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1.
油菜菌核病菌对腐霉利的抗性诱变及抗药菌株的生物学特性 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
从江苏省镇江市和扬州市采集菌核病植株的茎,从中分离获得油菜菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）单菌核菌株。32个野生型菌株药剂敏感性（EC50）频率分布数据显示,病菌对腐霉利的敏感基线EC50值为0.1981 ± 0.0220 µg/mL,MIC（最小抑菌浓度）值为 1.1 ± 0.1595µg/mL。实验未发现田间抗腐霉利菌株。通过室内紫外线和药剂诱导,获得多株高抗腐霉利突变体（EC50>1000µg/mL）。这些抗性突变株经转管培养5~20代后抗药性稳定。它们对同类药剂异菌脲和有机磷类甲基立枯磷也表现高抗,但对苯并咪唑类多菌灵敏感。与野生型敏感菌株相比,抗腐霉利突变株菌丝生长较慢,对油菜茎杆和叶片的致病力均较弱。 相似文献
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油菜菌核病菌抗腐霉利菌株的生理生化特性及抗药机制初步分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
通过室内紫外线和药剂诱导,获得多株高抗腐霉利油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotiniasclerotiorum)突变体。与野生亲本菌株相比,抗性突变株(EC50800μg/mL)在高糖(40g/L蔗糖)和高盐(5g/LNaCl)培养基上生长缓慢,表明对高渗透压比较敏感;菌丝相对电导率较高,显示细胞膜透性增大,胞内电解质渗出较多。试验还发现,在含药培养液中,亲本菌株菌丝内甘油大量合成和积累,增加462.45%,而抗药突变株甘油含量仅稍有增加或有所下降,说明抗腐霉利突变株对外界渗透压的调节能力较低。根据已报道组氨酸激酶(HK)基因序列设计特异引物,经PCR扩增和测序,获得油菜菌核病菌HK基因保守区域序列1605bp。抗、感腐霉利菌株HK基因保守区域在第45位、第81位和第625位碱基不同,但编码的氨基酸一致。因此,油菜菌核病菌对腐霉利的抗性及抗药菌株的高渗敏感性与HK基因保守区域碱基突变无关。 相似文献
3.
由疫霉菌侵染引起的割面条溃疡病是我国橡胶生产中的重要病害。本研究采用菌丝生长速率法对分离自海南省儋州市的棕榈疫霉病菌HNRPP02进行了14种杀菌剂的室内毒力测定。结果表明：杀毒矾(56%代森锰锌·8%噁霜灵WP)、甲霜灵(35%甲霜灵ZGF)、阿米西达(25%嘧菌酯SC)和安克(50% 烯酰吗啉WP)的EC50最小，抑菌效果最好；霜霉威盐酸盐(66.6 %霜霉威盐酸盐AS)的EC50最大，抑菌效果最差。建议橡胶树种植中使用56%代森锰锌·8%噁霜灵WP、35%甲霜灵ZGF、25%嘧菌酯SC和50%烯酰吗 相似文献
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通过平板法,在含甲霜灵1.0μg·mL-1的CAM平板上测定了分离于不同地区的5个大豆疫霉菌和以Ps411-4为亲本的无性后代、有性后代对甲霜灵敏感性的遗传.结果表明:分离自不同地域的菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性存在差异,供试菌株对甲霜灵的敏感性在无性单孢后代无显著变异,而在50个自交有性后代中,上述浓度对其菌丝生长的抑制率分布范围为70.2%～96.8%,与亲本存极显著差异,其中5株高于亲本,4株低于亲本,41株与亲本相似.表明大豆疫霉对甲霜灵的敏感性同样在无性后代稳定遗传而在有性后代发生变异.结果提示,供试大豆疫霉菌株中上述性状可能由细胞核杂合基因控制. 相似文献
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紫外线对大豆疫霉菌的诱导变异作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确紫外线对大豆疫霉菌的诱导突变作用,研究了紫外线诱变的突变菌株的菌落形态、菌丝生长速率、菌丝形态、卵孢子形态、产孢能力、同宗配合能力、致病力和抗药性的变异情况.结果表明,大豆疫霉菌突变菌株菌落形态、菌丝生长速率、菌丝和卵孢子形态以及同宗配合能力都发生显著变异,游动孢子产孢量和致病性明显降低.虽未发现对甲霜灵产生抗性的突变菌株,但出现了对甲霜灵敏感性增强的突变菌株.说明紫外线辐射可导致大豆疫霉菌控制生物学性状和致病性的基因发生变异,紫外线可能是引致大豆疫霉菌变异的因素之一. 相似文献
7.
采用实验室测定和温室盆栽方法研究了8种杀菌剂对大豆疫霉菌(Phytophthora sojae)菌丝生长和繁殖的影响及它们对大豆疫霉根腐病的接种防治效果。结果表明,50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂、97%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂和58%甲霜灵锰锌可湿性粉剂对大豆疫霉菌的菌丝生长和繁殖具有很好的抑制作用,该3种药剂能够明显抑制菌丝生长,抑制中浓度(EC50)值依次为0.1208μg/mL、0.1563μg/mL和0.3603μg/mL。浓度为10.0μg/mL时,对孢子囊形成和萌发的抑制率均为100%,对卵孢子形成抑制率分别为64.5%、59.5%和55.0%。接种防治试验结果显示,以上3种药剂喷药后7d防效依次为73.4%、68.8%和60.5%,其余的5种杀菌剂防治效果相对较差。 相似文献
8.
油菜菌核病菌对多菌灵的抗药性 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从江苏句容市丘陵山区从未施用多菌灵（MBC）的白菜型油菜苗核病株上，采集了49个Sclerotiniasclerotiorum野生菌株，MBC抑制这些菌株的菌丝生长，平均EC50为0．2198±0．1083μg／ml，最低抑制生长浓度（MIC）值为5．0μg／ml。从镇江农科所油菜育种试验田中采集的S．selerotiorum菌核标样中，发现6个抗MBC的抗性菌株，其EC50值均大于2000μg／ml。抗性菌株对离体油菜叶片的致病力与野生的敏感菌株没有差异。油菜叶片经1000μg／mlMBC溶液浸渍后，敏感菌株对其不能侵染，而抗性菌株对这些叶片的致病力与对未浸药叶片的致病力无明显差异。 相似文献
9.
海南芒果炭疽菌对多菌灵的抗药性测定 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
从海南不同地区采集芒果炭疽菌（Colletotrichum gloesporioides Penz.）进行多菌灵抗性检测。敏感性测定结果表明：7 个地区共 23 个菌株中,有 2 个地区的 5 个菌株表现出高度抗药性,在含 1 200 μg/mL 多菌灵的 PDA培养基上菌丝生长良好,EC 50 值为 520.95~746.26 μg/mL。抗性菌株对苯并咪唑类其它杀菌剂如噻菌灵和甲基托布津测定表明,苯并咪唑类杀菌剂之间存在正交互抗药性;对咪鲜胺则表现敏感。连续无毒培养 8 代后,5 个菌株仍可在 1 200 μg/mL 多菌灵的培养基上生长,抗性水平保持不变。通过致病力及孢子萌发对抗药菌株的适合度进行测定,抗药性菌株的致病能力和孢子萌发率无明显变化,表现很高的适应能力,说明这类菌株在田间有很强的竞争力。 相似文献
10.
由大豆疫霉引起的大豆疫霉根腐病是一种世界性大豆病害,对产量品质影响极大。利用抗病品种进行防治是目前最经济、有效的方法。大豆对疫霉菌株的抗性分为由单基因控制的完全抗性和由多基因控制的部分抗性两种。以对多个大豆疫霉生理小种具有抗性的大豆品种郑97196作为抗性亲本与大豆感病品系X242003杂交构建F_(2∶3)重组自交家系群体,用大豆疫霉菌株He N35对亲本及F_(2∶3)群体进行抗性遗传分析并利用SSR技术对郑97196的抗性基因进行定位。结果表明:郑97196对大豆疫霉抗性是由一对显性单基因控制的,抗病对感病表现为显性,再用9种毒力公式不同的疫霉菌株分别接种郑97196和14个国内外公认的含有单个抗病基因的大豆品种(鉴别寄主),观察并记录抗性反应类型,结果显示郑97196的抗性反应类型与14个鉴别寄主有所不同,推测其可能含有新的抗病基因,暂命名为Rps Zheng。通过SSR分子作图分析,该基因位于大豆分子遗传图谱N连锁群上satt485和satt584之间,与这两个标记之间的距离分别为2.1和3.7cM。 相似文献
11.
Joseph E. Laferriere Charles W. Weber Edwin A. Kohlhepp 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》1991,41(3):277-282
Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
14.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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Tatiana G. Polotow Sandra C. Poppe Cristina V. Vardaris Douglas Ganini Maísa Guariroba Rita Mattei Elaine Hatanaka Maria F. Martins Eduardo F. Bondan Marcelo P. Barros 《Marine drugs》2015,13(10):6117-6137
Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions. 相似文献
17.
Youna Hemery Ulla Holopainen Anna-Maija Lampi Pekka Lehtinen Tanja Nurmi Vieno Piironen Minnamari Edelmann Xavier Rouau 《Journal of Cereal Science》2011
Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased. 相似文献
18.
M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
19.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
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Tovar LR Olivos M Gutierrez ME 《Plant foods for human nutrition (Dordrecht, Netherlands)》2008,63(4):189-194
Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate
present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides
most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but
poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in
central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn. 相似文献