratios of nitrification in acid soils are uncertain. We have investigated the pH regulation of the N2O product ratio of nitrification in a series of experiments with slurries of soils from long-term liming experiments, spanning a pH range from 4.1 to 7.8. 15N labelled nitrate (NO3−) was added to assess nitrification rates by pool dilution and to distinguish between N2O from NO3− reduction and NH3 oxidation. Sterilized soil slurries were used to determine the rates of chemodenitrification (i.e. the production of nitric oxide (NO) and N2O from the chemical decomposition of nitrite (NO2−)) as a function of NO2− concentrations. Additions of NO2− to aerobic soil slurries (with 15N labelled NO3− added) were used to assess its potential for inducing denitrification at aerobic conditions. For soils with pH?5, we found that the N2O product ratios for nitrification were low (0.2-0.9‰) and comparable to values found in pure cultures of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. In mineral soils we found only a minor increase in the N2O product ratio with increasing soil pH, but the effect was so weak that it justifies a constant N2O product ratio of nitrification for N2O emission models. For the soils with pH 4.1 and 4.2, the apparent N2O product ratio of nitrification was 2 orders of magnitude higher than above pH 5 (76‰ and 14‰). This could partly be accounted for by the rates of chemodenitrification of NO2−. We further found convincing evidence for NO2−-induction of aerobic denitrification in acid soils. The study underlines the role of NO2−, both for regulating denitrification and for the apparent nitrifier-derived N2O emission.  相似文献   

19.
Emissions of N2O and N2 were measured from Lolium perenne L. swards under ambient (36 Pa) and elevated (60 Pa) atmospheric CO2 at the Swiss free air carbon dioxide enrichment experiment following application of 11.2 g N m−2 as 15NH415NO3 or 14NH415NO3 (1 at.% excess 15N). Total denitrification (N2O+N2) was increased under elevated pCO2 with emissions of 6.2 and 19.5 mg 15N m−2 measured over 22 d from ambient and elevated pCO2 swards, respectively, supporting the hypothesis that increased belowground C allocation under elevated pCO2 provides the energy for denitrification. Nitrification was the predominant N2O producing process under ambient pCO2 whereas denitrification was predominant under elevated pCO2. The N2-to-N2O ratio was often higher under elevated pCO2 suggesting that previous estimates of gaseous N losses based only on N2O emissions have greatly underestimated the loss of N by denitrification.  相似文献   

20.
One lake sediment and three soils for rice production were used to test the effectiveness of inhibiting of nitrous oxide (N2O) reduction to dinitrogen gas (N2) by acetylene (C2H2) using 15N tracer. Regardless of the sources of the samples, results show that in presence of C2H2, significant isotopic enrichment of 15N of N2 was found at end of a typical denitrification assay. The δ15N of N2 value increased from 0‰ to 7.8–19.3‰ and 7.5–10.6‰ for the treatment with addition of 0.05 and 0.2 mg 15N nitrate, respectively. Such 15N enrichment can be interpreted as N2 formation accounting for 15.3% and 2.5% of the total added N in these two treatments, respectively. Nitrous oxide accumulation in presence of C2H2 could not account for the total added N. The result indicates incomplete inhibition of N2O reduction to N2 by C2H2 in denitrification when N2O reduction enzyme is developed.  相似文献   

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